Chinyorwa
Chiverengero chemolariti ye methylene blue: chimiro chehydrate nehwaro hwekuongororwa
Huremu hwakafanana hwe methylene blue hunogona kupa konsentresheni dzakasiyana dzemamole zvichienderana nechimiro chemamorekuru acho uye mataurirwo anoitwa mhedzisiro yekuongororwa. Kuverenga uchishandisa huremu hwechloride isina mvura kwakasiyana nekuverenga uchishandisa huremu hwehydrate. Kuongororwa kwakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa kunounza mumwe musiyano: chikamu chemuzana chinotaurwa hachitsananguri zvakananga chinhu sezvachakayerwa huremu.
Vhura chiverengero chemolariti ye methylene blue kuti uise huremu, vhoriyamu yekupedzisira yemushonga, chimiro chemamorekuru, nehwaro hwekuverenga. Chinoshanda mubhurawuza rako, chinoratidza fomura yakaiswa nhamba, uye chinopa mol/L, mmol/L, ne µmol/L. Mienzaniso iri pasi apa ndeyekuverenga murabhoritari, kwete yekusarudza mwero unopiwa kuvanhu kana mhuka.
Zvinoyerwa nemhedzisiro
Molariti izita rinozivikanwa rekonsentresheni yehuwandu hwechinhu. Tsananguro yeIUPAC yekonsentresheni yehuwandu hwechinhu inopatsanura huwandu hwechimwe chezvinoumba musanganiswa nevhoriyamu yemusanganiswa wacho:
c = n / V
Pano, n ihuwandu hwe methylene blue mumamole uye V ivhoriyamu yekupedzisira yemushonga mumalita. Pachinhu chakachena chine chimiro chakatarwa, n = m / M, apo m ihuremu mumagiramu uye M ihuremu pamole mu g/mol. Hukama uhwu hunotevedza tsananguro dzeNIST dzehuremu pamole nekonsentresheni.
Chinopatsanura muvhoriyamu ndiyo vhoriyamu mushure mekunyunguduka. “100 mL yemushonga wekupedzisira” ne “100 mL yezvinonyungudutsa yawedzerwa” zvinyorwa zvakasiyana zvekugadzirira. Kuverenga hakugoni kubvisa kusajeka ikoko mushure mekunge kugadzirira kwaitwa.
Sarudza chinhu usati wasarudza huremu hwacho pamole
Pakuverenga kwechloride isina mvura, chishandiso ichi chinoshandisa 319.85 g/mol. Kana trihydrate yakanyorwa zvakajeka, chinoshandisa 373.90 g/mol. Tsananguro yeThermo Fisher yetrihydrate inoratidza fomura ine mamorekuru matatu emvura nehuremu pamole hwapedzisira kutaurwa. Mvura inowedzera huremu hunoyerwa isingawedzeri imwe yuniti ye methylene blue.
Funga nezvegadziriro mbiri dzinofungidzirwa, imwe neimwe iine 100 mg yechinhu chakachena mu 100 mL yemushonga wekupedzisira:
| Chinhu chinofungidzirwa | Kuverenga | Konsentresheni |
|---|---|---|
| Chloride isina mvura | 0.100 / (319.85 × 0.100) | 3.126 mmol/L |
| Trihydrate | 0.100 / (373.90 × 0.100) | 2.675 mmol/L |
Iyi mienzaniso yakaverengwa, kwete zvakayerwa. Kushandisa chinopatsanura chechinhu chisina mvura pat rihydrate yakachena kungaratidza konsentresheni yakakwirira kupfuura chaiyo neinenge 16.9%. Kuwedzera nhamba dziri mushure mechiratidzo chedesimali hakugadzirisi kufungidzira chimiro chechinhu chisiri icho.
Bhodhoro rinotsanangurwa chete se “hydrate” hariratidzi nhamba yakatarwa yemamorekuru emvura. Naizvozvo chiverengero chinoramba kuverenga kunobva pakufungidzira kana huwandu hwemvura yakabatana nechinhu husina kutsanangurwa. Kuti unzwisise kemisitiri iri pasi peizvi, ona zvimiro zvemamorekuru e methylene blue nekubatana kwemvura nawo.
Fananidza kuongororwa nehuremu hwakunotsanangura
Mubvunzo unokosha hausi kungoti “Chitupa chinoratidza chikamu chipi chemuzana?” Unoti “Chikamu chemuzana chechii, chinoratidzwa sekompaundi ipi?” Chiverengero chinopatsanura zvinoreva zvina:
| Hwaro hwekuverenga | Zvaunofanira kuziva | Fomura |
|---|---|---|
| Chimiro chakachena chinofungidzirwa | Chimiro chemamorekuru chaicho; kufungidzira kwakajeka kwehutsanana hwe100% | c = m / (M × V) |
| Chimiro chakasarudzwa sezvachiri | Chikamu chehuremu chechimiro ichocho muchinhu sezvachakayerwa huremu | c = m × a / (M × V) |
| Chinhu chakaenzana nechinhu chisina mvura, sezvachiri | Huremu hwakaenzana hwechloride isina mvura pahuremu hwechinhu sezvachakayerwa | c = m × a / (319.85 × V) |
| Kuongororwa kwechinhu chisina mvura kwakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa | Kuongororwa kwechloride isina mvura kwakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa, pamwe nekurasikirwa nehuremu pakuomesa kwakayerwa kunoenderana nako | c = m × (1 − d) × a / (319.85 × V) |
Mumafomura aya, a chikamu chemuzana chekuongororwa chakapatsanurwa ne100; d chikamu chemuzana chekurasikirwa nehuremu pakuomesa kunoenderana nacho, chakapatsanurwa ne100. Fomura yekupedzisira inoshandura pakati pemabviro akataurwa zvakajeka emhedzisiro, ichichengetedza kuenzana kwehuremu. Yakakodzera chete kana kugadzirisa kwekuomesa kuchienderana netsananguro yekuongororwa.
Ongororo yepakutanga yemonograph yeUSP inoratidza kuongororwa kwayo se methylene blue isina mvura, kwakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa, uye inopa mwero unobvumirwa we97.0–103.0%. Mhedzisiro yekuongorora iri pamusoro pe100% haisi kutaura chaiko kuti sampuli ine kompaundi yakachena inopfuura huremu hwesampuli yacho. Chishandiso chinobvumira fungidziro dzekuongororwa kwakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa kusvika pa103% uye chinoratidza mhedzisiro iyoyo sefungidziro yekuongorora.
Muenzaniso wakaverengwa: mhedzisiro yakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa
Ngatitii chinyorwa cherabhoritari chinoratidza 100.0 mg yechinhu, kuongororwa kwe99.0% kunoratidzwa sechinhu chakaenzana nechinhu chisina mvura kwakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa, kurasikirwa nehuremu pakuomesa kwakayerwa kunoenderana nako kwe14.0%, uye 100.0 mL yemushonga wekupedzisira. Nhamba idzi ndedzekufungidzira.
- Shandura huremu hwakayerwa: 100.0 mg = 0.1000 g.
- Shandisa chikamu chehuremu hwakaoma: 0.1000 × 0.860 = 0.0860 g.
- Shandisa chiyero chekuongororwa: 0.0860 × 0.990 = 0.08514 g yehuremu hwakaenzana hwechloride isina mvura.
- Shandura kuva huwandu hwemamole wopatsanura nevhoriyamu: 0.08514 / (319.85 × 0.1000) = 2.662 mmol/L.
Usazopatsanurazve nehuremu pamole hwetrihydrate. Nhamba iri pamusoro pechikamu yatove yakaratidzwa sehuremu hwakaenzana hwechloride isina mvura. Kuwedzera kugadzirisa kwehydrate kungaverenga kugadziriswa kwemvura kaviri.
Kana chinyorwa chimwe chete ichocho chikaratidza zvakananga 85.14% yechinhu chakaenzana nechinhu chisina mvura sezvachakagamuchirwa, nzira yekuverenga chinhu sezvachiri yaizopa mhinduro imwe chete pasina kuisa mashoko ekuomesa akaparadzana. Kuenderana kwenzira mbiri idzodzo kunobatsira pakuongorora kuverenga.
Kana mashoko aripo asingakwani
Miganhu yakatarwa yechinhu haisi nguva dzose mhedzisiro yekuyerwa kwebatch. Somuenzaniso, rondedzero yechigadzirwa cheMerck che methylene blue hydrate inopa chiyero chidiki chinobvumirwa chekuongororwa chakaverengwa pachinhu chakaomeswa, kurasikirwa nehuremu pakuomesa kwakanyanya kunobvumirwa, uye huremu hwemamorekuru hwakavakirwa pachinhu chisina mvura, kunyange ichitsanangura hydrate. Kuisa miganhu iyoyo sokunge inhamba dzakayerwa kungagadzira fungidziro yenhamba imwe chete isingatsigirwi nerondedzero yacho.
Saizvozvowo, chikamu chemuzana chekuongororwa chisina kutsanangurwa kana chikamu chemuzana chenzvimbo iri muchromatogram hazviratidzi zvoga chikamu chehuremu chinodiwa pano. Tsvaga nzira inoshandiswa pakutaura mhedzisiro kubva pachitupa kana kumutengesi. Gwaro rekurava chitupa chekuongororwa kwe methylene blue rinotsanangura zvinofanira kuongororwa mugwaro.
Nzvimbo dzisina kuzadzwa, huremu kana vhoriyamu iri zero kana pasi pezero, mayuniti asingatsigirwi, uye hwaro hwekuongororwa husipo zvinobudisa chikanganiso panzvimbo pemhedzisiro. Kuchinja chinhu chakaiswa kunotsiva mhedzisiro yapfuura, kunyange nhamba itsva isingabvumirwi. Nhamba dzinodarika muganhu unokwanisa kuverengwa nechishandiso dzinorambwa. Chishandiso hachiongorori kana chinhu chichigona kunyunguduka pakonsentresheni iyoyo, kana kunyunguduka kwakapera, kana kuti chakagadzirirwa chakaramba chisina kushanduka.
Ita kuti kuverenga kugone kudzokororwa
Nyora batch, chimiro chemamorekuru, mhedzisiro nehwaro hwekuongororwa, kugadzirisa kupi zvako kwekuomesa, huremu hwakayerwa, vhoriyamu yekupedzisira, uye mamiriro ekugadzirira. Taura chete mwero wekururama unotsigirwa nezvawakayera; nhamba dzinoratidzwa nechiverengero dziripo kuti zvikurerukire.
Pamushonga wakagadzirirwa kuchengetwa une mashoko atonyorwa, shandisa kuverenga kwakaparadzana kwekuderedza konsentresheni ye methylene blue. Pamavara anoratidza chikamu chemuzana, tanga waongorora kushandurwa kwemiyero yekonsentresheni ye methylene blue. Molariti yakarurama kana chikamu chemuzana chakashandurwa zvakarurama hazvisarudzi kuti chinhu chinofanira kupiwa sei.