Ni nde wateguye irangi ry'umuhengeri rikoreshwa ku maraso? Ubururu bwa metilene, Malachowski, Romanowsky na Giemsa

Eyozine ni umutuku. Ubururu bwa metilene ni ubururu. Vanga byombi, usige uruvange ku gakingirizo gato k'amaraso yumye, maze ibice bimwe byako bigaragare mu ibara ry'umuhengeri.

Si ibice byose. Mu cyitegererezo cyateguwe neza, intima z'insoro zera z'amaraso zifata ibara ry'umutuku uvanze n'umuhengeri, kandi koromatine iri mu ndiririzi itera malariya igafata iryo bara na yo, mu gihe insoro zitukura ziyikikije ziguma zijimye umutuku woroheje na sitoplasime ikaguma ari ikijuju kivanze n'ubururu. Ibara ry'umuhengeri ni ryo rituma ubwoko bw'insoro butandukanywa.

Nta na rimwe muri ayo macupa ririmo ibara ry'umuhengeri. Iryo bara riboneka gusa iyo ikinyabutabire runaka gikomoka ku isenyuka ry'ubururu bwa metilene gihuye na eyozine ku kirahure cyo kureberaho muri mikorosikopi. Mu myaka ya 1880 n'iya 1890, nta wari uzi ko icyo kinyabutabire kibaho, ndetse nta n'uwari uzi icyo ari cyo. Abashakishaga iryo bara bakoreshaga amarangi arimo ibindi binyabutabire, buri wese akora wenyine, nta buryo bwizewe bwo kumenya ibiri mu icupa ryari rimaze amezi abiri ku kabati.

Ni yo mpamvu ikibazo kiri mu mutwe w'iyi nyandiko gifite ibisubizo birenze kimwe bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibimenyetso, kandi ni yo mpamvu igisubizo cyahindutse mu 2011.

Ibyagaragaraga byahindukanaga n'uruvange

Iri rangi ntiryahimbwe icyarimwe. Ryagiye ryuzuzwa buhoro buhoro. Buri mpinduka mu ruvange yatumaga haboneka ikindi kintu kimwe gishya, kandi gukurikiranya ibyo byagiye bigaragara ni bwo buryo busobanutse kurusha ubundi bwo gusoma aya mateka.

Uko ibintu byagiye bikurikirana mu nkingi ya nyuma ni byo by'ingenzi. Buri terambere ryongeraga amabara yabonekaga, kandi buri kwiyongera kwatumaga hagaragara ikindi gice kimwe. Umuhengeri si uwo gutaka ubwo buryo; ni wo utandukanya kubona ko indiririzi ihari no kubona ibiyigize. Uko irangi ubwaryo ryavuye mu ruganda rw'amarangi rwa BASF rikagera mu buvuzi bifite amateka maremare n'inyandiko zabyo. Uko ibyo byose byakurikiranye, hamwe n'isoko y'amakuru ya buri cyiciro, bibitswe mu rutonde rw'abagize uruhare rukurikirana ibihe kandi ruhuza n'amasoko y'amakuru.

Igishushanyo: za mvange esheshatu zimwe zishushanyijwe zigaragaza ibyari mu gasahani n'ibyavuyemo. Inziga zigaragaza amarangi; utubice turi munsi yazo tugaragaza amabara ayo marangi yashoboraga gutanga mu gakingirizo k'amaraso. Nta ruvange rwo mbere ya 1890 rugaragaza agace k'umutuku uvanze n'umuhengeri, kandi nta rwo nyuma yaho karimo kubura.

Umugabo wakoresheje borakisi abigambiriye

Ernst Malachowski yari umuganga muri Breslau, ubu yitwa Wrocław. Mu kazi ke yakoraga ubuvuzi ku giti cye no mu ivuriro rito yayoboranaga na mugenzi we, agakora n'imirimo ya laboratwari mu gihe cye bwite. Yavukiye muri Strzelno ku wa 12 Werurwe 1857, yiga ubuvuzi muri Kaminuza ya Breslau, maze kuva mu 1882 kugeza mu 1887 akora nk'umufasha mu ishami ry'indwara zo mu mubiri mu Bitaro bya All Saints, byari ibitaro bya kabiri binini mu Budage icyo gihe.

Yatangiye mu 1888 akoresheje uburyo bwa Chęciński na Plehn bwo gusiga amarangi abiri. Mu cyitegererezo yateguye mu 1889, yabonye ko koromatine y'intima ya Plasmodium yafashe ibara ritandukanye n'irya sitoplasime, ariko nyuma ananirwa kongera kubigeraho. Yagerageje kugira ubururu bwa metilene aside, ibintu birushaho kuba bibi. Yagerageje kubugira basike akoresheje borakisi, bikajya bikora buri gihe. Yerekanye ubwo buryo mu ruhame ku wa 15 Kamena 1890, maze muri Kanama 1891 asohora ibisobanuro birambuye kurushaho, birimo n'amabwiriza yo gukoresha borakisi. Yavuze ko gusiga amarangi byamaraga amasaha makumyabiri n'ane kandi ko byari byoroshye kubisubiramo hakaboneka ibisubizo bimwe.

Amasaha makumyabiri n'ane ni igihe kirekire muri laboratwari ikora ibizamini byo gutahura indwara, kandi inyandiko ye ntiyatinze ku ibara ry'umuhengeri uvanze n'umutuku ry'intima y'indiririzi. Impamvu yaba yarabaye iyo ari yo yose, nta wakomeje gukoresha uburyo bwo kugira ubururu bwa metilene basike abigambiriye kugeza igihe Nocht yongeye kubikora mu 1898. Malachowski ntiyongeye kwandika ku gusiga amaraso amarangi.

Impamvu amakuru make cyane yari amuzwiho kugeza vuba aha ifitanye isano n'inyandiko zabitswe, si amayobera. Mu nyandiko z'ubuvuzi hasigaye amakuru hafi ya ntayo ku buzima bwe, kandi ayasigaye yageze ku bandi anyuze mu nzira imwe. Umukobwa we Marie yavuye mu Budage ajya i Londres mu 1939, akora mu ngabo z'u Bwongereza, nyuma atura muri Kanada, maze inyandiko z'umuryango yari yarakusanyije zigera mu Kigo cya Leo Baeck i New York. Musaza we Leo yiciwe mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi. Mushiki we Eva yavanywe muri Breslau ajyanwa ku gahato mu nkambi y'inzibacyuho ya Izbica muri Mata 1942, ntiyagaruka. Nyina Hedwig yiyahuye ku wa 22 Mata 1942 aho gutegereza ko na we ajyanwa ku gahato. Malachowski yari yarapfuye mu 1934, mbere y'ibyo byose.

Amateka y'umuryango arangira muri ubwo buryo ni amateka y'umuryango atongera kuvugwa nk'isoko y'amakuru. Inyandiko ebyiri zagaruye Malachowski mu mateka y'iterambere ry'iri rangi, zombi zasohotse mu 2011, zateguwe hifashishijwe inyandiko zabitswe muri Poznań na Wrocław, hamwe n'iza Marie zari i New York.

Icupa ryamezeho uruhumbu n'Umurusiya wagize amahirwe

Dmitri Romanowsky yize ubuvuzi mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuvuzi rya Gisirikare i St Petersburg, kandi mu gihe kinini cy'akazi ke yakoraga ku bijyanye na malariya. Mu 1890 yasohoye uburyo, ku mpapuro, bwari hafi gusa neza n'ubwa Chęciński: ubururu bwa metilene butahinduwe na eyozine, ariko eyozine ikaba nyinshiho gato.

Muri Nzeri 1891 yasohoye uburyo bwatumye amenyekana, kandi ikintu cy'ingenzi cyari cyihishe mu mabwiriza. Ibisubizo bye byiza kurusha ibindi yabibonaga akoresheje umuti wa metilene wari warateguwe mbere, umuti w'ubururu bwa metilene wari umaze amezi arenga abiri ubitswe kandi umezeho uruhumbu. Uruhumbe n'igihe wari umaze byari byatumye irangi ritakaza igice cy'amatsinda ya metile yari arigize. Romanowsky ntiyari abizi kandi ntiyashoboraga kubigenzura, bityo abandi bagerageje uburyo bwe ntibashoboye kubona umuhengeri. Igitabo cye cy'ubushakashatsi yari yaragitanze i St Petersburg muri Kamena 1891, ari na yo mpamvu inkuru isanzwe ivugwa ifata 1891 nk'umwaka w'ivumburwa.

Malachowski yari yarerekanye uburyo bwe muri Kamena 1890, hashize igihe kirenga umwaka mbere yaho, kandi uburyo bwe bwakoraga kubera ibyo yari yakoze abigambiriye.

Impamvu irangi ryitiriwe umugabo utari ukwiye kuryitirirwa

Ibimenyetso bishyigikira Malachowski byakusanyijwe na Kristine Krafts, Ernst Hempelmann na Barbara Oleksyn, kandi bishingiye ku bintu bine. Itariki yo kwerekana uburyo mu ruhame: Kamena 1890 ugereranyije na Nzeri 1891. Ijambo byakozwe bigambiriwe ugereranyije n'ijambo byabonetse ku bw'amahirwe. Kuba Malachowski yaratangaje uburyo bwe, harimo borakisi n'ibindi byose, mu gihe ubwa Romanowsky bwashingiraga ku kintu cyahindukaga kitagenzuwe. N'uko ibisobanuro by'intima ya Plasmodium, hamwe n'umuhengeri watumaga igaragara, byabaye nk'ibibuze mu nyandiko mu gihe cy'imyaka irindwi, kuko nta washoboraga kongera kubona ibisubizo byari byabonetse ku bw'impanuka.

Bavuga umwanzuro wabo nta guca ku ruhande. Mu nyandiko ivuga ku buzima bwe, bavuga ko uko icyubahiro cyatanzwe ari “ugoreka bikomeye ukuri”, kandi bagasubiramo amagambo ya Ralph Lillie, wanditse mu 1978 ati: “wenda twagombye kwita uyu muryango w'amarangi amarangi ya Malachowski”.

Ibyo bishyigikira ko ari we wabanje biravuguruzwa, nk'uko bikunze kugenda iyo havugwa uwabanje kuvumbura ikintu, kandi imiterere y'iyo mpaka ikwiye gusobanurwa aho kuyifatira umwanzuro. Impaka ku wabanje zigomba kubanza kugaragaza icyo ivumburwa ryari cyo. Niba ivumburwa ari ibara ry'umuhengeri, Malachowski ni we ufite inyandiko zerekana ko yarigaragaje mbere. Niba ivumburwa ari uburyo bwatangajwe, abo bagabo bombi babutangaje mu 1891, maze irangi ryitirirwa Romanowsky. Niba ivumburwa ari ibisobanuro by'uko bikora, nta n'umwe muri bo wabihabwa, kuko nta wari uzi ko uko irangi rigenda rihinduka ari ugutakaza amatsinda ya metile, kandi nta washoboraga gusobanura impamvu iryo bara ryabonekaga. Iyo ngingo ya nyuma ni yo inkuru zisanzwe zivuga kuri aya mateka zisimbuka. Ikinyabutabire cyagiraga uruhare nyamukuru cyari ikindi kintu kiri mu irangi nta muntu wari waramenye, kandi uwa mbere wakoze iryo bara abigambiriye yabikoze akurikije uburyo bwageragejwe kandi bwashoboraga gusubirwamo, atari ukubera ko yari asobanukiwe n'ibyo ubwo buryo bwakoraga.

Inyandiko zombi zo mu 2011 ni zo zisobanura mu buryo burambuye kurusha ubundi ibimenyetso bishyigikira Malachowski, kandi zombi zisomwa ku buntu kuri PubMed: isesengura rirerire kuri PMID 21235291 n'inyandiko ivuga ku buzima bwe kuri PMID 21660627. Urupapuro rwa PubMed rw'iryo sesengura rugaragaza kandi inyandiko irigira icyo ivugaho, yasohotse muri icyo kinyamakuru nyuma muri uwo mwaka kuri 86(5):366. Ibyo byibutsa mu buryo bukwiye ko ibyo bimenyetso byavugurujwe mu nyandiko bikimara gusohoka.

Izi mpaka si ukutemeranya ku bijyanye na shimi. Ababigizemo uruhare bose bemeranya ku cyo umuhengeri ari cyo no ku binyabutabire biwutanga. Kutemeranya ni ku wabigezeho mbere, no ku kumenya niba ikintu cyabonetse ku bw'impanuka kandi nta muntu washoboraga kongera kubona cyabarwa nk'aho umuntu yageze kuri iryo vumburwa.

Icyo amazina yakurikiyeho yongeyeho

Niba Malachowski ari we wabanje gukora umuhengeri, kuki irangi ryitirirwa Romanowsky, Wright na Giemsa?

Ni uko irangi rikora rimwe mu maboko y'uwarivumbuye ritaba ikinyabutabire cya laboratwari cyizewe. Imirimo yakurikiyeho yahinduye uruvange rwatangaga ibisubizo bihindagurika, ruba ikintu umutekinisiye wo mu kindi gihugu yashoboraga gukoresha ku wa Kabiri.

Nocht yabigezeho akoresheje gutekereza ku kibazo. Nyuma yo kunanirwa kubona igisubizo cyizewe akoresheje irangi rimwe ritabogamye, yanzuye ko umuhengeri ugomba kuba uturuka ku kindi kintu kiri mu bururu bwa metilene kitari ubururu bwa metilene ubwabwo, maze atangira kugishakisha. Unna yari yarabonye ko imiti y'ubururu bwa metilene imaze igihe isiga utunyampeke two mu ngirabuzimafatizo za mast ibara ry'umutuku, maze avuga ko ikinyabutabire gishya cyavukaga uko irangi ryagendaga rihinduka. Bernthsen yari yaragaragaje mu 1885 ko ahantu hari ububasike hakura amatsinda ya metile ku bururu bwa metilene, kandi ko ibivamo ari byo ubu twita azure. Nocht yatandukanyije igice cyagiraga uruhare akoresheje koloroforome, kandi yashoboraga kucyita gusa umutuku ukomoka ku bururu bwa metilene; Michaelis yacyise azure I mu 1901. Jenner yakemuye ikibazo cyo gutegura no gukoresha uruvange. Kongera gushongesha muri metanole idafite amazi ibinyabutabire by'ubururu bwa metilene na eyozine byari byaribumbiye hamwe bikagwa hasi byatanze umuti umwe udahindagurika, wafatishaga agakingirizo k'amaraso ku kirahure igihe wagashyiragaho irangi, bituma gufatisha hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bihagarara. Leishman na Reuter bavangiye irangi ryahindutse amabara menshi mu mushongeshabinyabutabire wa alukolo, babona icyarimwe uruvange rudahindagurika n'umuhengeri. Wright yasimbuje kubika amasaha cumi n'abiri kuri 65 °C no kureka uruvange rukamara iminsi icumi, gushyira uruvange mu mwuka w'amazi ushyushye ukomeza kunyuramo mu gihe cy'isaha imwe. Giemsa yaretse burundu gushingira ku muti wahindukaga mu buryo butateganyijwe, akoresha ingano zipimwe z'amarangi azwi, akongeramo giserole muri metanole kugira ngo igicuruzwa kidahindurwa n'ubushyuhe bwo mu turere dushyuha. Ntiyigeze atangaza uko yakoraga methylene azure itarimo ibindi binyabutabire. Yayigurishije laboratwari ya Dr Grübler muri Leipzig, yayicuruzaga yitwa azure I kandi ikemeza ko irangi ryayo ryonyine ari ryo rangi rya Giemsa ry'umwimerere.

Icyo iyo azure yari cyo kiracyajya impaka. Bamwe bavuga ko yari ubururu bwa metilene bwahindutse amabara menshi gusa, abandi bakavuga ko yarimo azure B nyinshi. Igisubizo cyavuye mu ntambara. Igihe amarangi yo mu Budage yaburaga, itsinda ryo mu Rwego rw'Ubuzima Rusange rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, rigizwe na Ralph Lillie hamwe na Maurice Roe na Aimee Wilcox, ryabonye ko gusiga irangi byatangaga ibisubizo byiza kurusha ibindi hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire bitatu byatandukanyijwe: ubururu bwa metilene butahinduwe, azure B ikomoka ku isenyuka ryabwo iyo butakaje amatsinda ya metile, na eyozine. Azure B yasimbuye azure I itari ikiboneka, kandi ibyo binyabutabire bitatu biracyari ishingiro ry'irangi rikoreshwa mu gutahura malariya muri iki gihe.

Uko ibyo binyabutabire bitatu bikorana mu buryo bwa shimi ku kirahure cyo kureberaho muri mikorosikopi ni ikindi kibazo gisobanurwa ku rundi rupapuro. Urupapuro rw'uruhare rw'amarangi na shimi y'amarangi yo mu bwoko bwa Romanowsky rusobanura icyo azure B na eyozine bikora buri kimwe ukwacyo, n'impamvu byombi bitanga ibara nta na kimwe gitanga cyonyine. Urupapuro rw'imikoreshereze muri mikorosikopi no muri laboratwari rwo ruvuga ku buryo bukoreshwa mu bikorwa: ibyo icyitegererezo runaka cyateguwe kigaragaza, n'uko wasuzuma niba igicuruzwa runaka kibereye uburyo uteganya gukoresha.

Igice cy'amateka kikiriho muri iki gihe

Hari ikintu kimwe muri iyi nkuru kitaretse kuba ukuri mu 1902. Mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri mirongo itanu, ikinyabutabire cy'ingenzi kurusha ibindi mu irangi ryari risanzwe rikoreshwa ku isi mu gutahura malariya cyari ikindi kinyabutabire kiri mu irangi kitagira izina. Cyabagamo ku bw'impanuka, ingano yacyo igatandukana hagati y'amacupa, kumenya icyo ari cyo bikaba ibanga ry'ubucuruzi mu gice cy'icyo gihe, kandi igipimo cyacyo kikajya impaka kugeza mu myaka ya 1940. Abakoreshaga irangi ntibari abantu batitonda. Nta buryo bari bafite bwo kumenya ibiri mu icupa.

Muri iki gihe, icyo kibazo kigaragara mu bisobanuro by'ibisabwa bivuga gusa igice cy'ibiri mu kinyabutabire. Kuzuza ibisabwa bya USP ni yo nzira iganisha ku rwego rwo hejuru rwo kutagira ibindi binyabutabire isoko ritanga, kuko ari urwego ngenderwaho rwuzuye kandi rwatangajwe, aho kuba igipimo kimwe gusa: umwirondoro w'ikinyabutabire, urugero rwo kutagira ibindi binyabutabire, ibindi binyabutabire by'umwimerere birimo amarangi ya azure, ibisigazwa by'imishongeshabinyabutabire, ibindi binyabutabire byo mu bwoko bw'ibinyabutabire shingiro, ibisigazwa nyuma yo gutwika, ingano ntarengwa y'udukoko n'uburozi bwa endotoksine bukomoka kuri bagiteri. Blupreme ikura ubururu bwayo bwa metilene ku ruganda rukora imiti kandi igatangaza icyemezo cyuzuye cy'isesengura, kugira ngo buri murongo w'urwo rutonde ushobore kugenzurwa aho kwemezwa mu magambo gusa. Icyemezo gitanga igisubizo cy'ikizamini cy'ibyuma biremereye hanyuma kikabyita kuzuza ibisabwa bya USP ni kimwe, muri iki gihe, n'icupa ryanditseho “ubururu bwa metilene bwahindutse uko bwamaraga igihe”: rishobora kuba ririmo ikinyabutabire cyiza cya laboratwari, ariko ibyanditseho ntibikubwira ibirimo.