Uburyo bw’ubururu bwa metilene bwo gupima sulifide: Ihame n’imbibi

Uburyo bw’ubururu bwa metilene bwo gupima sulifide buyipima buyihindura irangi ry’ubururu, hanyuma bugapima urumuri rwinjizwa n’umuti wabonetse. Ubururu bwa metilene ni igikomoka ku mmenyuko gitanga ikimenyetso gikoreshwa mu isesengura. Gusuka icupa ry’ubururu bwa metilene mu mazi si iri suzuma.

Akenshi, igice kigoye ni ukugumana icyitegererezo kigaragaza uko amazi yari ameze kugeza uwo mmenyuko ubaye. Igipimo cy’urumuri rwinjijwe gifite ukuri kwinshi ntigishobora kugarura sulifide yatakaye cyangwa yahinduwe n’ogisijeni mu gihe cyo gufata icyitegererezo. Nta nubwo gishobora gutandukanya sulifide ya hidurojeni iri ukwabwayo n’ubundi bwoko bwa sulifure burekurwa mu gihe cyo gutegura icyitegererezo.

Ni iki gitanga ibara ry’ubururu?

Mu Buryo bwa EPA 376.2, sulifide ikorana na dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine hari ferric chloride, bigatanga ubururu bwa metilene. Ibinyabutabire bya aside byifashishwa bituma haboneka imiterere ikenewe kugira ngo irangi rikorwe. Nyuma, igikoresho gipima urumuri rwinjizwa n’umuti wabonetse.

Muri make, ummenyuko ni uyu:

Sulifide + N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine + Fe(III), mu miterere ya aside → ubururu bwa metilene → gupima urumuri rwinjijwe.

Iyi ni incamake y’isesengura, si ikigereranyo cy’um men yuko cyaringanijwe. Ibigize ibinyabutabire byifashishwa n’ubwibumbire bwabyo, igihe cyo gutuma ibara rigaragara, uburebure bw’umuraba, n’uburebure bw’inzira y’urumuri bigomba gukurwa mu buryo bwatoranyijwe.

Ibyo bisobanuro ntibishobora gusimburana. EPA 376.2 iteganya gupima kuri 625 nm. Uburyo bwa Hach 8131 bwanditswe ku gikoresho cyayo cya DR/5000 bukoresha 665 nm. Agaciro ko mu nyandiko z’ubushakashatsi kerekeye urumuri rwinjizwa n’ubururu bwa metilene ntigasimbura igenamiterere na kalibrasiyo by’isuzuma runaka.

Banza usobanure igice cya sulifide ugamije gupima mbere yo gufata icyitegererezo

“Ubwibumbire bwa sulifide ya hidurojeni” bushobora guhisha ko ibipimwa bitandukanye. Mu mazi, H₂S yashonze na HS⁻ bifitanye isano binyuze mu mmenyuko wa aside na baze. Ingano ya buri kimwe muri byo iterwa n’imiterere y’amazi, harimo na pH. Gushyira aside mu cyitegererezo bihindura uko bigabanyijwe; ntibirinda uko byari bigabanyijwe mbere ngo bizasuzumwe nyuma.

EPA 376.2 ireba sulifide zose hamwe n’izashonze mu byitegererezo by’amazi n’imyanda byagenwe, ariko ntireba sulifide zidashonga muri aside. Bityo, “zose” muri raporo ikoresha ubu buryo ntibigomba kumvikana nk’ibinyabutabire byose birimo sulifure biri mu icupa. Sulifate ni ikindi kinyabutabire gipimwa, kandi sulifide y’icyuma idashonga muri aside ishobora kutagaragara mu gipimo.

Mbere yo kugereranya ibyavuye muri laboratwari ebyiri, baza igice cya sulifide buri buryo bwashoboye gukura mu cyitegererezo. Reba kandi uko ibisubizo byatanzwe: mg/L zibarwa nka sulifure na mg/L zibarwa nka H₂S ni uburyo butandukanye bwo kugaragaza uburemere. Imibare ihuye ariko ibipimo, imyiteguro y’icyitegererezo, n’igisobanuro cy’ikinyabutabire gipimwa bidahuye ntibivuga ko ibisubizo bihuye.

Urukurikirane rw’imirimo rurinda igipimo

Koresha uru rukurikirane mu gusuzuma uko imirimo ya laboratwari iteganyijwe. Ishusho yo ku gifuniko yerekana ummenyuko n’isomwa ry’igipimo hifashishijwe urumuri; iyi mbonerahamwe igaragaza ibyemezo bifatwa mbere yabyo.

Intambwe	Ibyandikwa mbere yo gukomeza	Icyo kubyandika birinda
Gusobanura	Icyitegererezo cy’amazi, imyanda, cyangwa ibinyabuzima; igice cyashonze cyangwa igice cyose gisobanurwa n’uburyo bukoreshwa	Kugereranya ibinyabutabire bitandukanye bipimwa munsi y’izina rimwe rya “H₂S”
Gufata icyitegererezo	Igihe cyafatiwe, ubushyuhe, kuyungurura, ikibikwamo, n’uko cyahuye n’umwuka	Gufata icyitegererezo cyahindutse nk’amazi yo mu ntangiriro
Kurinda ihinduka	Uburyo nyabwo bwo kubika n’igihe ntarengwa cyemewe mbere yo gupima	Kwibwira ko gukonjesha byonyine birinda buri cyitegererezo
Gukora ummenyuko	Verisiyo y’uburyo, icyiciro cy’ikorwa ry’ibinyabutabire byifashishwa, ingano z’amazi akoreshwa, n’igihe cyo gutuma ibara rigaragara	Kuvanga ibice bidahuye by’amabwiriza atandukanye
Gupima	Uburebure bw’umuraba, uburebure bw’inzira y’urumuri mu gasanduku k’icyitegererezo, icyitegererezo kidafite ikigomba gupimwa, ibisubizo ngenderwaho, no kugabanya ubwibumbire	Guhindura ibara mo ubwibumbire hatabaye kalibrasiyo ikwiye
Gusuzuma	Kugenzura ingano yongeye kuboneka, kureba niba ibipimo byisubiwemo bihuye, urugero ntarengwa rwo gutanga igisubizo, n’ibipimo bikoreshwa	Gutanga umubare w’igikoresho utagaragaje imbibi z’isesengura ryawo

Incamake ya NEMI ya Standard Methods 4500-S²⁻ D isaba kugabanya uko icyitegererezo gihura n’umwuka, no guhita gisesengurwa cyangwa kikabikwa hakoreshejwe zinc acetate nk’uko biteganyijwe. Uburyo bwayo bwo kubika icyitegererezo cyo gupima sulifide zose bunakoresha imiterere ya baze n’icupa ryuzuye burundu. Ibi bisabwa ni igice cy’uburyo bwo gufata icyitegererezo, si amabwiriza yo gutunganya laboratwari gusa.

Ibibangamira isuzuma bishobora gutuma igipimo kiba gito kurusha ukuri

Iyo ncamake ya Standard Methods igaragaza ibinyabutabire bigabanya okisidasiyo bikumira ikorwa ry’ibara ry’ubururu, ibyuma bitanga sulifide zidashonga kandi zidashobora gukurwa neza mu cyitegererezo, na ferrocyanide ubwayo itanga ibara ry’ubururu. Ubwibumbire bwinshi cyane bwa sulifide na bwo bushobora kubuza ummenyuko kugenda neza.

Bityo, hari impamvu nyinshi zishobora gutuma umuyoboro w’isuzuma ugira ibara ryoroheje: sulifide nke, gutakara kwayo mbere y’isesengura, kutayikura yose mu cyitegererezo, cyangwa kubangamira ikorwa ry’ibara. Umuyoboro ufite ibara ryijimye ushobora kuba urimo ibara ribangamira isuzuma. Ibara risanzwe mu cyitegererezo n’ubuzibirane bwacyo bisaba gukosorwa uko uburyo bw’isuzuma bubiteganya; gukuramo igipimo cy’amazi adafite ikigomba gupimwa yatoranyijwe uko biboneye si ko buri gihe biba bihagije.

Uburyo bw’ingirakamaro bwo kugenzura ni ukongera ingano izwi ya sulifide mu cyitegererezo gihagarariye ibindi, hanyuma kikanyuzwa mu myiteguro ikenewe. Iyo ingano y’inyongera yari iteganyijwe itabonetse, ibindi bigize icyitegererezo cyangwa urukurikirane rw’imirimo bigomba gukorwaho iperereza. Amabwiriza yo kugenzura ubuziranenge muri EPA 9030B yerekana impamvu icyitegererezo cyongerewemo ingano izwi y’ikinyabutabire gipimwa kinyuzwa mu ntambwe zose z’uburyo, hamwe n’ibyitegererezo bidafite ikigomba gupimwa n’ibisubizo ngenderwaho byo kugenzura. Inyongera ishyizwemo ako kanya gusa mbere yo gusoma igipimo ntishobora kugenzura ibyatakaye mbere.

Urugero rwo mu murima: amazi ashyushye atuma amabwiriza ateguye neza atagera ku ntego

Ubushakashatsi bwa USGS muri Yellowstone bwatangajwe muri Open-File Report 2010-1192 bwagereranyije uburyo bubiri bw’ubururu bwa metilene n’uburyo bukoresha elekitorode itoranya iyoni, ku byitegererezo bibitswe by’amazi ashyushwa n’ubushyuhe bwo mu nda y’isi.

Ibisubizo bya elekitorode byakomeje kuba hejuru. Abashakashatsi bagaragaje ko guhindurwa n’ogisijeni no kuva mu mazi kwa H₂S ari ibibazo mu byitegererezo bishyushye. Kubanza kuvanga ibinyabutabire bitanga ibara mbere yo kongeramo icyitegererezo byatanze ibisubizo byo gupima hifashishijwe ibara biri hejuru ho gato, ariko bizana ikindi kibazo: uruvange rw’ibinyabutabire rwangirikaga vuba, bigatuma igihe cyo kubikoresha kiba intandaro yo kudahuza kw’ibipimo. Ibyitegererezo birindwi byari birimo na thiosulfate ku bwibumbire abanditsi bahuje n’uko gupima hifashishijwe ibara byashoboraga gutanga igipimo kiri munsi y’ukuri.

Ku mazi yabo ashyushwa n’ubushyuhe bwo mu nda y’isi, abanditsi bahisemo ko icyitegererezo gihita kirindwa ihinduka mu miterere ya baze hakoreshejwe ibikumira okisidasiyo, hanyuma kigapimwa na elekitorode. Iki ni igisubizo gifatika kijyanye no guhitamo uburyo bwo gupima amazi ashyushye, si gihamya ko buri gipimo cya elekitorode kiruta buri suzuma rikoresha ibara.

Hitamo uburyo bujyanye n’ikibazo ushaka gusubiza

Ikibazo cy’isesengura	Uburyo bwo gusuzuma	Icyitonderwa cy’ingenzi
Sulifide ishobora gukurwa mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi gikwiye	Uburyo bwanditswe bwo gupima hifashishijwe ibara ry’ubururu bwa metilene	Rinda igice cyagenwe kandi werekane ko sulifide ishobora gukurwa mu cyitegererezo
Sulifide mu mazi ashyushye ashyushwa n’ubushyuhe bwo mu nda y’isi	Guhita urinda icyitegererezo ihinduka, ukoresheje urukurikirane rw’imirimo rwa elekitorode rwemejwe	Emeza ko gufata no kubika icyitegererezo bikwiriye ubushyuhe bwacyo n’ibindi bikigize
Sulifide mu myanda cyangwa mu bintu bikomeye bidafite ibigize bihuje	Gutegura icyitegererezo ugamije igice runaka, nko muri EPA 9030B, hamwe n’uburyo bwayo bwagenwe bwo gupima	Gukura sulifide idashonga muri aside mu cyitegererezo bishobora gukomeza kuba bituzuye; ntukibwire ko byose byakurwamo
Sulifide iri ukwabwayo ugereranyije n’ubwoko bwa sulifure burekurwa na aside mu byitegererezo by’ibinyabuzima	Gufata ikinyabutabire mu buryo butoranya cyangwa kugihindura ikindi, hamwe no gutandukanya ibinyabutabire	Menya ubwoko bwa sulifure butanga ikimenyetso gipimwa

Itandukaniro ryo mu byitegererezo by’ibinyabuzima ni rikomeye. Mu bushakashatsi bwa Shen na bagenzi be bwo mu 2011 bwakorewe muri laboratwari no kuri pulazima y’amaraso y’imbeba, ibipimo by’ubururu bwa metilene byagarukiraga ku ibara risanzwe mu cyitegererezo, ubushobozi bwo gutahura ingano nto, na sulifure irekurwa na aside mu gihe cyo gutegura icyitegererezo. Uburyo bwabo bwa monobromobimane/HPLC bwatandukanyaga ikinyabutabire gikomoka kuri sulifide kandi bugatahura ubwibumbire bwo hasi mu miterere yageragejwe. Uyu wari umurimo wo kwemeza uburyo bw’isesengura, si urugero ntarengwa rwo gusuzuma indwara cyangwa gihamya y’ingaruka z’ubuvuzi.

Kalibrasiyo n’amasuzuma afite amazina asa

Kora kalibrasiyo ukoresheje ibisubizo ngenderwaho bya sulifide byagenwe n’uburyo bukurikizwa, mu miterere y’um men yuko n’iy’urumuri imwe n’ikoreshwa ku byitegererezo. Suzuma ibyavuye ku cyitegererezo kidafite ikigomba gupimwa no ku gisubizo ngenderwaho cyo kugenzura mbere yo guhindura igipimo cy’urumuri rwinjijwe n’icyitegererezo mo ubwibumbire. Umurongo wa kalibrasiyo utagaragaza ibibazo werekana isano y’ibipimo kuri ibyo bisubizo ngenderwaho; ingano ya sulifide yongeye kuboneka mu cyitegererezo yerekana niba iyo sano ikomeza kubaho n’iyo hari ibindi bikigize.

Mu gusoza, isuzuma rya MBAS ry’ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso kandi bifite umuriro w’amashanyarazi utari mwiza rikoresha ubururu bwa metilene mu buryo butandukanye. Muri EPA 425.1, irangi risanzwe rihari ryifatanya n’ibinyabutabire bikora ku buso, hanyuma rigakurwa rikajya mu gice cy’umuti gishingiye ku binyabutabire bya karubone. Gupima sulifide hifashishijwe ibara byo bikora irangi. Nta na bumwe muri ubwo buryo bw’isesengura ari amabwiriza yo gutunganya amazi. Menya ikinyabutabire gipimwa n’um men yuko mbere yo guhitamo ikinyabutabire cyo kwifashisha cyangwa gusobanura ibara ry’ubururu.