Ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bw’ubururu bwa metilene bwo kurwanya mikorobe: bagiteri, uduhumyo no gukangurwa n’urumuri

Abasomyi babiri babona imvugo ivuga ko ubururu bwa metilene burwanya mikorobe, buri wese akatekereza ikintu gitandukanye. Umwe atekereza amazi y’ubururu aroga mikorobe iyo ahuye na zo. Undi atekereza uburyo bukoresha irangi hamwe n’urumuri rutukura kugira ngo bizisenye. Ibyo bitekerezo byombi birimo ukuri kumwe. Nta na kimwe gisobanura byose, kandi kubyitiranya ni byo bituma ibyinshi mu bivugwa kuri interineti bitaba byo.

Iryo tandukaniro ni ryo iri sesengura ryibandaho. Mu mwijima, ubururu bwa metilene bugira uburozi budakabije iyo bwakoreshejwe ku gipimo cy’ubwinshi gihagije. Iyo hari urumuri rutukura, buhinduka ikinyabutabire gikangurwa n’urumuri: bwakira fotoni, bukagera mu mimerere ya triplet ishobora gutera imyitwarire ya shimi, maze bugatera imyitwarire ya shimi y’ogisidasiyo yangiza ibintu byinshi icyarimwe. Ubu buryo bukangurwa n’urumuri bufite izina ryabwo, uburyo bwa fotodinamike bwo kurwanya mikorobe, kandi bugira ibisabwa byabwo. Igipimo cy’ubwinshi cyonyine ntigisobanura ubwo buryo. Uburebure bw’umuraba w’urumuri, ingano y’urumuri, igihe cyo kubanza kurekera irangi kuri mikorobe, ogisijeni n’ubwoko bw’ikinyabuzima ni byo bigena igisubizo.

Uburyo bubiri bwo kwica mikorobe

Banza utekereze ku buryo bwo mu mwijima. Ubururu bwa metilene ni irangi ryo mu itsinda rya phenothiazinium rifite umuriro w’amashanyarazi mwiza. Rifata ku bice bikikije mikorobe, rikinjira mu ngirabuzimafatizo ku rugero rutandukanye, kandi rikagira uruhare mu myitwarire ya shimi ya redox no kwihuza. Nta fotoni zibigiramo uruhare. Mikorobe zirapfa, ariko gusa ku bipimo by’ubwinshi bitandukanye cyane bitewe n’ikinyabuzima, kandi uburyo zibicwamo ntibwibanda ku kintu kimwe gusa gisobanutse.

Uburyo bwa fotodinamike bwongeramo urumuri. Fotoni zitukura zifite uburebure bw’umuraba buri hafi ya 630 kugeza kuri 680 nm zihura n’igice cy’urumuri irangi ryakira, aho molekile imwe y’irangi yakira cyane hafi ya 664 nm. Kwakira urumuri bituma irangi rijya mu mimerere ya singlet imara igihe gito, hanyuma rikajya mu mimerere ya triplet imara igihe kirekire kurushaho. Aho ni ho haturuka amatsinda abiri y’imyitwarire ya shimi. Mu myitwarire ya shimi ya Type I, triplet iha elegitoroni ikindi kinyabutabire maze igatangiza inzira za radikali zirimo superoxide n’ubwoko bwa hydroxyl. Mu myitwarire ya shimi ya Type II, iha ingufu mu buryo butaziguye ogisijeni iri mu mimerere yayo y’ibanze, maze ikabyara ogisijeni ya singlet. Byombi bishobora kubera icyarimwe, kandi kuvuga ko irangi ritanga gusa ogisijeni ya singlet ni ukworoshya ibintu birenze urugero. Isesengura ry’isano hagati y’imiterere n’imikorere y’ibinyabutabire bya phenothiazinium bikangurwa n’urumuri ribigaragaza neza: mu marangi afitanye isano, uburozi ku bagiteri buterwa n’urumuri ntibwakurikiranaga gusa n’ingano ya ogisijeni ya singlet yabonekaga, kuko kwinjira kw’irangi, aho ryageraga no guhindurwa mu buryo bwa leuco budakora byari bifite akamaro kangana n’imiterere yaryo y’umubiri mu gukorana n’urumuri. Imyitwarire ya shimi iterwa n’urumuri isobanura iryo tegeko ry’uburebure bw’umuraba iri mu isesengura rifitanye isano n’iri ku irangi hamwe n’urumuri rutukura.

Ogisijeni ya singlet ni ingenzi ku miterere imwe y’ingirakamaro. Ikorana n’ibinyabutabire byinshi byo mu binyabuzima icyarimwe, bityo igitero kigakorerwa ahantu henshi aho kwibanda kuri anzime imwe cyangwa poroteyine imwe ifata ibindi binyabutabire. Inyandiko y’ibanze isobanura uburyo bwa fotodinamike bwo kurwanya mikorobe hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire yagaragaje ko ari yo mpamvu uburyo busanzwe bwo kutumvira imiti butagira uburemere bwinshi hano: poroteyine y’inyongera ifata penicillin cyangwa topoisomerase yahindutse ntibibuza kwiyongera gutunguranye kwa ogisijeni ikora cyane. Iyo ngingo yemejwe n’ibizamini kuri Staphylococcus aureus itumvira methicillin no kuri enterococci zitumvira vancomycin, nk’uko imbonerahamwe ikurikira ibigaragaza. Ibyo ntibivuze ko kutumvira ubu buryo bidashoboka, ahubwo ko bikora mu buryo butandukanye. Pompe zisohora ibinyabutabire mu ngirabuzimafatizo n’ubwirinzi bwo kurwanya ogisidasiyo biracyashobora guhindura ingano ikenewe, cyane cyane mu duhumyo.

Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyabuzima n’uburyo byakoreweho ubushakashatsi

Iyi mbonerahamwe ni igice cy’ingenzi cy’iyi nyandiko. Buri gipimo kijyanye n’uburyo bwihariye bwakoreshejwe: irangi rishobora kuba rimwe, ariko ingano y’urumuri cyangwa igihe cyo kurirekera kuri mikorobe bitandukanye bigatanga umubare utandukanye. Ntugafate MBC, MLC na MIC nk’ibisimburana. MBC na MLC hano bivuga ko nta kinyabuzima cyarokotse igihe byongeye gukurizwa mu bindi bikoresho, naho MIC ikavuga kubuza gukura. Ibisabwa by’urumuri byanditse kuri buri murongo.

Hari ibintu bitatu bigaragara cyane. Icya mbere, staphylococci za Gram positive zipfa ku bipimo bito bya mikoromolari, mu gihe bagiteri zimeze nk’uduti za Gram negative zikenera irangi ryikubye hafi inshuro ijana mu mwijima, kuko agahu kazo k’inyuma kagabanya kwinjira. Urumuri rugabanya iryo tandukaniro ariko ntirurukuraho. Icya kabiri, ubushobozi bw’ubururu bwa metilene bwo kurwanya uduhumyo burahari, ariko bugengwa n’ibisabwa: kwica Candida hakoreshejwe ubururu bwa metilene byiyongera cyane uko ingano y’urumuri yiyongera, kandi ihinduka rimwe ry’imiterere igaragara, nko gukora pompe zisohora ibinyabutabire nyinshi cyane, rishobora gukuraho kugabanuka kwa 5 log ku ngano imwe. Icya gatatu, biofilm ikuze yitwara mu buryo butandukanye na mikorobe zireremba mu mazi, kandi umurongo wa biofilm yo mu kanwa uri muri iki cyiciro.

Bagiteri: aho urumuri rufasha cyane n’aho rudafasha

Staphylococci ni zo zicwa byoroshye. Ndetse n’ibipimo biri mu mbonerahamwe y’isesengura bya MRSA itera ibyorezo biba ku rugero rumwe cyangwa hasi y’ibya vancomycin yakoreshejwe mu kugereranya, iyo urumuri rwongeweho. Ibinyabutabire birikomokaho byongerewemo amatsinda abiri ya methyl byatanze umusaruro mwiza kurushaho, kuko kongeramo methyl byongereye ubushobozi bwo kwihuza n’ibinure n’ingano ya ogisijeni ya singlet yabonekaga, ari na ko birwanya guhindurwa mu buryo bwa leuco. Icyo kintu cyo muri shimi ni ingenzi: kigaragaza ko kwica bituruka ku buryo irangi rigezwa aho rikenewe hamwe n’imiterere yaryo mu gukorana n’urumuri, atari iyo miterere yonyine.

Ibinyabuzima bya Gram negative bigaragaza uruhare rwo kugeza irangi aho rikenewe. Pseudomonas yari ikeneye 500 uM mu mwijima na 25 uM mu rumuri, umusaruro wikubye inshuro makumyabiri, ariko igipimo cyo mu rumuri kiracyari hejuru cyane y’ibipimo bya staphylococci. Umuriro w’amashanyarazi mwiza w’irangi urifasha kwegera agahu k’inyuma, ariko kwinjira kuracyari inzitizi. Uburyo bwo gutegura irangi, igihe cyo kurirekeraho no guhitamo ikinyabutabire kirikomokaho bihindura ibi bipimo kurusha gusubiramo irangi rimwe ku ngano irenzeho.

Enterococci zitanga impamvu yo kwitonda. Mu buryo bwa kera bwakoreshejwe, E. faecalis ntiyagaragaje inyungu n’imwe y’urumuri, kandi E. faecium itumvira vancomycin yari ikeneye molekile itandukanye aho kongerwa urumuri. Umuntu wese uvuga MBC imwe y’ubururu bwa metilene nk’igipimo rusange kidahinduka cyo kurwanya bagiteri aba asoma nabi ibyanditswe mu bushakashatsi. Nta gipimo nk’icyo gihari. Hari gusa ibipimo byihariye bishingiye ku murongo wa mikorobe, aho zikurirwamo, umubare watangijwe, igihe cyo kuzirekeraho irangi, uburebure bw’umuraba n’ingufu z’urumuri kuri buri buso. Uburyo bwo gusoma ibyo bipimo utibeshya busobanurwa mu nyobora yo gusobanukirwa ibishushanyo byerekana uko mikorobe zicwa.

Uduhumyo: turicwa, ariko icyiciro cy’imikurire na pompe ni byo bigena igisubizo

Inkuta z’uduhumyo zigizwe na glucans, mannans na chitin zitera ikibazo cyo kwinjira gitandukanye n’icya bagiteri, kandi uduhumyo tugira n’uburyo bwo kwirwanaho bukora. Igisubizo cya Candida gifitanye isano na pompe zisohora ibinyabutabire cyavuzwe hejuru ni urugero rugaragara cyane: irangi rimwe, urumuri rumwe, aho gukurira hamwe, ariko izakoraga pompe nyinshi cyane zararokotse mu gihe izo zakomotseho zatakaje hafi 99.999 ku ijana by’ibice bishobora kubyara amatsinda ya mikorobe. Uduhumyo two ku ruhu twongeraho uruhare rw’icyiciro cy’imikurire. Intanga zipfa byoroshye cyane kurusha udushami, bityo uburyo bukuraho intanga bushobora gusiga ibice by’udushami bikiri bizima ku ngano imwe.

Ni yo mpamvu raporo ku bushobozi bw’ubururu bwa metilene bwo kurwanya uduhumyo zigomba kugenzura urumuri mu buryo bumwe n’ubwa raporo kuri bagiteri. Ubushakashatsi bwa fotodinamike bwakorewe ku bantu ku nzara no ku ruhu bwahuje irangi rya 1 kugeza kuri 2 ku ijana n’urumuri rutukura rwapimwe, ku ngufu z’urumuri kuri buri buso zagenwe, hamwe no gukurikirana ibyavuyemo. Bwanatandukanyije uko byagaragaraga mu isuzuma ry’umurwayi no kuba uduhumyo twarakuweho mu bipimo. Ibyo bigeragezo byasesenguwe mu ncamake y’ibimenyetso ku buryo bwa fotodinamike bwo kurwanya uduhumyo two ku nzara no ku ruhu. Gushyira irangi rivanzemo amazi menshi ku gice cyangiritse, mu rumuri rwo mu cyumba, bitanga ibara ariko bigasiga uburyo bwakoreshejwe.

Kugenzura biofilm: urugero rwo mu kanwa rugizwe n’ubwoko 33

Ubushakashatsi bwa 2024 kuri biofilm yo mu kanwa igizwe n’ubwoko bwinshi bukwiye kwitabwaho kuko bugerageza ikintu kigoye aho kugerageza icyoroshye. Ubwoko mirongo itatu na butatu bwo mu kanwa, burimo Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium na streptococci zo mu kanwa, bwakuze nta ogisijeni bukora biofilm ikuze ku munsi wa 6. Hakoreshejwe irangi rya 0.01 ku ijana hamwe na LED ya 660 nm mu minota 5, ku bukana bwinshi bw’urumuri. Irangi ryonyine n’urumuri rwonyine buri kimwe byagabanyije cyane umubare wose wa mikorobe, kandi kubihuza byagabanyije ibikorwa byo gutunganya intungamubiri ho hafi kimwe cya kabiri. Nyamara imiterere y’itsinda rya mikorobe ntiyahindutse, kandi biofilm ntiyakuweho mikorobe zose.

Izo ni ingaruka nyakuri zifite imbibi zigaragajwe mu kuri. Zishyigikira uburyo bwa fotodinamike nk’ubwunganizi bukorerwa ahantu hamwe mu mufuka uri hagati y’iryinyo n’ishinya wabanje gusukurwa, si nk’amazi yo kwoza akanwa avura yonyine periodontitis yasuzumwe. Ibyo bitugeza ku cyuho rusange.

Impamvu kwica muri laboratwari bitangana no kuvura

MBC ipimwe kuri mikorobe zireremba zidakomatanye ishyira ingirabuzimafatizo zisa mu irangi ringana hose no mu rumuri rungana hose, ahantu harimo ogisijeni. Igice cyangiritse cy’umubiri ntigitanga na kimwe muri ibyo. Urusobekerane rw’ibintu bikikije mikorobe rutindiza kwinjira, imimerere imeze nk’iya mikorobe zikomeza kubaho yihanganira ogisidasiyo, amaraso n’amazi asohoka mu gice cyangiritse byakira urumuri, imiterere y’ingirangingo igasiga ahantu hari igicucu, kandi uduce turimo ogisijeni nkeya tugabanya imyitwarire ya shimi ya Type II kuko ogisijeni ya singlet, uko isobanurwa, ikenera ogisijeni ya molekile. Indwara ziterwa n’amoko ya mikorobe avanze zongeramo ubwoko butandukanye mu kwinjiza irangi no mu bushobozi bwo kwicwa, bityo igipimo cy’umurongo umwe wa mikorobe ufatirwaho ntigishobora guhagararira aho indwara iri.

Urugero rwo mu kanwa rutuma icyo cyuho kigaragara neza. Kugabanya Porphyromonas cyangwa streptococci mu gikoresho cya laboratwari, cyangwa kugabanya biofilm yakurijwe muri laboratwari ho kimwe cya kabiri, ntibyemeza ko amazi y’ubururu yo kwoza akanwa avura periodontitis, akiza ubwandu bwo imbere mu ryinyo cyangwa akuraho bagiteri mu maraso. Kuvura indwara z’ingirangingo zikikije amenyo bishingira ku gusenya no gukuraho biofilm hakoreshejwe ibikoresho, hamwe no kwita ku miterere y’umufuka uri hagati y’iryinyo n’ishinya. Uburyo bukoresha urumuri bwigwa nk’ubwunganizi bukorerwa ahantu hamwe. Igipimo cy’ubwinshi bw’irangi cyica mikorobe mu mwobo muto w’igikoresho cya laboratwari nta sano idahinduka gifitanye n’igipimo kigera kuri bagiteri ziri munsi y’ishinya, kandi urumuri rwo mu cyumba si ingano y’urumuri rwa 660 nm. Ingano zikoreshwa, umutekano n’imbibi z’imikoranire n’ibindi bintu mu gukoresha irangi mu kanwa bigomba kugenwa n’umuganga, nk’uko bisobanurwa mu nyandiko yerekeye umutekano n’imikoranire.

Icyo ibi bimenyetso bitavuze

Ntabwo ari icyemezo cy’uko ari umuti wo kwica mikorobe mu rugo. Imbonerahamwe zerekana kwica bagiteri zikoresha imirongo ya mikorobe yagenwe, aho ikurirwamo hagenwe, ibihe byo guhura n’irangi, ibyiciro by’urumuri n’ingufu z’urumuri kuri buri buso. Nta cyo zivuga ku buso bwo mu gikoni, igihe cyo guhura gisabwa ahari umwanda ukomoka ku binyabuzima, cyangwa amahame yemewe n’inzego zigenzura kwica mikorobe.

Ntabwo kandi ari umusimbura wa antibiyotike ikora mu mubiri wose. Imikorere isanzwe ya fotodinamike ikenera irangi, urumuri rwakiriwe na ogisijeni ahantu hamwe, mu gihe kimwe. Urumuri ntirugera ahantu harehare mu mubiri cyangwa ahantu hatataniye hose nk’uko umuti umizwe ugera mu maraso. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ubu buryo nk’ubwo kwifashisha ku bwandu bwo ahantu hamwe hashobora kugerwaho, cyangwa nk’ubwunganizi, nk’uko Wainwright yabushyize mu rwego rwo kwica mikorobe ahantu hamwe kuva mu ntangiriro.

Incamake iboneye irafunganye kurushaho, ariko iracyashishikaje. Ubururu bwa metilene bugira ubushobozi budakabije bwo kurwanya mikorobe mu mwijima, kandi urumuri rutukura rutuma bugira ingaruka za fotodinamike nini cyane kuri bagiteri n’uduhumyo twinshi. Haboneka itandukaniro rinini hagati y’urumuri n’umwijima, nka 500 kuri 25 uM kuri Pseudomonas na 80 kuri 20 uM kuri MRSA itera ibyorezo, hamwe n’aho byananiwe ariko hakigisha byinshi kuri enterococci na Candida ifite pompe zisohora ibinyabutabire zikora neza. Gushyira ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi mu bikorwa bigengwa n’uburyo irangi rigezwa aho rikenewe, imikorere y’ibinyabuzima muri biofilm na ogisijeni, kimwe n’igipimo cy’ubwinshi bw’irangi kivugwa. Komeza kugaragaza ibyo bisabwa, kandi imibare izagira icyo isobanura. Ubikuyeho, nta cyo iba isobanura.