Inyandiko
Ubururu bwa metilene mu bworozi bwo mu mazi no mu mafi aribwa: imikoreshereze n'imbogamizi
Ifi ya koi n'iya karapu zishobora kuba iz'ubwoko bumwe. Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi si imiterere yazo mu binyabuzima. Ni icyo zigenewe. Imwe yoga mu cyuzi cyo mu busitani kandi ntizigera yinjira mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa. Indi yororerwa kuribwa n'abantu, kandi buri kinyabutabire ihura na cyo kigengwa n'amategeko y'umutekano w'ibiribwa. Ubururu bwa metilene buri kuri uwo mupaka nyirizina: ku ruhande rumwe, ni umuti umenyerewe mu bigo bituragiramo amafi no muri akwarium; ku rundi, ni ikinyabutabire kitemewe ku mafi aribwa.
Urujijo ruterwa n'uko iyo mikoreshereze yombi isa. Kwibiza amagi mu mazi arimo umuti w'ubururu mu kigo gituragiramo amafi yo gutaka bisa neza n'uko bikorwa mu kigo gituragiramo amafi aribwa. Amazi aba afite ibara rimwe. Uburyo bikorwa burasa. Ariko amategeko arabigenga aratandukanye rwose.
Icyo ubururu bwa metilene bukoreshwa mu bigo bituragiramo amafi no muri akwarium
Ubururu bwa metilene bumaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo bukoreshwa mu bworozi bw'amafi, cyane cyane mu kuvura amagi. Bwibanda ahanini kuri Saprolegnia, uruhumbu rwo mu mazi rukura ku magi yapfuye cyangwa atabanguriwe, hanyuma rugakwira no ku magi mazima. Ibitabo bya kera byerekeye guturaga amafi bisobanura ubwo buryo bwo kwibiza amagi ya karapu mu muti mu gitabo cya FAO ku gukora imbuto z'amafi ya karapu, n'aya sturgeon mu gitabo cya FAO ku guturaga amafi ya sturgeon. Izo nyandiko zigaragaza uburyo bw'ubworozi bwakoreshwaga mu gihe cyazo. Ntabwo ari ibyemezo by'iki gihe byemerera gukoresha uwo muti ku mafi aribwa; imbonerahamwe iri hasi irongera kugaruka kuri iyi ngingo.
Ku mafi yo gutaka, ibicuruzwa biriho ubu bivuga ko bivura ubwandu bw'uduhumyo ku ruhu n'utunyabuzima tumwe na tumwe two mu itsinda rya protozoa tuba hanze y'umubiri. Urupapuro rw'igicuruzwa cy'ubururu bwa metilene rwa Kordon ruvuga ubwandu bw'uduhumyo ku magi, ubwandu bw'uduhumyo ku ruhu rw'amafi, n'ubwandu bwiyongera ku bundi buterwa na protozoa zo hanze y'umubiri, zirimo Ichthyophthirius (ich), Chilodonella na Costia. Runasobanura ko iryo rangi rifasha mu guhangana n'uburozi bwa nitrite na cyanide muri akwarium. Imbogamizi ebyiri ziri kuri icyo kirango zikwiye kwitabwaho. Icya mbere, Kordon ivuga ko igicuruzwa kitagenewe Oodinium (velvet); bityo, amagambo akwiriye kuri interineti avuga ko ubururu bwa metilene bwonyine bukiza velvet arenga ibyo uyu wabukoze yemeza. Icya kabiri, kandi cy'ingenzi cyane muri iyi nyandiko, Kordon ivuga ko igicuruzwa kitagenewe gukoreshwa ku mafi aribwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya FDA na EPA byo muri Amerika. Kuba kiboneka ku isoko rya akwarium rero ntibigaragaza ko cyemerewe gukoreshwa mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa.
Ingano z'umuti mu mazi yo kwibizamo amafi cyangwa amagi zavuzwe mu nyandiko ziratandukanye cyane, kandi ibyo ubwabyo ni umuburo wo kudakoporora uburyo bw'imvange ukabukoresha mu bindi bihe. Kordon ivuga hafi 3 ppm mu minsi myinshi yo kuvura muri akwarium, gukoresha 3 ppm rimwe ku magi, no kwibiza muri 50 ppm mu gihe kitarenze amasegonda 10. Inyandiko zerekeye guturaga amafi zivuga ingano ziva ku kwinikira muri 0.1 ppm kugeza ku kwibiza muri 50 kugeza kuri 100 mg/L mu gihe cy'isaha imwe, nk'uko biri mu bitabo bya kera. Ibi bifate nk'ingero z'ibyatangajwe, aho kubifata nk'inama zishobora gusimburana. Ubwoko bw'ifi, icyiciro cy'imikurire yayo, imiterere y'amazi mu bya shimi, n'uko amategeko abyemera byose bihindura ibyo ugomba gusuzuma. Abasomyi bakorana n'amafi yo gutaka bakwiye gukurikiza uburyo bwo kugena ingano y'umuti muri akwarium, naho abakorana n'amagi bagakurikiza amabwiriza y'amagi no guturaga, aho kwihimbira uburyo bashingiye kuri iyi nyandiko rusange.
Indi mpamvu yo kwitonda ituruka ku mafi akoreshwa muri laboratwari. Ibigo byororeramo zebrafish bisanzwe bishyira ubururu bwa metilene mu mazi akuriramo insoro ku kigero cya hafi 0.00005 kugeza kuri 0.0001 ku ijana. Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2025 bwagaragaje ko n'izo ngano zikoreshwa mu bworozi zahinduye imikorere yo gutunganya intungamubiri hakoreshejwe ogisijeni mu byiciro bya mbere by'imikurire: zabanje kongera ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni, nyuma zigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu byana by'amafi bimaze guturagwa, nk'uko byatangajwe mu nyandiko ifunguye ku bose ya PMID 39856203. Ibyo byabonetse ntibishobora guhita byerekezwa ku bworozi bw'amafi aribwa, ariko bishyigikira ingingo rusange: umuti usa n'udagira icyo uhindura kubera ko amafi agaragara nk'asanzwe ushobora guhindura imikorere y'umubiri. Ni yo mpamvu inzego zibishinzwe zisaba amakuru ku bisigazwa no ku mutekano, aho gushingira ku uko amafi agaragara.
Igitekerezo kigena byose: inyamaswa igenewe gutanga ibiribwa
Inzego zigenzura ntizishyira ubururu bwa metilene mu byiciro zishingiye ku kumenya niba bukora. Zibaza icyo inyamaswa ivurwa igenewe. Ifi yororerwa kuribwa n'abantu ni inyamaswa igenewe gutanga ibiribwa, kandi umuti uwo ari wo wose ukoreshwa kuri yo ugomba kwemerwa hakurikijwe amategeko agenga izo nyamaswa, hakagenwa urugero ntarengwa rw'ibisigazwa n'igihe kigomba gushira hagati yo gukoresha umuti no gukoresha inyamaswa nk'ibiribwa. Ifi yo gutaka itazigera iribwa igengwa n'andi mategeko y'ibicuruzwa; kuri yo, ingero ntarengwa z'ibisigazwa mu biribwa ntizikurikizwa, ariko hashobora gukomeza gusabwa uruhushya rw'ikinyabutabire gikoreshwa mu buvuzi bw'amatungo.
Kutamenya iri tandukaniro bitera amakosa atatu. Ikigo gituragiramo amafi kivura amagi cyangwa ibyana bigenewe uruhererekane rwo gukora ibiribwa nk'aho ari iby'amafi yo gutaka, kubera ko bikiri bito kandi hasigaye igihe kirekire ngo bisarurwe. Nyir'amatungo yo mu rugo arekura cyangwa akagurisha amafi yo gutaka, nka karapu, kugira ngo akoreshwe nk'ibiribwa, atazi ko izina ry'ubwoko bw'ifi ryonyine ritagena amategeko ayigenga. Kandi umuguzi asoma ikirango cy'umuti wa akwarium akibwira ko kuba ugurishwa mu maduka bisobanura ko wemewe ku bijyanye n'umutekano w'ibiribwa. Muri buri gihe, ikosa ni rimwe: gukoresha igitekerezo cy'amafi yo gutaka aho kigomba kugengwa n'icy'amafi aribwa. Imbogamizi zihariye z'uko umuti ubangikana n'ibiyungurura, ibimera n'ibigega zigaragaza ihame rimwe no muri akwarium: uko ibintu bimeze ni byo bigena niba umuti ukwiye gukoreshwa.
Imbonerahamwe yo kwifashisha hakurikijwe igihugu n'uburyo bw'ubworozi
Iyi mbonerahamwe ni ishingiro ryo kwifashisha muri iyi nyandiko. Ivuga mu ncamake niba ubururu bwa metilene bwemewe ku mafi aribwa n'uko imikoreshereze yabwo ku mafi yo gutaka ifatwa mu turere dutanu tugengwa n'amategeko atandukanye. Amagambo yakoreshejwe yatoranyijwe yitonze: ahantu henshi, imvugo nyayo ni uko “butemejwe” cyangwa “butahawe uruhushya”, bikaba bitandukanye no kuba bwarabujijwe n'itegeko ribuvuga mu buryo bweruye.
| Akarere kagengwa n'amategeko | Amafi aribwa: bwemewe? | Imikoreshereze ku mafi yo gutaka no ku atagenewe kuribwa | Urwego rubishinzwe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika | Oya. Nta muti w'ubururu bwa metilene wemejwe na FDA ku mafi aribwa ugaragara ku rutonde rwa FDA rw'imiti yemejwe mu bworozi bwo mu mazi. Ibicuruzwa bitari kuri urwo rutonde kandi bigurishwa nk'ibigenewe amafi aribwa ni imiti y'amatungo itemejwe, nk'uko biri mu ibaruwa ya FDA igenewe abanyamwuga mu bworozi bwo mu mazi. Icyitonderwa: ibi si ugushyirwa ku rutonde rw'imikoreshereze ibujijwe inyuranye n'iyanditse ku kirango muri 21 CFR 530.41; “butemejwe” ni yo mvugo nyayo. | Ibicuruzwa bya akwarium birahari, ariko kugurishwa mu maduka ntibihamya ko byemejwe na FDA, kandi igenzura ry'ibisigazwa risobanurwa mu mabwiriza ya FDA ku biribwa byo mu mazi byorowe rikurikizwa iyo amafi yinjiye mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa. Gukoresha umuti mu buryo butanditse ku kirango byemejwe n'umuganga w'amatungo hakurikijwe 21 CFR 530.20 bisaba ingamba zo kurinda umutekano w'ibiribwa kandi ntibitanga ukwemerwa rusange. | Ikigo cya FDA gishinzwe ubuvuzi bw'amatungo |
| Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi | Oya. Ibinyabutabire byemewe ku nyamaswa zigenewe gutanga ibiribwa biri mu Mbonerahamwe 1 y'Amabwiriza (EU) No 37/2010, asobanurwa mu mabwiriza ya EMA ku ngero ntarengwa z'ibisigazwa. Ubururu bwa metilene ntiburi kuri urwo rutonde, bityo imvugo nyayo ni “ntibwemerewe ku nyamaswa zigenewe gutanga ibiribwa.” | Ku mafi yo gutaka atagenewe kuribwa, ikibazo cy'urugero ntarengwa rw'ibisigazwa ntikivuka, ariko igicuruzwa cy'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo kiracyasabwa uruhushya rukwiye hakurikijwe amategeko akurikizwa. | Komisiyo y'u Burayi, EMA |
| Ubwami bw'Ubwongereza | Oya, hakurikijwe amategeko agenga inyamaswa zigenewe gutanga ibiribwa. Irilande y'Amajyaruguru ikurikiza amategeko yo mu Mbonerahamwe 1 ya EU; mu Bwongereza Bukuru, mbere yo gukoresha umuti ku nyamaswa zigenewe gutanga ibiribwa, hagomba kuba hari ishingiro ry'urugero ntarengwa rw'ibisigazwa (MRL) mu gitabo cyabugenewe cya GB, cyangwa umuti ukaba uri hanze y'ibirebwa n'ayo mategeko, hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya VMD ya Cascade n'amategeko ya VMD ku ngero ntarengwa z'ibisigazwa. Nta shingiro ryujuje ibisabwa ryabonetse ryo gukoresha ubururu bwa metilene ku mafi aribwa. | Imikoreshereze ku mafi yo gutaka ni ikibazo cyihariye cyo gutanga uruhushya rw'igicuruzwa, kandi ntigomba kwagurwa ngo ikoreshwe ku mafi yinjira mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa. | Ubuyobozi bushinzwe imiti y'amatungo |
| Kanada | Oya. Ubururu bwa metilene ntiburi ku rutonde rwa Health Canada rw'imiti yemerewe inyamaswa zo mu mazi zigenewe gutanga ibiribwa, nk'uko bisobanurwa muri politiki ya Health Canada ku miti ikoreshwa mu bworozi bwo mu mazi. Gukoresha umuti mu buryo butanditse ku kirango biyobowe n'umuganga w'amatungo hakurikijwe politiki ya Kanada ya ELDU, n'inzira zo gutanga umuti mu bihe byihutirwa, ni ubusonerwe bufite imbibi zikomeye, si ukwemezwa. | Bishoboka gusa hakurikijwe amategeko ya Kanada abigenga yo gutanga uruhushya; kuvuga gusa ko igicuruzwa “kitagenewe ibiribwa” ntibihamya ko cyemerewe kugurishwa mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko. | Health Canada, CFIA |
| Ositaraliya | Nta cyemezo cyo gukoresha ubururu bwa metilene ku mafi aribwa cyabonetse. APVMA isaba ko ibicuruzwa by'ibinyabutabire by'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo byandikwa cyangwa bigahabwa uruhushya, nk'uko biri mu mabwiriza yayo yo kwandikisha ibicuruzwa. Ibicuruzwa by'amafi yo gutaka birimo ubururu bwa metilene byaranditswe, nk'imvange ya akwarium iri ku kirango cya APVMA Multi Cure, mu gihe uruhushya ruriho ubu rwo gukoresha ubururu bwa metilene ku mbwa gusa rubuza ku mugaragaro kubukoresha ku bwoko bw'inyamaswa zigenewe gutanga ibiribwa (uruhushya rwa APVMA PER13488). Iryo bazwa rireba urwo ruhushya gusa kandi ntirikwiye kuvugwa nk'itegeko ribubuza muri byose. | Ibicuruzwa byanditswe bigenewe amafi yo gutaka muri akwarium birahari; kubikoresha ku mafi aribwa byakenera ishingiro ryabyo ryihariye mu mategeko. | APVMA |
Abasomyi rimwe na rimwe babaza niba malachite green ishobora kuba urugero rwo kugereranyaho. Kugereranya bifite akamaro kugeza ku rugero runaka gusa. Malachite green ifite amateka yayo yihariye y'igenzura ry'ibisigazwa mu turere twinshi tugengwa n'amategeko atandukanye, mu gihe ubururu bwa metilene buri mu mwanya utandukanye: ntiburi ku ntonde z'ibyemewe, aho kuba bwaravuzwe mu mabwiriza amwe abubuza. Kwifashisha amateka ya malachite green nk'ikimenyetso cy'uko ubururu bwa metilene bushyirwa mu cyiciro kimwe na yo ntibyaba ari byo.
Impamvu gutegereza igihe kirekire atari igihe cyemewe cyo gutegereza nyuma yo gukoresha umuti
Igihe cyo gutegereza nyuma yo gukoresha umuti ni igihe cyemejwe n'urwego rubishinzwe, gishingiye ku makuru agaragaza uko ibisigazwa bigenda bigabanuka, kigaragaza ko ibice by'inyamaswa biribwa biba birimo ibisigazwa biri munsi y'urugero ntarengwa rwemewe n'amategeko mu gihe cyagenwe. Health Canada na APVMA byombi bihuza icyo gihe cyo gutegereza n'ayo makuru. Ku kinyabutabire kitemejwe kandi kitagira urugero ntarengwa rwashyizweho, nta mubare w'iminsi yo gutegereza watoranywa n'ugikoresha ushobora kubyara igihe cyo gutegereza cyemewe aho kitari.
Hari ubusonerwe bumwe bufite ibisabwa. Mu turere tumwe, amategeko yemerera umuganga w'amatungo kugena igihe cyo gutegereza iyo umuti ukoreshejwe mu buryo butanditse ku kirango, binyuze mu nzira yemewe, nka AMDUCA muri Amerika, imikoreshereze y'imiti itanditse ku kirango muri Kanada, Cascade mu Bwami bw'Ubwongereza, cyangwa ingingo zireba abaganga b'amatungo n'imikoreshereze idakunze kubaho muri Ositaraliya. Icyo ni igikorwa cy'umwuga cyihariye ku kibazo runaka, gikorerwa mu rwego rw'amategeko arimo ingamba zo kwirinda ibisigazwa. Ntibingana no kuvuga igihe cyo gutegereza cyemejwe n'uwakoze umuti; kandi muri EU no muri Irilande y'Amajyaruguru, kuba nta cyiciro cya MRL gihari bikomeza kuba inzitizi y'ibanze idashobora gukemurwa no gutegereza igihe kirekire.
Inama ngiro hakurikijwe abasomyi
Ibigo bituragiramo amafi ya trout, salmon, tilapia, catfish cyangwa karapu agenewe kuribwa bikwiye gufata ubururu bwa metilene nk'ubutemerewe mu ruhererekane rwabyo rw'umusaruro, keretse umuganga w'amatungo abonye inzira yemewe n'amategeko aho bikorera kandi akemera inshingano zo kubahiriza ibisabwa ku bisigazwa. Uburyo bwa kera bwo kwibiza amagi mu muti ntibuhindura ibyo. Amagi n'ibyana by'amafi bigenewe uruhererekane rw'ibiribwa bifatwa nk'ibice byarwo.
Abororera amafi muri akwarium, aborozi ba koi n'abafite goldfish batazigera baribwa bakorera ku ruhande rw'amafi yo gutaka rw'uwo mupaka. Koresha ibicuruzwa bifite ikirango cyerekana ko bigenewe iyo ntego, ukurikize ibiri ku kirango, kandi ntwimurire amafi yo gutaka mu byuzi by'amafi aribwa.
Abaganga b'amatungo bakwiye kwemeza amategeko agenga ikibazo bahanganye na cyo: babanze barebe imbonerahamwe z'ibyemewe, bakurikizeho amategeko y'imikoreshereze itanditse ku kirango cyangwa aya Cascade, hanyuma barebe inyandiko z'ibisigazwa. Kuba umuti uboneka mu maduka y'amatungo yo mu rugo, ingano zivugwa ku mbuga z'abakunda ubworozi, n'ibitabo bya kera byo guturaga amafi ni amakuru y'ubworozi, si impushya.
Ihame ry'ibanze riroroshye iyo rivuzwe mu buryo bweruye. Ubururu bwa metilene bwabonye umwanya wabwo mu bikoresho bituragirwamo amagi no mu tubati tw'ibikoresho bya akwarium kubera imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo y'ibisubizo bigaragara mu kurwanya uruhumbu rwo mu mazi n'udukoko two hanze y'umubiri. Umusaruro w'ibiribwa ubaza ikindi kibazo ibisubizo bigaragara bidashobora gusubiza: ni iki gisigara mu nyama, kandi ni nde wagenzuye ko nta ngaruka kigira ku mutekano? Kugeza igihe akarere kagengwa n'amategeko gasubirije icyo kibazo binyuze mu nzira yako yo gutanga uruhushya, kwibiza mu muti w'ubururu bikomeza kuba ku ruhande rw'amafi yo gutaka rw'uwo mupaka.