Ubururu bwa metilene ku duhumyo twa axolotl: ubushakashatsi n’ubwitonzi mu buvuzi bw’amatungo

Umworozi abona ikintu cyera gisa n’ipamba ku myanya y’ubuhumekero ya axolotl, agashakisha ubururu bwa metilene bwo kurwanya uduhumyo kuri axolotl, maze akabona icupa ry’umuti w’amafi asanzwe afite ku kabati. Amazi yo mu bigega byombi asa kimwe, icyo kintu gisa n’ipamba na cyo gisa kimwe, kandi ku icupa handitse ko umuti urwanya uduhumyo. Gukoresha uwo muti kuri axolotl bisa n’ibyumvikana.

Iryo ni ryo kosa ry’ingenzi iyi nyandiko igamije gukumira. Axolotl si ifi ifite amaguru. Ni salamandere igumana ibiranga icyana nubwo imaze gukura, ifite uruhu rurekura ibintu bikarwinjiramo, imyanya y’ubuhumekero yo hanze imeze nk’amababa, ikenera amazi akonje, kandi ntibasha kwihanganira uburyo bworoshye aborozi b’amafi bakunze kwitabaza. Amabwiriza yo kuvura uduhumyo ku mafi ntashobora kwitirirwa axolotl kubera gusa ko bisa, kandi ibimenyetso by’ubushakashatsi ku bururu bwa metilene mu nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka ntibishyigikira kubikora.

Aho imyumvire idahuye: kuvura amafi no kuvura inyamaswa iba mu mazi no ku butaka

Daniel Jackson, umuhanga mu gushushanya porogaramu, akoresha ikizamini cyoroshye cyo gusuzuma imyumvire. Igitekerezo ni igice gikora umurimo runaka, gifite imimerere yacyo n’amategeko yacyo. Ibintu bibiri bigaragara kimwe kuri ekara bishobora kuba bishingiye ku myumvire itandukanye, kandi ibikorwa bitekanye muri kimwe bishobora kunanirwa mu kindi.

Kuvura amafi no kuvura inyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka bisa kimwe. Byombi birimo inyamaswa irwaye iri mu mazi, irangi ryongerwa mu mazi, n’icyizere cy’uko rizarwanya uduhumyo. Ariko izo nyamaswa zitandukaniye mu bintu bitatu bihindura buri cyemezo.

Icya mbere, uburyo ibintu byinjira mu mubiri buratandukanye. Uruhu rw’inyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka rurekura ibintu bikarwinjiramo ku buryo abaganga b’amatungo bakunze gutanga imiti bayishyira mu mazi inyamaswa yibamo. Amabwiriza asanzwe asaba abaganga kwita ku kuntu imiti yinjira inyuriye mu ruhu rurwaye no ku itandukaniro hagati y’amoko, nk’uko bisobanurwa mu mabwiriza ya Merck ku buryo bwo kuvura inyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka. Amafi yinjiza imiti myinshi iri mu mazi ahanini binyuze mu myanya y’ubuhumekero, uruhu rukagira uruhare ruto gusa ku mafi manini, nk’uko bivugwa mu isesengura ryo mu 2023 ry’uko imiti yinjira mu mubiri w’amafi. Bityo, urugero rw’umuti ifi yihanganira ntiruvuga byinshi ku byo axolotl yinjiza mu mubiri. Hari ikintu kimwe gikabya kigomba kurekwa. Imyanya y’ubuhumekero ya axolotl irimo uturemangingo dutwara ibintu dukoresheje ingufu, nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ubushakashatsi ku miterere y’utuntu duto cyane mu myanya y’ubuhumekero ya axolotl. Ariko nta bushakashatsi bwerekana ko ubururu bwa metilene bwinjira mu myanya y’ubuhumekero ya axolotl kurusha uko bwinjira mu y’amafi. Kandi ubushakashatsi bwa kera ku ruhererekane rw’ibintu muri salamandere bifitanye isano na yo bwagaragaje ko uruhu rwakoraga uruhare runini mu guhererekanya ibintu n’igihe imyanya y’ubuhumekero yabaga yaboshywe, nk’uko byatangajwe na Baldwin na Bentley.

Icya kabiri, aho ziba haratandukanye. Ubworozi bwa axolotl bushingira ku mazi akonje n’akayunguruzo gashingiye ku tunyabuzima gakora neza. Amabwiriza y’ubworozi bw’itsinda asobanurwa mu gitabo cy’ubworozi cya Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center ateganya ko izikuze zigumishwa hafi ya dogere 15 kugeza kuri 18, kandi akaburira ko zitagomba kugumishwa hejuru ya dogere hafi 22. Ategekanya kandi amazi yakuwemo kolore n’iyungurura rishingiye ku tunyabuzima rihindura amoniya na nitirite. Ikintu cyose cyangiza bagiteri zihindura ibinyabutabire bya azote cyangiza n’inyamaswa irwaye mu buryo buziguye, kuko imyanda ikomeza kwiyongera mu gihe cyo kuvura.

Icya gatatu, isuzuma rirandukanye. Ikintu cyera gisa n’ipamba kuri axolotl gikunze kuvugwa nk’uduhumyo, ariko izina rikoreshwa mu buvuzi bw’amatungo akenshi ni saprolegniasis: indwara y’uruhumbu rwo mu mazi ifata uruhu cyangwa imyanya y’ubuhumekero byangiritse, igatuma habaho ibintu byeruruka bisa n’ipamba, kandi igakunda inyamaswa zifite ururenda rwo ku ruhu rwangijwe na amoniya cyangwa kuzikoraho. Inyandiko ya MSD Veterinary Manual ku ndwara zandura z’inyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka isaba kuyemeza hakoreshejwe agace kakuwemo hakwangwa ku ruhu kagaragaza udushami tw’uruhumbu cyangwa intanga zarwo zigenda mu mazi. Impamvu ni uko gukeka umuntu arebye gusa bishobora gutuma yitiranya uruhumbu rwo mu mazi n’ibisebe biterwa na bagiteri, uruhu ruri kuvaho, cyangwa ibisigazwa.

Ibimenyetso by’ubushakashatsi bihari koko ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka

Incamake ivuga ukuri ni ngufi. Hari ikoreshwa ryabayeho kera, kuvugwa mu bitabo by’imiti, n’igerageza rimwe kuri salamandere rifitanye isano itaziguye n’iki kibazo ariko ryananiwe. Nta gerageza rigenzurwa ryerekana ko ubururu bwa metilene bukiza indwara ya Saprolegnia yamaze gufata axolotl zavuye mu magi.

Ikoreshwa rya kera ryabayeho koko, ariko ni ikimenyetso kidakomeye. Akanyamakuru ka kera k’itsinda rya axolotl rya Indiana University, kabitswe na University of Kentucky, kavuga ubururu bwa metilene bwashyirwaga ku duhumyo twameraga ku myanya y’ubuhumekero no ku mano, muri ako kanyamakuru k’itsinda kabitswe. Ibyo byandika ko iryo tsinda ryabugerageje mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize. Ntibyemeza urugero rw’umuti rutekanye cyangwa igipimo cy’inyamaswa zakize. Kuvugwa mu bitabo by’imiti na byo ni ikimenyetso gike. Igitabo cy’incamake cya Smith muri ILAR Journal, gikunze kwifashishwa, gishyira ubururu bwa metilene mu miti irwanya uduhumyo ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka, gishingiye ku nyandiko za kera. Imbonerahamwe yo mu gitabo cy’imiti yandika ibyatangajwe, si ibyavuye mu igerageza, kandi ingero z’umuti zanditswe aho zo kwibikamo inyamaswa akanya gato ntizigomba gufatwa nk’amabwiriza yemejwe yo gukoresha mu rugo.

Igerageza ryakozwe kuri salamandere ryerekana ibinyuranye n’ibyo. Mu bushakashatsi ku mifuka y’amagi ya salamandere Hynobius dunni yari ifite ubwandu busa na Saprolegnia, bwatangajwe muri The Herpetological Bulletin, gushyira iyo mifuka mu mazi arimo ubururu bwa metilene byavuzwe ko bitagize icyo bigeraho, mu gihe gukuramo amagi yanduye n’atagishobora gukura byatanze umusaruro mwiza kurushaho. Imifuka y’amagi si axolotl zikiri nto cyangwa izikuze, kandi umubare w’amasubiramo y’igerageza wari muto, ariko iri ni ryo gerageza ryegereye cyane iki kibazo kandi ntiryashyigikiye iryo rangi.

Inyandiko zihuza ubushakashatsi zemeranya ko hari icyuho. Isesengura ryo mu 2022 kuri saprolegniosis rishyira ubururu bwa metilene mu buryo bwo kuvura bwatangajwe ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka, ariko rikaburira ko amabwiriza menshi yo kuzivura yakuwe mu buvuzi bw’amafi nta gerageza rihagije ryihariye kuri izo nyamaswa ryakozwe ku mikorere cyangwa ku mutekano wayo. Uwo muburo ni wo ukwiye kugenderwaho kuri buri cupa ry’umuti w’amafi rivugwa hepfo.

Amakuru ku mutekano na yo ntuzuye. Nta bushakashatsi kuri axolotl bufite umubare uhagije w’inyamaswa bwagaragaje intera y’ingero z’ubururu bwa metilene zishobora kuvura zitangiza. Inyandiko y’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo ku kuvura udukoko tw паразite two ku mubiri wa axolotl ivuga impungenge ku burozi bw’ubururu bwa metilene kuri ubu bwoko. Ingaruka zitica zirashoboka n’iyo inyamaswa yaba ikomeje kubaho, nk’uko byagaragaye igihe gushyira ibimenyetso ku byana by’ibikeri hakoreshejwe ubururu bwa metilene byahinduraga imyitwarire yabyo n’ibyago byo gufatwa. Kuba inyamaswa ikomeje kubaho si gihamya y’uko nta ngaruka byagize.

Icyo amabwiriza y’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo asaba aho kubikora

Inyandiko z’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo zihuriza ku ruhererekane rw’intambwe, kandi ubururu bwa metilene ku nyamaswa yavuye mu igi si bwo bushingiro bwarwo. Uko intambwe zikurikirana ni ingenzi kurusha igicuruzwa icyo ari cyo cyose.

Banza ku mazi. Pima amoniya, nitirite, nitrate, pH, n’ubushyuhe, ukuremo kolore cyangwa koloramine, kandi wemeze ko akayunguruzo gakora. Urupapuro rwa Lafeber ku kwita kuri axolotl rwasuzumwe n’umuganga w’amatungo ruvuga ko amoniya na nitirite bigomba kuba kuri zeru, nitrate ikaba munsi ya 10 ppm, kandi rushyira iyungurura, guhindura amazi, n’ubushyuhe bukonje mu ngamba zisanzwe zo gukumira indwara. Iyi ntambwe ni igice cyo kuvura, si ikintu cyo ku ruhande, kuko kwangizwa k’ururenda na amoniya bituma uruhumbu rwo mu mazi rubona uburyo bwo gufata inyamaswa.

Saba isuzuma ku kintu cyose kirenze akantu gato cyane. Muganga w’amatungo ashobora gukwangura aharwaye akavanaho agace ko gusuzuma, akemeza uruhumbu rwo mu mazi, agakuraho inyama zangiritse z’ahantu hamwe iyo bikwiye, kandi akabitandukanya n’ubwandu bwa bagiteri bukenera ubundi buryo bwo kwitabwaho. Ubushakashatsi ku magi y’amafi ni ingingo yihariye ivugwa mu gitabo ku bururu bwa metilene ku magi y’amafi, naho uburyo rusange bwo gufata ibyemezo ku kigega cy’amafi buvugwa mu gitabo cyo gufata ibyemezo byo kuvura amafi yo mu kigega. Nta na kimwe muri ibyo gishobora kwimurirwa ku nyamaswa iba mu mazi no ku butaka.

Koresha uburyo bwo kuvura bubereye axolotl uyobowe na muganga w’amatungo. MSD ivuga ko kuvura ukoresheje umunyu, gukuraho inyama zangiritse aharwaye hato, n’imiti irwanya uduhumyo yagenewe inyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka ari uburyo bushobora gukoreshwa bitewe n’ikibazo. Ubururu bwa metilene buvugwa ku magi, aho kuba uburyo bw’ibanze busabwa ku ndwara yamaze gufata uruhu cyangwa imyanya y’ubuhumekero. Amabwiriza rusange yo gukoresha umunyu cyangwa ubushyuhe ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka agomba guhuza n’ubwoko bw’inyamaswa. Ubushakashatsi ku mutekano bwakoresheje uburyo butandukanye kuri buri nyamaswa bwerekanye ko kuyishyira igihe gito muri sodium chloride ya 5 ppt nta bimenyetso by’ingaruka mbi byagaragaye, mu gihe 20 ppt yateye ibimenyetso by’ingaruka mbi ako kanya, nk’uko byatangajwe mu nyandiko z’inama ya ARAV ku kwihanganira umunyu kwa axolotl. Ubwo bushakashatsi bwagerageje kwihanganira umunyu, si ugukira, ariko bwerekana ko amabwiriza akoresha umunyu mwinshi adakwiye gukopororwa uko yakabaye. Ubushyuhe na bwo bufite imipaka ku nyamaswa ikunda dogere 16 kugeza kuri 18. Imiti irwanya uduhumyo itangwa ku nyandiko ya muganga iri mu cyiciro gitandukanye n’amarangi yo mu bigega by’amafi. Ikoreshwa rya itraconazole kuri axolotl mu kurwanya chytrid, ryatangajwe mu bushakashatsi bwo kurandura ubwandu mu itsinda ryo muri laboratwari, ryakuyeho ubwandu hakoreshejwe gahunda yo kuvura yagabanyijwe, ariko na bwo habaho impfu. Ibyo bishyigikira ko ingero z’umuti zigenwa na muganga w’amatungo aho kwihimbira uburyo bwo kuvura bushingiye ku murongo wo mu gitabo cy’imiti.

Shaka isuzuma rya muganga w’amatungo vuba igihe ibisa n’ipamba bikwirakwira, bifata ibice binini by’amashami y’imyanya y’ubuhumekero, bigaruka nyuma yo gukosora uburyo bwo korora, cyangwa bijyana no gucika intege, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, kugabanuka kw’ibiro, ibisebe, kugenda kw’imyanya y’ubuhumekero bigoranye, cyangwa kuguma hafi y’ubuso bw’amazi. Ibyo bimenyetso byerekana ko indwara ishobora kuba yarafashe ahantu henshi cyangwa ko hari ikindi kibazo, kandi bikenera isuzuma rikoresheje mikorosikopi n’igenamigambi ryihariye ku bwoko bw’inyamaswa, aho gukenera amazi arimo umuti mwinshi kurushaho.

Urutonde rwo kugenzura niba igicuruzwa kibereye ikoreshwa: rujyane kwa muganga w’amatungo

Uru rutonde ni igikoresho cyihariye cyateguwe kuri iyi nyandiko. Ntirusaba uburyo runaka bwo kuvura. Rukubwira ibibazo bigomba kuba bifite ibisubizo mbere yo guhitamo uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose. Jyana icupa, ifoto y’ikirango cyaryo, n’ibi bisubizo kuri gahunda yo kubonana na muganga.

Icyo kugenzura	Ikibazo kigomba gusubizwa	Impamvu ari ingenzi kuri axolotl
1. Ubwoko bw’inyamaswa ku kirango	Ese ikirango kivuga inyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka, cyangwa kivuga amafi n’amagi y’amafi gusa?	Urupapuro rw’igicuruzwa cy’ubururu bwa metilene cya Kordon rusobanura igicuruzwa cy’amafi n’amagi y’amafi, nta ko kivuga ikoreshwa ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka. Amagambo agenewe amafi gusa si ukwemeza ikoreshwa kuri izo nyamaswa.
2. Ibigize umuti nyabyo	Urugero rw’ikinyabutabire gikora ni uruhe, urutonde rwose rw’ibiyigize ni uruhe, kandi nimero y’icyiciro cyakozwe n’itariki izarangiriraho biragaragara?	Amarangi yo mu bigega by’amafi aratandukanye bitewe n’uruganda n’icyiciro cyakozwe. Hatamenyekanye neza umuti wo mu icupa, nta muganga ushobora kugena ingaruka zo kuwukoresha, kandi umubare w’ibitonyanga uvugwa kuri interineti ku yandi macupa ntushobora kwimurirwa kuri iryo. Ubumenyi bwo gusoma ibirango bwo mu gitabo cyo gupima urugero rw’umuti mu mazi burafasha hano.
3. Umuburo ku kayunguruzo gashingiye ku tunyabuzima	Ese ikirango kiburira kutawukoresha hamwe n’iyungurura rishingiye ku tunyabuzima?	Kordon iburira ko irangi ribangamira bagiteri zihindura ibinyabutabire bya azote kandi igasaba kutarikoresha mu buryo bushingiye ku iyungurura rikoresha utunyabuzima. Ibigega bya axolotl bishingira kuri iryo yungurura, bityo gushyira umuti mu kigega gisanzwe birimo ibyago byo gutera ikibazo gikomeye cya amoniya kiyongera ku bwandu.
4. Ingaruka ku bimera n’ibikoresho	Ese ikirango kivuga kwangiza ibimera, gusiga amabara kuri silikoni, cyangwa gukurwa mu mazi na karubone n’ibikoresho bifite utwenge?	Iyi miburo yerekana ko ikigega gisanzwe atari ahantu hakwiye gukorerwa ubwo buvuzi. Igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo kitagira ibikoresho byo imbere, gikoreshwa uyobowe na muganga, kirinda uburyo busanzwe bwo korora, ariko na cyo gikeneye gahunda yacyo yo kubungabunga ubwiza bw’amazi.
5. Isuzuma ryemejwe	Ese isuzuma rikoresheje mikorosikopi ryemeje uruhumbu rwo mu mazi, cyangwa kuvuga ko ari uduhumyo biracyari ugukeka?	Ibimera byera byonyine ntibihagije kugira ngo hatoranywe uburyo bwo kuvura. Indwara ya bagiteri, chytrid, n’igikomere cyatewe no gukomereka bikenera uburyo butandukanye bwo kwitabwaho.
6. Amazi n’ubushyuhe byanditswe	Ese amoniya, nitirite, nitrate, pH, n’ubushyuhe byarapimwe kandi birandikwa?	Gukosora amazi ni igice cyo gukiza. Kuzamura ubushyuhe bwa axolotl bukagera ku bubereye amafi cyangwa gukoresha amabwiriza rusange y’umunyu mwinshi bishobora kongeraho ikindi kiyihangayikisha.
7. Icyiciro cy’ubuzima n’ibimenyetso	Ese inyamaswa irwaye ni igi, icyana kikiri mu cyiciro cya larva, ikiri nto, cyangwa ikuze, kandi hari ibimenyetso bifata umubiri muri rusange?	Amabwiriza yo ku magi ntashobora kwimurirwa ku zikiri nto cyangwa izikuze zifite imyanya y’ubuhumekero. Ibimenyetso bifata umubiri muri rusange bituma ikibazo kitaba icyo gukosora ubworozi gusa, ahubwo kigakenera ubuvuzi bw’amatungo bwihutirwa.
8. Gahunda ya muganga yanditswe	Ese muganga w’amatungo yagenye umuti, aho uzakoresherezwa, uko inyamaswa izakurikiranwa, guhindura amazi, igihe cyo kurangiza, n’igihe cyo gufata izindi ngamba?	Gushyira inyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka mu mazi arimo umuti bikenera itegeko risobanutse ry’igihe cyo guhagarika n’igihe cyo kongera gusuzuma. Ikigega cy’ubururu gikoreshwa igihe kitazwi, nta gihe cyo kurangiza, si gahunda.

Niba hari umurongo udafite igisubizo, icyemezo cyo kuvura ntikiritegura gufatwa. Umurongo udasubijwe ni impamvu yo guhagarara ukabanza gushaka ubufasha, si iyo guhitamo urugero rw’umuti rukomeye kurushaho.

Imitego yihariye ku borozi ba axolotl

Imitego itatu ikunze kugaruka ku mbuga z’ibiganiro. Gushyushya ikigega kugira ngo uduhumyo turwanywe ni ugutira amabwiriza agenewe amafi yo mu turere dushyuha, bikangiza inyamaswa yo mu mazi akonje igumishwa hafi ya dogere 18. Gukoporora amabwiriza rusange y’umunyu ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka birengagiza amakuru yihariye kuri ubu bwoko ku kwihanganira umunyu yavuzwe haruguru. Gushyira umuti mu kigega gisanzwe kubera ko igikoresho gitandukanye gisa n’akazi kiyongereye bishyira akayunguruzo gashingiye ku tunyabuzima, ibimera, n’ibifatanya ikigega mu irangi rizwi ko ribangamira bagiteri zihindura ibinyabutabire bya azote. Igikoresho gitandukanye gikoreshwa uyobowe na muganga w’amatungo na cyo gikeneye amazi yakuwemo kolore, kugenzura ubushyuhe, kongeramo umwuka mu buryo bworoheje, na gahunda yo gukurikirana inyamaswa.

Nta na kimwe muri ibi gituma ubururu bwa metilene bufatwa nk’uburozi kuri axolotl mu bihe byose. Ikoreshwa ryabwo mu matsinda ya kera ryemeza ko bwageragejwe. Ariko kugeragezwa si ukwemezwa, kandi kuba amafi abwihanganira si gihamya y’umutekano ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi no ku butaka. Kugeza habonetse amakuru y’ubushakashatsi bugenzurwa kuri axolotl, ni uburyo butaremezwa, kandi ikoreshwa ryabwo, niba hari aho ryaba rikwiye, rigomba kuba muri gahunda ya muganga w’amatungo ifite isuzuma ryemejwe, ahantu habereye kurikoresha, n’igihe gisobanutse cyo kurangiza.