Inyandiko
Igerageza ry'igabanywa ry'ubururu bwa metilene mu mata: ihame n'imbibi zaryo
Umunyeshuri ateruye udutembo tubiri turimo amata. Kamwe kahindutse umweru mu isaha imwe. Akandi kagumanye ibara ry'ubururu mu masaha atanu. Atunga urutoki akakiri ubururu, akavuga ko amata arimo atekanye kunyobwa.
Uwo mwanzuro ugaragaza imyumvire itari yo. Igerageza ry'ubururu bwa metilene mu mata ntirigaragaza niba amata atekanye. Rigaragaza umuvuduko udutoya turi muri ako gatembo tugabanyaho potansiyeli ya redox mu bihe byagenwe. Igisubizo gitinda kigaragaza ko ibikorwa bya metabolizime by'udukoko muri rusange ari bike muri icyo cyitegererezo. Ntikivuga ubwoko bw'udukoko turimo, niba harimo agatuma umuntu arwara, cyangwa niba amata yaranyujijwe neza mu buryo bwa pasiterizasiyo.
Iri tandukaniro ni ingenzi kuko iryo gerageza risa n'iritanga gihamya ihamye. Ibara ry'ubururu rirashira. Isaha igatanga umubare. Imibare ishobora gutuma abantu bayikuramo imyanzuro irenze icyo yerekana. Iyi nyandiko igumana igisobanuro cy'ingirakamaro kandi ikumira igishobora guteza akaga.
Icyo igabanywa ripima mu by'ukuri
Ubururu bwa metilene bugira ibara ry'ubururu iyo buri mu buryo bwa okisidasiyo, kandi bukabura hafi ibara ryose iyo bugabanyijwe bugahinduka leucomethylene blue. Amata mashya arimo ogisijeni yashonze, ituma irangi rigumana ibara ry'ubururu. Bagiteri zihumeka kandi zigakora isembura zikoresha iyo ogisijeni, zikanarekura ibinyabutabire bitera igabanywa. Iyo potansiyeli ya redox igabanutse bihagije, irangi ryakira electron maze rigatakaza ibara ryaryo. Inyandiko ya kaminuza ya Guelph ku dukoko two mu mata isobanura uru ruhererekane kimwe: ogisijeni ibanza gukurwamo, hagakurikiraho ikorwa ry'ibinyabutabire bitera igabanywa mu gihe cya metabolizime ya bagiteri.
Ubushakashatsi bwa kera bwasohotse muri Journal of Dairy Science bubisobanura nk'igikorwa kigira ibyiciro bibiri: udutoya tubanza kumara ogisijeni, hanyuma ibinyabutabire bigize amata bikagabanya irangi vuba. Bityo, igerageza ry'igabanywa ry'ubururu bwa metilene mu mata rikwiye kumvikana nk'igerageza ripima ibikorwa bya metabolizime bihuriweho, aho kuba uburyo bwo kubara ingirabuzimafatizo. Imyitwarire y'ubururu bwa metilene muri redox isobanura ibinyabutabire biri inyuma y'iryo hinduka.
Ogisijeni isubiza inyuma ihinduka ryagejeje ku mpera y'igerageza. Irangi rya leuco ryagabanyijwe, iyo rihuye n'umwuka, ryongera kunyura muri okisidasiyo rigasubira kuba ubururu. Bityo, kunyeganyeza, gusuka, gukoresha udutembo tugari, no gusiga umwanya munini urimo umwuka hejuru y'amata bitinza igisubizo. Akenshi agace k'ubururu kameze nk'impeta kaguma aho amata ahurira n'umwuka, nubwo amata yo mu gice gisigaye cy'agatembo aba yamaze gutakaza ibara. Uburyo ngenderwaho bwemera ko ako gace kagumaho aho gutegereza ko na ko gashira.
Ubwoko bw'udukoko na bwo bushobora kugoreka igisubizo. Bagiteri zo mu itsinda rya coliform n'udukoko twinshi dukora aside lakitike bigabanya irangi vuba. Udukoko twinshi dukura mu bukonje n'utwihanganira ubushyuhe tubigabanya buhoro cyangwa ntitubigabanye na gato. Ibyitegererezo bibiri by'amata bifite umubare umwe wa bagiteri ubarwa ku isahani y'umuco bishobora gutakaza ibara ry'ubururu mu bihe bitandukanyijwe n'amasaha. Icyo cyonyine cyerekana ko igihe kidashobora guhindurwa umubare w'amakoroni.
Uburyo bwa laboratwari bugenzurwa
Uburyo bukoreshwa mu kazi ko hanze n'ubwanditswe mu bitabo buratandukana mu bisobanuro bimwe. Bityo, igisubizo kigira agaciro gusa mu buryo cyabonetsemo. Uburyo busanzwe bukoreshwa muri laboratwari y'ibiribwa bukurikira izi ntambwe:
- Fata amata mabisi wirinda kuyavangamo umwuka mwinshi, maze uyakonjeshe bidatinze. Mbere yo gufata icyitegererezo, yavanze uhindukiza buhoro igikoresho arimo.
- Shyira 10 mL z'amata mu gatembo katagira udukoko, hamwe na 1 mL y'umuti w'irangi ukoreshwa mu igerageza. Igipimo kimwe gikunze gukoreshwa ni irangi rya 0.005 ku ijana, ku kigereranyo cya 10 kuri 1 hagati y'amata n'umuti w'irangi.
- Funga agatembo, ugahindukize buhoro kabiri, maze mu minota mike ugashyire mu bwogero bw'amazi. Ubushyuhe busanzwe bwo kukabikamo ni dogere Celsius 35 kugeza kuri 38, bitewe n'igipimo ngenderwaho cyatoranyijwe. Andika icyo ukurikiza.
- Rinda udutembo urumuri mu gihe tubitswe muri ubwo bushyuhe, kuko urumuri rwihutisha igabanywa.
- Soma igisubizo nyuma y'iminota 30, hanyuma ukomeze kugisoma mu ntera z'igihe zagenwe. Igihe cy'impera ni igihe ibara ry'amata mu gatembo rihuye n'iry'amata yatetswe akoreshwa mu kugereranya, cyangwa igihe ibara rishize ku rugero rwagenwe n'uburyo bukurikizwa.
- Iyo uburyo bukurikizwa bubisaba, sigaza agatembo karimo ayo mata atashyizwemo irangi, kugira ngo kifashishwe mu kugereranya uko ibara rigaragara.
Igitabo cya FAO cy'amabwiriza yo gupima amata gitanga uburyo bweruye bwo gukurikiza uru ruhererekane mu kazi ko hanze: 10 mL z'amata hamwe na 1 mL y'irangi, gufunga agatembo, kugahindukiza buhoro, kukabika ku bushyuhe bwa dogere hafi 37 kugeza kuri 38, no gusoma igisubizo buri minota 30. Udutembo twacyo two kugereranya dukoresha amata yatetswe kugira ngo sisitemu karemano itera igabanywa isenywe, kandi haboneke ibara shingiro ryo kugereranyaho.
Igishushanyo kiri hejuru kigaragaza ibigomba kugenzurwa. Ingano zimwe, irangi rimwe, ubushyuhe bumwe, uburyo bumwe bwo kuvanga, uburyo bumwe bwo kurinda urumuri, n'itegeko rimwe ryo kugena impera. Hindura kimwe muri ibyo, igihe na cyo kirahinduka. Ni yo mpamvu uburyo bwo mu rugo bukoresha igipimo cy'irangi cyatoranyijwe uko bishakiye budashobora kugereranywa n'ibyiciro bya laboratwari.
Icyo igihe cy'igabanywa kigaragaza
Igihe kirekire kigaragaza ibikorwa rusange bike mu bihe byagenwe. Igihe kigufi kigaragaza ibikorwa rusange byinshi. Imbonerahamwe zikoreshwa mu kwigisha iby'amata ziha ibyo bihe ibyiciro bigereranyijwe. Urugero, muri gahunda imwe ikomoka kuri BIS, amasaha 5 cyangwa arenga afatwa nk'icyiciro cyiza cyane, naho munsi y'iminota 30 hagafatwa nk'icyiciro kibi.
Iryo tandukaniro ni ryo somo. Igisubizo cy'amasaha 5 ntigifite icyiciro kimwe hose. Kigendera ku buryo bwagisobanuye. Bityo, uburyo bufite ishingiro bwo gutanga raporo ni ubu:
MBRT ingana n'amasaha X mu buryo bwavuzwe izina, ihuye n'icyiciro cyagenwe muri ubwo buryo.
Ntabwo na rimwe bivuga ko MBRT ingana na X by'ibice bikora amakoloni kuri mL. Amabwiriza akomoka kuri Standard Methods avuga ko ibisubizo by'igabanywa ry'irangi bitagomba gutangazwa nk'imibare ya bagiteri. Uburyo bwo gusiga irangi rimwe hakoreshejwe ubururu bwa metilene na bwo busubiza ikindi kibazo, kuko bugaragaza imiterere y'ingirabuzimafatizo kuri mikorosikopi aho kugaragaza ibikorwa rusange mu gatembo.
Imbonerahamwe y'ibisobanuro n'imbibi
Iyi mbonerahamwe ni yo fatizo ry'iyi nyandiko. Soma umurongo wose uva ibumoso ujya iburyo. Nta kadirishya na kamwe kagomba gusomwa ukwako.
| Icyagaragaye cyangwa icyavuzwe | Icyo kigaragaza | Icyo kidashobora kwemeza | Ibintu by'ingenzi bihindura igisubizo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ibara ry'ubururu rishira vuba, mu gihe kiri munsi y'amasaha 2 muri gahunda imwe yo gupima amata mabisi | Ibikorwa byinshi bitera igabanywa, bihuye n'ubwinshi bw'udukoko cyangwa ubushobozi buke bw'amata bwo kubikwa | Ubwoko bw'udukoko, umubare nyawo, uburozi, cyangwa pasiterizasiyo itagenze neza | Kubika ahantu hashyushye, udutoya twiganjemo coliform, urumuri, igipimo gito cy'irangi |
| Igihe cyo hagati, amasaha 2 kugeza kuri 4 | Ibikorwa biri ku rugero rwo hagati; icyiciro gifite agaciro gusa muri gahunda yavuzwe | Umutekano cyangwa kutabamo udutoya tugabanya irangi buhoro | Ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gihe cy'igerageza, itandukaniro mu kuvanga umwuka, gutandukana kw'ibinure |
| Igabanywa ritinda, amasaha 5 cyangwa arenga | Ibikorwa rusange bike muri iyo gahunda | Kutabamo udutoya dutera indwara, pasiterizasiyo, cyangwa umutekano ku bijyanye n'ibinyabutabire | Ibisigazwa bya antibiyotike, ibibungabunga amata, ogisijeni nyinshi yashonze, igipimo kinini cy'irangi |
| Agace k'ubururu kameze nk'impeta kaguma hejuru mu gihe ibara rishira mu gice gisigaye | Kongera kuba okisidasiyo aho amata ahurira n'umwuka, ikintu gisanzwe kiba ku mupaka wabyo | Igerageza ryananiwe cyangwa ihinduka ry'ibinyabutabire ritarangiye | Agatembo kagari, umupfundikizo udafunze neza, gufungura kenshi kugira ngo harebwe ibara |
| Agatembo k'umweru nyuma yo kubika amata yashyuhijwe mu bihe by'igerageza | Sisitemu itera igabanywa yahindutse hamwe n'ibikorwa by'udukoko twarokotse | Ko gushyushya byari bihwanye na pasiterizasiyo yemejwe | Kwangizwa n'ubushyuhe, kwisana mu gihe cy'igerageza, kwandura nyuma |
| Agaciro kamwe ka MBRT katanzwe hatavuzwe uburyo bwakoreshejwe | Ibihe igerageza ryakorewemo ntibizwi | Icyiciro icyo ari cyo cyose cyangwa umubare | Ibigize irangi, ikigereranyo, ubushyuhe, kuvanga, n'itegeko ryo kugena impera byose ntibyatangajwe |
Ibizamini bishingiye ku mikurire, nko gukoresha ibitunga bagiteri kugira ngo zikure, bikomeza kuba uburyo bwo kuzibara no kuzitandukanya. Agatembo k'igabanywa gakora isuzuma ry'ibanze. Isahani y'umuco igaragaza ubwoko ikanabara.
Ibyo igerageza ridashobora kwemeza ku mutekano
Igisubizo gitinda ntigishobora kwemeza ko nta dukoko dutera indwara turimo. Agakoko gatera indwara kari ku rugero rufite akamaro mu by'ubuvuzi gashobora gukoresha ogisijeni nke cyane ugereranyije n'ikoreshwa rusange. Gutahura udutoya dutera indwara bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye kuri buri bwoko, ibyo Standard Methods z'ubu zifata nk'igice gitandukanye n'isuzuma rusange ry'ubuziranenge.
Ntigashobora kugenzura pasiterizasiyo. Kugenzura ko gutunganya amata hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe byakozwe neza bikorwa hifashishijwe ikizamini cya fosifataze ya alikaline cyangwa ubundi buryo bwemejwe mu mabwiriza ya Codex yerekeye isuku y'amata. Agatembo k'umweru cyangwa k'ubururu nta cyo kavuga ku mateka y'igihe n'ubushyuhe ayo mata yanyuzemo.
Ntigashobora kwemeza umutekano w'ibiribwa. Umutekano uterwa n'udukoko dutera indwara, uburozi bwakozwe mbere, ibisigazwa by'imiti, ibinyabutabire bihumanya, amateka yo kubika no gutwara mu bukonje, no kwandura nyuma yo gufata icyitegererezo. Codex ifata umutekano w'amata nk'uruhererekane rw'ingamba zo kugenzura aho kuwufata nk'igisubizo kimwe cy'isuzuma ry'ibanze.
Laboratwari y'ibiribwa si kimwe no gupimira mu rugo
Muri laboratwari y'amata, iri gerageza rikoreshwa mu gusuzuma by'ibanze amata yakirwa, kugereranya abayatanga uko igihe kigenda, cyangwa kwigisha ibijyanye na redox mu dukoko dutoya hari ubugenzuzi. Inkomoko n'inzira ibyitegererezo byanyuzemo bishobora gukurikiranwa. Ibinyabutabire by'igerageza bifite ibipimo bihamye. Ubushyuhe burandikwa. Imyanda ijyanwa mu buryo bwa laboratwari bwo kuyikuraho.
Gupimira mu rugo ntibigira ibyo byose. Ingano zikoreshwa mu gikoni ziragereranywa gusa. Ibipimo by'irangi rigurishwa kuri interineti biratandukanye cyane. Akenshi amata abikwa mu cyumba gishyushye aho kubikwa mu bwogero bw'amazi bufite ubushyuhe bwagenzuwe neza. Ibara rirahinduka nubwo bimeze bityo, bigatuma igisubizo gisa n'icyizewe kandi ibyo kugenzura byose byari kugiha igisobanuro bidahari.
Akaga gakomeye kurushaho kari mu myitwarire. Agatembo k'ubururu mu rugo gashobora gushishikariza kunywa amata mabisi laboratwari yari igikwiye kohereza kubarwamo bagiteri ku masahani y'umuco, gushakirwamo udutoya dutera indwara, no kugenzurwamo ibisigazwa. Igerageza ry'ubururu bwa metilene mu mata ryateganyirijwe gushyira mu byiciro amata mabisi igihe yakirwa, si ukwemeza ko yemewe kunyobwa. Isuzuma ry'ibanze ryihuta kurushaho rikoresha resazurin rifite iyo mbibi na ryo: ibara risomwa vuba, ariko ntiritanga igisubizo ku dukoko dutera indwara.
Itegeko rigufi ryo ku meza ya laboratwari
Shyiraho ibipimo bihamye by'irangi, ikigereranyo, ubushyuhe, kuvanga, urumuri, n'impera y'igerageza. Tanga raporo y'igihe hamwe n'izina ry'uburyo bwakoreshejwe n'icyiciro. Sobanura iminota ushingiye no ku mateka yo kubika, ubwoko bw'udukoko, ibisigazwa, n'ubuziranenge bwo gufata icyitegererezo. Igihe kigufi kigaragaza ibikorwa bikwiye gukorwaho iperereza. Igihe kirekire nticyigera cyemeza umutekano.