Inyandiko
Igerageza rya MBAS: gupima ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso by’anioni hakoreshejwe ubururu bwa metilene
Igerageza rya MBAS ripima ibintu bikorana n’ubururu bwa metilene hakurikijwe uburyo bwagenwe bwo kubitandukanya. Laboratwari zirarikoresha kugira ngo zigereranye ingano y’ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso by’anioni biri mu mazi. Ritanga igipimo cy’itsinda ry’ibintu, ntirigaragaza buri molekile y’ikinyabutabire cy’isuku iri mu cyitegererezo.
Iri tandukaniro ni ingenzi iyo raporo ivuga iti “ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso by’anioni bipimwe nka MBAS.” Igisubizo gishobora gufasha kugereranya uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi kitagaragaje ikinyabutabire kigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso kirimo. Gishobora kandi guhinduka kubera ko ibindi bigize icyitegererezo byahindutse, nubwo ubwinshi bw’ikinyabutabire kigamijwe gupimwa butahindutse.
Icyo ikimenyetso cy’ubururu gipima
MBAS bisobanura ibintu bikorana n’ubururu bwa metilene. Ubururu bwa metilene ni irangi rifite umuriro w’amashanyarazi mwiza. Ibintu bikwiye bifite umuriro w’amashanyarazi mubi birifatanya na ryo, bikarema ibice bibiri by’iyoni bishobora kwinjira mu gishongesha cy’ibinyabutabire bya karubone. Laboratwari ipima ibara ry’ubururu riri muri icyo gishongesha, aho gupima gusa ibara ry’amazi y’umwimerere.
Inyandiko ya kera isobanura Uburyo bwa EPA 425.1 isobanura iri hame ryo gutandukanya kandi ivuga mu buryo bweruye ko iri gerageza ridashobora gutandukanya amoko y’ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso bifitanye isano n’izomeri zabyo. Aho bukoreshwa harimo amazi yo kunywa, amazi yo ku buso bw’isi, n’imyanda yo mu ngo no mu nganda, ariko ntiharimo amazi arimo umunyu mwinshi. Ibyo bisobanuro by’aho bukoreshwa bireba ubwo buryo; ntibigomba guhita bifatwa nk’ibireba buri gerageza ry’ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso rigurishwa ku isoko.
Igisubizo giterwa n’ikinyabutabire gifatwaho nk’igipimo fatizo mu kuringaniza igikoresho. Iyo laboratwari ikoresha sulfonati ya alkilbenzene y’umurongo, cyangwa LAS, “mg/L nka LAS” igaragaza igisubizo cyapimwe ku rugero rw’icyo gipimo fatizo. Ntibyemeza ko ibintu byose byatanze igisubizo ari LAS. Igihe cyose ugereranya ibisubizo bya laboratwari zitandukanye, baza ikinyabutabire cyakoreshejwe nk’igipimo fatizo n’ishingiro ibisubizo byatangiweho.
Ni ubuhe buryo laboratwari igomba kuvuga ko yakoresheje?
Ku magerageza akorwa hakurikijwe itegeko rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryerekeye amazi meza, imbonerahamwe y’uburyo iri muri 40 CFR 136.3 iriho ubu igaragaza Standard Methods 5540 C-2021 na ASTM D2330-20 mu gupima ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso hakoreshejwe ipima ry’ibara ry’ubururu bwa metilene. Banza kugenzura uruhushya rukurikizwa n’ibyo laboratwari yemerewe gukora mbere yo kuyisaba isesengura rigamije kwemeza ko ibisabwa byubahirizwa.
EPA 425.1 iracyafite akamaro nk’inyandiko y’amateka, ariko amagambo yayo ya kera avuga ko yemewe ntasimbura kugenzura imbonerahamwe iriho ubu. Kuvuga gusa ngo “uburyo bwa MBAS” ntibihagije mu kugaragaza uburyo bwakoreshejwe: raporo igomba kubamo nimero y’uburyo n’ivugurura ryabwo.
Nanone tandukanya MBAS n’andi magerageza apima ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso hifashishijwe ibara. Urugero, Hach igaragaza ko Uburyo bwa 8028 bukoresha irangi rya kristalo-viole. Kuba ubwoko bw’ibyitegererezo cyangwa ibipimo bitangwamo ibisubizo bisa ntibituma uburyo bubiri bwo gutandukanya bushingiye ku mikoranire y’ibinyabutabire busimburana.
Intambwe z’igerageza: aho buri cyemezo gifatirwa
Incamake ya 5540 C iri mu Rutonde rw’Igihugu rw’Uburyo bukoreshwa ku Bidukikije isobanura gutandukanya inshuro eshatu hakoreshejwe kloroforome, bivuye mu mvange y’amazi irimo aside, gukaraba ibyatandukanyijwe hakoreshejwe amazi, no gupima kuri 652 nm. Intambwe zikurikira zisobanura intego y’ibyo bikorwa. Ingano z’ibinyabutabire byifashishwa n’ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kwemera ibisubizo bigomba kuva mu mabwiriza agenzurwa na laboratwari.
| Intambwe | Ibikorwa | Ibyo kwandika cyangwa kugenzura |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sobanura icyitegererezo | Hitamo aho icyitegererezo gifatirwa n’umugabane wacyo ukenewe. | Ubwoko bw’amazi, igihe cyafatiwe, ibintu bikomeye bigaragara, n’ibyo cyakorewe mbere y’igerageza. |
| 2. Teganya igipimo fatizo | Tegura ibisubizo by’igipimo fatizo n’ibyitegererezo bitarimo ikigamijwe gupimwa nk’uko byateganyijwe. | Ikiranga ikinyabutabire cy’igipimo fatizo, ishingiro ry’ubwinshi bwacyo, n’intera y’ibipimo ikoreshwa. |
| 3. Tandukanya ibice bibiri by’iyoni | Huza icyitegererezo cyateguwe n’ubururu bwa metilene na kloroforome, ukurikije urukurikirane rwateganyijwe rwo gutandukanya. | Ko igice cy’uruvange gikwiye cyabonetse neza n’ingorane zose zo gutandukanya. |
| 4. Karaba kandi upime | Karaba ibyatandukanyijwe ukoresheje amazi, hanyuma upime uko byinjiza urumuri ku burebure bw’umuraba bwagenwe. | Ko gukaraba byuzuye, uko akumba kanyuzwamo urumuri kameze, n’igisubizo cy’igikoresho. |
| 5. Garagaza imipaka y’igisubizo | Koresha imibare yo kuringaniza n’iyo kuvanga hagamijwe kugabanya ubwinshi, hanyuma usuzume igenzura ry’ubuziranenge. | Urugero ntarengwa rwo gutanga igisubizo, ibipimo, umubare wakoreshejwe mu kubara ivanga, n’ibisobanuro ku ngaruka z’ibigize icyitegererezo. |
Umubare wa nyuma ushobora gusobanurwa neza gusa iyo izi nyandiko zibishoboza. Umurongo wo kuringaniza ufite imyitwarire myiza ugaragaza uko igikoresho gisubiza ku bisubizo by’igipimo fatizo. Wonyine ntiwemeza ko amazi yanduye yo mu nganda yitwara nk’ibyo bisubizo by’igipimo fatizo.
Ibibangamira ipima bishobora kongera cyangwa kugabanya igisubizo
Ipima rishobora kubangamirwa haba mu mikoranire y’ibinyabutabire cyangwa mu buryo urumuri rupimwa. Ibindi bintu bishobora kujyana irangi mu byatandukanyijwe, mu gihe ibindi bibuza ikigamijwe gupimwa kubikora. Ibisobanuro bya EPA ku buryo bwayo bigaragaza amatsinda menshi y’ibinyabutabire bya karubone n’iyoni zitari iza karubone bitanga igisubizo. Incamake ya NEMI inasobanura katiyoni zihiganwa n’izigamijwe n’ugufata ku buso bw’uduce duto.
| Ikibangamira ipima cyangwa imiterere | Ingaruka ishoboka | Icyo kugenzura mu gusobanura |
|---|---|---|
| Ibindi binyabutabire bishobora gutandukanywa kandi bikorana n’ubururu bwa metilene | Ikimenyetso cyiyongera kikitirirwa ikinyabutabire kigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso | Irinde kwitirira igisubizo cyose ikinyabutabire kimwe kizwi izina. |
| Nitrati cyangwa kloridi | Igisubizo kirenze igikwiye mu buryo bushobora kubangamirwa na byo | Genzura ibigize icyitegererezo n’intambwe yo gukaraba yateganyijwe. |
| Ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso bya katiyoni cyangwa amine | Igisubizo kigabanuka kubera iremwa ry’ibice bibiri by’iyoni bihiganwa n’ibigamijwe | Suzuma imvange z’ibinyabutabire n’impamvu ikinyabutabire cy’igipimo fatizo cyongewe mu cyitegererezo kitagarurwa neza. |
| Uduce duto tureremba mu mazi | Igisubizo cyo mu mazi kigabanuka kubera gufata ku buso bw’uduce duto | Andika niba ibintu bikomeye byari birimo cyangwa byarakuwemo. |
| Ifuro cyangwa gufata ku buso bw’ikibikwamo | Umugabane wafashwe ntuba ugihagarariye icyitegererezo cyose cy’umwimerere | Suzuma uko icyitegererezo cyafashwe, cyavanzwe, n’uko imigabane mito yacyo yafashwe. |
Urugero rw’ingirakamaro cyane ruva mu iperereza rya USGS ku buryo bwayo bwa MBAS bwa mbere. Ibyitegererezo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge byarimo nitrati ariko nta bindi bintu bya MBAS byatanze igisubizo kirenze zeru. Abashakashatsi bemeje ko nitrati na kloridi bibangamira ipima, maze bashyiraho uburyo burimo intambwe yo gukaraba hakoreshejwe igishongesha. Baburiye ko isano isa n’igaragara hagati ya MBAS na nitrati ishobora guterwa n’uko ipima ubwaryo ribangamirwa.
Ibi ni ibyabonetse mu gihe cyashize kandi bireba uburyo bwihariye, si gihamya ko buri gisubizo cya MBAS cyo muri iki gihe gitandukanye n’ukuri. Isomo ryabyo mu bikorwa ni ukubanza kwibaza niba isano igaragara ishobora guturuka mu igerageza ubwaryo, mbere yo kuyisobanura nk’igikorwa kibera mu bidukikije.
Fata uburyo bwo kwita ku byitegererezo nk’igice cy’ipima
Ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso byirundanyiriza aho ibice bitandukanye by’uruvange bihurira. Amabwiriza ya NEMI aburira ko ifuro rishobora kugabanya ibyo binyabutabire mu mazi ari munsi yaryo, kandi ko gufata ku nkuta z’ikibikwamo bishobora kugira akamaro igihe ubwinshi bwabyo buri hasi. Ntukureho ifuro ngo wibwire ko amazi asigaye ahwanye n’icyitegererezo cyafashwe.
Mu rwego rw’amategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rwavuzwe, Imbonerahamwe ya II ya 40 CFR 136.3 iteganya gukonjesha ibyitegererezo by’ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso bikagera kuri 6 °C cyangwa munsi yayo, no kubibika igihe ntarengwa cy’amasaha 48, hakurikijwe ibisobanuro biri munsi y’iyo mbonerahamwe. Teganya amacupa, ubwikorezi n’uko laboratwari izabyakira mbere yo gufata ibyitegererezo. Gutandukanya gukozwe neza ntibishobora kugarura ibintu byatakaye igihe cyo gufata cyangwa kubika icyitegererezo.
Soma igenzura ry’ubuziranenge mbere yo gukoresha umubare
Ingingo zerekeye igenzura ry’ubuziranenge muri 40 CFR 136.7 zigaragaza igenzura nk’ibyitegererezo bitarimo ikigamijwe gupimwa, kugenzura iringaniza, ibyitegererezo byo kugenzura laboratwari, kongera ikinyabutabire cy’igipimo fatizo mu byitegererezo, no gupima ibyitegererezo bibiri bisa. Imirimo yabyo iratandukanye. Icyitegererezo kitarimo ikigamijwe gupimwa kigenzura umwanda winjiye mu igerageza; kongera ikinyabutabire cy’igipimo fatizo mu cyitegererezo bigenzura niba icyo cyongewe gishobora kongera kuboneka muri icyo cyitegererezo; gupima ibyitegererezo bibiri bisa bisuzuma niba igerageza risubiwemo ritanga ibisubizo bisa.
Tekereza ku rugero rwo kugereranya intambwe zo gutunganya amazi: ku mazi yinjira hatangajwe 1.0 mg/L nka LAS, naho ku mazi asohoka hatangazwa 0.2 mg/L nka LAS. Imibare igaragaza igabanuka rya 80% mu bwinshi bwa MBAS bwatangajwe. Mbere yo kwita ibyo ikurwamo rya 80% ry’ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso, genzura ko ibyitegererezo bihagarariye imimerere y’intambwe zo gutunganya igereranywa, ko ibisubizo bitanzwe ku gipimo fatizo kimwe, kandi ko igenzura ryemewe. Igabanuka ry’ubwinshi kuri litiro kandi ntiryemeza igabanuka rya 80% mu bwinshi bw’ibisohorwa byose niba umuvuduko w’amazi atemba wahindutse.
Igisubizo kiri munsi y’urugero ntarengwa rwo gutanga igisubizo gisobanura ko laboratwari idashobora gupima ingano ya MBAS mu buryo bwizewe munsi y’urwo rugero rwavuzwe. Nticyemeza ko icyitegererezo kitarimo ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso cyangwa ko cyujuje ibisabwa byose ku bwiza bw’amazi.
Mu guhitamo uburyo, tangirira ku mabwiriza yerekeye ubururu bwa metilene mu magerageza y’isesengura. Mu gutegura imirimo ya laboratwari, koresha amabwiriza ajyanye no gufata ibinyabutabire n’umutekano muri laboratwari. Saba uburyo bw’isesengura bwihariye ku kinyabutabire runaka igihe icyemezo gisaba kumenya ikinyabutabire kigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso cyihariye, aho gupima igisubizo rusange cy’ibintu bikorana n’irangi.