Nkhani
Mmene methylene blue imapangidwira ndi kuyeretsedwa
Methylene blue imapangidwa kudzera m'kusintha kwa mankhwala a kemistri. Opanga amamanga molekyulu ya utoto, kuisiyanitsa ndi zotsalira za kusintha kwa mankhwalawo, kupatula chinthu chofunika, ndi kuwunika khalidwe lake. Izi ndi ntchito zosiyana: kupanga chinthu cha buluu sikutsimikizira kuti gulu la zinthu likukwaniritsa zofunikira zinazake.
Zambiri za kemistri zopezeka kwa anthu onse zimafotokoza mmene izi zingachitikire. Sizisonyeza njira yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito pa botolo linalake. Chikalata cha patent chimafotokoza njira yopangidwa ndi zitsanzo zake; mbiri ya gulu la zinthu imafotokoza zimene zinachitika panthawi yopanga zinthu zenizenizo.
Kodi methylene blue imapangidwa kuchokera ku chiyani?
Nkhani ya IARC yokhudza kupanga kuti zinthu zigulitsidwe imafotokoza njira yogwiritsa ntchito ma amine onunkhira omwe mbali zina za mamolekyulu awo zasinthidwa, kuphatikizapo N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine ndi N,N-dimethylaniline, pamodzi ndi sodium thiosulfate ndi mankhwala oyambitsa oksideshini. Kusintha kwa mankhwalawa kumamanga dongosolo la mphete za methylene blue zokhala ndi sulufule. Chinthu chomalizidwa nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa ngati mchere wa chloride wokhala ndi madzi olumikizana ndi chinthu cholimbacho.
Uku ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala oyambira kukhala chinthu chatsopano. Chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sichimangokhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zili m'botolo lomalizidwa. Komanso, kunena kuti ndi chinthu choyambira sikutsimikizira kuti zotsalira zake zachotsedwa. Mafunso okhudza kuchuluka kwa zotsalira amafunika umboni wa mayeso owunika.
Mutu womwewo wa IARC umafotokoza methylene blue youma ngati timibulu kapena ufa wa timibulu wobiriwira kwambiri wokhala ndi kunyezimira kwa mtundu wa bronze, ngakhale madzi amene yasungunukiramo amakhala a buluu kwambiri. Maonekedwe onsewa satsimikizira kuyera kwake.
Njira zofalitsidwa zimasiyana pa zinthu zomwe zimalowetsa
Njira yachikhalidwe imalumikiza zigawo zomangira za mamolekyulu onunkhira ndipo imatseka mphete yapakati kudzera m'zochitika zotsatizana za oksideshini. Njira zake zosiyanasiyana za m'mafakitale zimasiyana pa mankhwala oyambitsa oksideshini, kasamalidwe ka zinthu zapakati, ndi kupatula chinthu chofunika.
Mwachitsanzo, US4212971A imafotokoza njira yogwiritsa ntchito manganese dioxide yokonzedwa kuti isagwiritse ntchito dichromate pa zochitika zotsatizana za oksideshini. Copper sulfate imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'njira yofotokozedwayo. Kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika pokonza njira zowonetsetsa khalidwe: kusagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi chromium kumasintha gwero limodzi lomwe lingabweretse zonyansa, koma manganese ndi copper zikufunikabe kuganiziridwa. “Njira yopanda dichromate” ndi “palibe zonyansa za ma element” ndi zonena zosiyana.
Njira zina zatsopano zomwe zaperekedwa zimayambira ndi dongosolo la mphete lomwe lilipo kale. WO2018167185A1 imafotokoza kapangidwe koyambira ndi phenothiazine, pogwiritsa ntchito kuwonjezera halogen kenako kusintha kwa mankhwala ndi dimethylamine kuti apeze utoto wokhala ndi magulu owonjezeredwa. Izi zikusonyeza njira ina yopangira, osati umboni wakuti njira imeneyi yalowa m'malo mwa kapangidwe kachikhalidwe kulikonse.
Nthawi zambiri wogula sangadziwe njira yabwino kwambiri potengera mayina ake okha. Kuyerekezera kothandiza ndi kuwona ngati njira iliyonse yoyendetsedwa mosamalitsa imapanga mobwerezabwereza zinthu zokwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, kuphatikizapo zofunikira pa zonyansa zomwe zingachokere ku njira imeneyo.
Kuyeretsa kumathetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotsalira
Utoto wofanana ndi vuto limodzi. Azure A, Azure B ndi Azure C ali ndi mamolekyulu ofanana kwambiri ndi a methylene blue. Choncho kuwasiyanitsa kungakhale kovuta kuposa kuchotsa kachidutswa kosagwirizana ndi utotowo komwe sikasungunuka. Sefa ya timabowo ting'onoting'ono ingagwire tizidutswa pamene zonyansa za utoto zosungunuka zikudutsamo.
Vuto lachiwiri ndi zotsalira zokhala ndi zitsulo. Lachitatu ndi chosungunulira chomwe chatsala pambuyo popatula chinthu chofunika. Gawo loyeretsa lomwe limachepetsa mtundu umodzi wa zonyansa lingasiye wina osasintha kwenikweni.
Njira ziwiri zofalitsidwa zikusonyeza kusiyana kumeneku:
- Kugwetsa zinthu zosungunuka, kuzilekanitsa ndi chosungunulira, ndi kupanga timibulu. US12215234B2 imafotokoza kuchotsa zitsulo pozigwetsa kuchokera m'zosungunuka panthawi yolekanitsa ndi chosungunulira, kenako kuyeretsa kowonjezera ndi kupatula chinthu chofunika. Chikalatachi chimasonyezanso kugwirizana kwa mikhalidwe ya alkali ndi kupangika kwa zonyansa za utoto, ndipo chimakambirana kuwongolera pH ndi njira ina yopangira timibulu kuti ichotse chonyansa cha organic. Izi zikusonyeza kusinthana kwa ubwino ndi kuipa pa njira yopangira: mikhalidwe yothandiza polekanitsa iyeneranso kuwunikidwa kuti isayambitse kusintha kwa mankhwala kosafunika. Zotsatira zomwe zanenedwa ndi za zitsanzo zofotokozedwazo, osati za methylene blue yonse yomwe imagulitsidwa.
- Kuyeretsa mtundu womwe wasinthidwa kwakanthawi ndi redakishini. US20160200696A1 imafotokoza chinthu chophatikizana cha leucomethylene blue chokhazikitsidwa ndi chowonjezeredwa ma proton. Njirayi imasintha methylene blue ndi redakishini, imayeretsa chinthu chapakaticho, kenako imachibwezeretsa ndi oksideshini. Ubwino womwe waperekedwa ndi wakuti kusintha mtundu wa mankhwalawo kumapangitsa kuti kulekanitsa ndi ma azure komanso zonyansa za zitsulo kukhale kosavuta. “Leuco” imatchula mtundu wosinthidwa ndi redakishini; yokha sikutanthauza “yoyera.”
Njirazi zimagwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a mankhwala kuti zilekanitse zinthu. Kukhalapo kwawo kumafotokoza chifukwa chake kufotokoza mokwanira njira yopangira kumapereka zambiri kuposa mawu akuti “yosefedwa,” koma palibe njira imene ingalowe m'malo mwa zotsatira za mayeso pa gulu lenileni la zinthu.
Chithunzi cha njira yopangira: kumene mafunso a khalidwe amabuka
Chithunzi chophatikiza mfundo za njira zofalitsidwa ndi za khalidwe zomwe zakambidwa pano. Mivi yopanda mipata imasonyeza kayendedwe ka zinthu; mivi ya mizere yodukaduka imalumikiza magawo ndi mafunso a mayeso owunika. Awa si nthawi zokhazikitsidwa zotengera zitsanzo, ndipo mayeso angachitike pa magawo angapo. Zinthu zochotsedwa zimatuluka panthawi yoyeretsa; mayeso a ku labotale amayeza zomwe zatsala.
Tebuloli limalumikiza mafunso amenewa ndi umboni wothandiza. HPLC imatanthauza kromatografiya ya madzi yogwira ntchito kwambiri; IR imatanthauza kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa infrared; GC imatanthauza kromatografiya ya gasi; ICP-MS imatanthauza kuyeza unyinji wa ma ayoni pogwiritsa ntchito plasma yopangidwa ndi mphamvu ya induction.
| Gawo kapena nkhani yofunika kuiganizira | Zomwe zingafunike kuwongoleredwa | Umboni wothandiza pa nkhaniyo |
|---|---|---|
| Mankhwala olowa | Chinthu chosakhala choyenera, khalidwe losiyanasiyana, kapena zonyansa zolowa limodzi ndi zinthu zoyambira | Zofunikira za zinthu zolowetsedwa, mayeso otsimikizira mtundu wa chinthu, ndi kutsimikizira kuyenerera kwa wopereka zinthu |
| Kupanga kudzera m'kusintha kwa mankhwala | Utoto wofanana, zinthu zoyambira zotsala, ndi zinthu zapakati | Njira zoyenera za kromatografiya zokhala ndi zinthu zodziwika zoti zifufuzidwe, mphamvu yozindikira zochepa, ndi malire ovomerezeka |
| Mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito okhala ndi zitsulo | Zotsalira za ma element zomwe zimapitiriza kukhala m'zinthu panthawi yokonza | Mayeso a ma element pawokhapawokha, monga ICP-MS, ofufuza gulu la ma element losankhidwa pa zifukwa zomveka |
| Kulekanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito chosungunulira ndi kuyanika | Zosungunulira zotsala za ntchito yopangira | Kuwunika zosungunulira ndi mayeso oyenera a zotsalira zake, nthawi zambiri GC |
| Chinthu chopatulidwa | Mtundu wa chinthu wolakwika, kuchuluka kolakwika, kapena maziko olakwika okhudza madzi | Mayeso othandizana otsimikizira mtundu wa chinthu, kuyeza kuchuluka kwake, ndi mayeso oyenera a madzi kapena kuchepa kwa kulemera poyanika |
Njirazi zimayankha mafunso osiyanasiyana. Kufotokoza kwa USP kwa mayeso a zosungunulira zotsala kumakambirana nthawi yomwe kromatografiya ya gasi imafunika; sikulowa m'malo mwa mayeso a utoto wofanana. Momwemonso, kuyeza ma element sikungazindikire utoto wa azure. Njira iyenera kukhala yoyenera pa chinthu chomwe chikuyesedwa. Buku lofotokozera zonyansa za methylene blue ndi njira zoyesera limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana kumeneku kwa mayeso owunika.
Chifukwa chake peresenti yomaliza imafunika kumvetsetsedwa mogwirizana ndi maziko ake
Mayeso oyeza kuchuluka amayesa kuchuluka kwa chinthu chodziwika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ndi maziko ofotokozera zotsatira omwe akhazikitsidwa. Njira yoyezera zonyansa imayesa gulu lodziwika la mankhwala ena. Zotsatira zimenezi n'zogwirizana, koma sizingalowe m'malo mwa zinzake.
Ndondomeko ya ICH Q6A yokhazikitsa zofunikira imasiyanitsa mayeso otsimikizira mtundu wa chinthu, oyeza kuchuluka kwake, ndi oyesa zonyansa. Imakambirananso mayeso a madzi pa zinthu zokoka chinyezi ndi zinthu zokhala ndi madzi ophatikizidwa m'kapangidwe kawo. Pa chinthu chokhala ndi madzi ophatikizidwa, zotsatira zofotokozedwa potengera kulemera kwa chinthu chouma sizingatengedwe ngati peresenti ya ufa monga unalandiridwira popanda kuganizira maziko amenewo.
Mbiri ya njira yopangira imawonjezera chinthu china choyenera kuganizira. Malangizo a ICH Q7 okhudza zinthu zogwira ntchito za mankhwala amafuna mbiri ya mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zonyansa yolumikizidwa ndi njira yopangira yoyendetsedwa mosamalitsa, komanso kuyerekezera komwe kungasonyeze kusintha kwa zinthu zolowetsedwa kapena kwa kapangidwe. Amafotokozanso kuti zikalata za zotsatira za mayeso ziyenera kukhala ndi chizindikiritso cha gulu la zinthu, malire a mayeso, ndi zotsatira za manambala. Zikalata za malangizo a mankhwalazi zimafotokoza mfundo za khalidwe; sizipatsa chinthu chogulitsidwa kwa anthu udindo wokhala mankhwala.
Zimene izi zimatsimikizira zokhudza Blupreme
Zambiri za khalidwe zomwe Blupreme yafalitsa zimafotokoza zolemba zolumikiza gulu la zinthu la botolo ndi gulu la methylene blue yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso chikalata chake cha zotsatira za mayeso. Uku ndi kunena kuti zinthu zingatsatidwe mpaka kumene zinachokera. Sizimaulula njira yopangira ya wopanga chinthucho, dongosolo loyeretsa, kapena mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito ya fakitale.
Choncho, palibe njira iliyonse ya patent yomwe ili pamwambayi iyenera kufotokozedwa ngati “mmene Blupreme imapangira methylene blue” popanda zikalata zina za kupanga. COA ya chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga singatsimikizire yokha kuchuluka kwa chinthucho m'zosungunuka zomalizidwa, mmene zoyikamo zimagwirira ntchito, kapena kusakhala ndi tizilombo. Kusiyana kumeneku kwafotokozedwa mu COA ya chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga poyerekeza ndi mayeso a chinthu chomalizidwa.
Posankha zogula, yambani ndi gulu lenileni la zinthu komanso ntchito yomwe mukufuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Pemphani lipoti logwirizana ndi gululo, fufuzani njira ndi malire a mayeso, ndipo funsani mmene zonyansa zoyenera kuganiziridwa zochokera ku njira yopangira zimawongoleredwera. Mndandanda wa wogula methylene blue woyerekezera zinthu umasandutsa mafunso amenewa kukhala njira yokhazikika yoyerekezera opereka zinthu.