Methylene blue trihydrate poyerekeza ndi yopanda madzi: fomula, misa, ndi zilembo

Mabotolo awiri onse angakhale olembedwa methylene blue koma amafunikira misa yosiyana yoyezedwa pa sikelo pa kuyesa komweko. Limodzi lalembedwa methylene blue trihydrate. Lina langolembedwa methylene blue. Wofufuza amayeza 100 mg kuchokera mu botolo lililonse, amakonza voliyumu yofanana, ndipo amapeza kuchuluka kosiyana kwa utoto m'madzimo. Palibe choipitsidwa ndipo palibe cholakwika chogwiritsa ntchito pipeti. Ufa uwiriwu uli ndi kuchuluka kosiyana kwa madzi pa gawo lililonse la utoto.

Ili ndiye lingaliro lalikulu poyerekeza methylene blue trihydrate ndi methylene blue. Zonsezi ndi methylthioninium chloride monga mankhwala. Koma zinthu zomwe zayezedwa pa sikelo zimasiyana chifukwa madzi a makhiristo amawonjezera misa popanda kuwonjezera utoto. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito zinthuzi moyenera, siyanitsani mfundo zitatu: mtundu wa hydrate, kuyera kwa mankhwala, ndi maziko a kuyeza. Nkhani yofotokozera kapangidwe ndi mikhalidwe ya methylene blue imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana kwa katayoni wa utoto ndi mchere wa chloride. Tsamba lino limasiyanitsa mcherewo ndi mitundu yake ya hydrate.

Yopanda madzi, hydrate, ndi trihydrate ndi mayina a mitundu yosiyana yoyezedwa pa sikelo

Methylene blue chloride yopanda madzi ili ndi fomula C16H18ClN3S ndi misa ya fomula ya 319.85 g/mol mu chithunzithunzi cha monograph ya USP ya methylene blue. Izi zikufotokoza mchere wopanda madzi a makhiristo ophatikizana nawo.

Methylene blue hydrate ndi mchere womwewo wokhala ndi madzi m'zinthu zolimba, wolembedwa C16H18ClN3S.xH2O. Mtengo wa x umanena kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu a madzi pa gawo limodzi la fomula ya mchere malinga ndi kapangidwe kotchulidwa. Sukunena za madzi owonjezeredwa posungunula mcherewo.

Methylene blue trihydrate ndi mtundu umene x ndi 3, wolembedwa C16H18ClN3S.3H2O kapena C16H24ClN3O3S, ndipo misa ya fomula yake ndi 373.90 g/mol. Zolemba za PubChem za methylene blue trihydrate zimatchula fomula ndi misa imeneyi pa CID 104827, pamene zolemba za PubChem za methylene blue zimatchula fomula yopanda madzi ya C16H18ClN3S ndi misa ya 319.9 g/mol pa CID 6099. M'zolemba zonsezi ayoni wa utoto sasintha: katayoni mmodzi wa methylthioninium pa gawo lililonse la fomula. Madzi ophatikizana nawo okha ndi amene amasiyana.

Tebulo lofotokozera hydrate ndi misa

Tebulo ili pansipa ndi lofotokozera mfundo zofunika za tsambali. Misa ya mafomula a mitundu ya mchere ikutsatira USP. Mzere wa katayoni wawonjezeredwa kuti pakhale poyambira pomveka bwino powerengera zinthu zosungunulidwa.

Kusiyana kumeneku n'kwakukulu pogwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi. Pa kuchuluka kofanana kwa utoto, trihydrate yeniyeni imakhala ndi misa yoposa ya mchere wopanda madzi weniweni ndi pafupifupi 16.9%, chifukwa 373.90 yogawidwa ndi 319.85 ndi 1.169. Choncho kusokoneza mitundu iwiriyi kumapangitsa cholakwika cha pafupifupi 17% pa kuchuluka kwa utoto m'madzi, musanaganizire gwero lina lililonse la cholakwika.

Zitsanzo zofotokozedwa ndi mawerengedwe

Chitsanzo 1 chimayambira pa ufa. Tiyerekeze kuti sikelo ikuonetsa 100.0 mg ya methylene blue trihydrate yomwe ikutengedwa kuti ndi yoyera. Misa ya mchere yofanana ndi yopanda madzi ndi 100.0 mg kuchulukitsa ndi 319.85 ndi kugawa ndi 373.90, zomwe ndi 85.5 mg. Kuchuluka kwa utoto ndi 0.1000 g kugawa ndi 373.90 g/mol, zomwe ndi 267.5 micromol ya katayoni wa methylthioninium. Misa yotsala yotchulidwa ya 14.5 mg ndi madzi a makhiristo, osati zinthu zosafunika.

Chitsanzo 2 chimayambira pa kuchuluka kwa utoto m'madzi komwe mukufuna. Kuti mukonze 1.000 liter ya utoto wosungunulidwa wa 1.000 mM kuchokera ku mchere wopanda madzi weniweni, yezani 319.85 mg. Kuti mukonze utoto wosungunulidwa womwewo kuchokera ku trihydrate yeniyeni, yezani 373.90 mg. Kuwerengera kulikonse kumaganiza kuti zinthuzo ndi hydrate yeniyeni yotchulidwayo ndipo kuchuluka kwake ndi kokwanira. Pa ufa weniweni womwe mukugwiritsa ntchito, sinthani mawerengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito satifiketi ya kuwunika ndipo tsimikizirani ngati kuyezetsa kuchuluka kwa utoto kwanenedwa pa maziko a zinthu monga zalandiridwa, zouma, kapena zopanda madzi. Chowerengera cha molarity ya methylene blue chimaonetsa bwino mtundu wa hydrate ndi maziko a kuyezetsa kuti kusintha kumeneku kusatayike posintha mayunitsi.

Zomwe chilembo chimatsimikizira ndi zomwe sichimatsimikizira

Methylene blue trihydrate imanena momveka bwino kuti: fomula yotchulidwa ndi C16H18ClN3S.3H2O, ndipo nthawi zambiri mawerengedwe ake amagwiritsa ntchito 373.90 g/mol pokhapokha ngati zofunikira zanena zina. Methylene blue hydrate sichinena zambiri choncho. Imasonyeza kuti madzi akuyembekezeka kukhala ophatikizana ndi mcherewo, koma popanda nambala, fomula, nambala ya CAS, kapena zofunikira, sitsimikizira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe ali mu fomulayo.

Dzina lakuti methylene blue lokha silitsimikizira kuti zinthuzo zilibe madzi. Nkhani ya m'buku la miyezo ya mankhwala yotchedwa Methylene Blue palokha imalembedwa ngati C16H18ClN3S.xH2O, ndipo x sinafotokozedwe pamutu pake. Mayina a m'nkhokwe za zidziwitso angasocheretsenso. PubChem imatcha zolemba zake za mtundu wopanda madzi wa CID 6099 kuti methylene blue, koma njira imeneyi yoperekera dzina siipangitsa botolo lililonse logulitsidwa ndi dzina lalifupili kukhala la zinthu zopanda madzi. Werengani fomula, nambala ya CAS, dzina la hydrate, kuchepa kwa misa poumitsa kapena zofunikira za madzi, ndi maziko a kuyezetsa pamodzi.

Manambala a CAS amathandiza akakhala athunthu. Methylene blue chloride yopanda madzi nthawi zambiri imakhala 61-73-4 ndipo trihydrate imakhala 7220-79-3. USP imatchulanso monohydrate, pentahydrate, ndi hydrate yosatchula kuchuluka kwa madzi. Chifukwa zolemba zosonkhanitsidwa m'nkhokwe za zidziwitso nthawi zina zimabwereza nambala ya CAS pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, tengani CAS ngati umboni wothandizira, osati cholowa m'malo mwa fomula yotchulidwa.

Maziko a kuyeza: kuyezetsa pa zinthu zouma, kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi kuyera ndi mayeso osiyana

USP imafotokoza kuchuluka kwa methylene blue ngati 97.0% mpaka 103.0% ya C16H18ClN3S, yowerengedwa pa maziko a zinthu zouma. Mawuwa ndi ofunika. Zotsatira za pa maziko a zinthu zouma zimachotsa kuchepa kwa misa poumitsa pogwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe, zisanasonyeze kuchuluka kwa utoto. Choncho trihydrate yoyera ndi pentahydrate yoyera zonse zingayandikire 100% pa maziko a zinthu zouma, ngakhale misa yawo pa mole monga zalandiridwa imasiyana kwambiri.

Madzi amawunikidwa payokha kudzera pa kuchepa kwa misa poumitsa. Monograph yapano imawumitsa chitsanzo pa 105 degrees C kwa maola 5, ndipo imavomereza kuchepa kuchokera pa 8.0% mpaka 24.0%. Kuchepa kwa misa poumitsa kumayeza zinthu zomwe zimasanduka nthunzi n'kutuluka pa mikhalidwe imeneyo. Si njira yoyezera madzi okha mofanana ndi kuyeza madzi kwa Karl Fischer, ndipo siizindikira mtundu wa kapangidwe ka makhiristo. Choncho avereji yoyandikira mamolekyulu atatu a madzi pa gawo lililonse la utoto payokha siitsimikizira mtundu umodzi wokha wa khiristo ya trihydrate. Kafukufuku wa methylene blue m'zinthu zolimba wapeza mitundu ingapo ya kapangidwe ka hydrate ndi zosakaniza zake, choncho kuzindikira kapangidwe kameneko kumafunikira kuwunika kwa diffraction kapena kwa kutentha ngati kapangidweko palokha ndi kofunika, osati avereji yokha ya chiŵerengero cha madzi.

Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumafotokozanso chifukwa chake zotsatira za kuyezetsa zoposa 100% sizitanthauza nthawi zonse kuti labotale yalakwitsa. Kuwerengera pa maziko a zinthu zouma, kukonza mawerengedwe potengera madzi otsala, mtengo woperekedwa ku chinthu cha muyezo choyerekezera, kapena kusagwirizana kwa mtundu wa hydrate zingasinthe nambalayo. Kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane mu chifukwa chake zotsatira za kuyezetsa methylene blue zingapose 100% kumaonetsa mmene zolakwika pa maziko a kuwerengera zimawonekera ngati zolakwika pa kuyera.

Pa kugula ndi kuwunika ubwino, tanthauzo lake ndi lomveka. Kutsatira USP ndi njira imene wogula amapezera kalasi ya kuyera yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe ilipo pamsika, chifukwa zofunikira zake zimakhudza kutsimikizira kuti chinthucho ndi chimene chatchulidwa, kuchuluka kwa utoto, zinthu zosafunika za organic, zosungunulira zotsala, maelementi osafunika, zotsalira pambuyo powotcha, malire a tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso, ndi endotoxins za mabakiteriya. Ogulitsa ambiri omwe amati amatsatira USP amayesa gawo laling'ono lokha la mndandandawu. Blupreme imayesa zofunikira zonse za USP ndi mnzake wopanga mankhwala ndipo imasindikiza satifiketi yonse ya kuwunika, motero mtundu wa hydrate, zotsatira za madzi, ndi kuyezetsa pa maziko a zinthu zouma zingawerengedwe pamodzi m'malo mongoganiziridwa kuchokera pa chilembo chakutsogolo. Poyerekeza ogulitsa, pemphani zonse zitatu: fomula yotchulidwa ya hydrate, zotsatira za madzi kapena kuchepa kwa misa poumitsa, ndi zotsatira za kuyezetsa pamodzi ndi maziko ake otchulidwa.

Mmene mungawerengere chilembo cha methylene blue kamodzi kokha

Choyamba, pezani dzina la hydrate ndi fomula. Ngati chilembo changonena methylene blue, musaganize kuti misa yake ndi 319.85 g/mol. Chachiwiri, werengani maziko a kuyezetsa. Peresenti yopanda mawu osonyeza kuti ndi pa maziko a zinthu monga zalandiridwa, zouma, kapena zopanda madzi siingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji powerengera molarity. Chachitatu, werengani madzi kapena kuchepa kwa misa poumitsa mosiyana ndi zinthu zosafunika. Madzi amafotokoza kusiyana kwa misa pakati pa mitundu ya hydrate. Zinthu zogwirizana ndi mankhwalawo, Azure B, zitsulo, zosungunulira, ndi mayeso a tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso zimafotokoza kuyera kwa mankhwala ndi kwa zinthu zamoyo. Mukasiyanitsa magulu awiriwa, kusagwirizana kodziwika bwino m'makatalogu kumamveka: zolemba zina zimanena za katayoni, zina za mchere, ndipo zina za trihydrate, zonse molondola, chifukwa nambala iliyonse ikufotokoza chinthu chosiyana.