Nkhani
Methylene blue ndi poizoni wa nitrite mu nsomba
Methylene blue ili ndi ntchito yothandiza pa poizoni wa nitrite mu nsomba za m'thanki, malinga ndi mankhwala enieni amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Si m'malo mwa kukonza madzi oipitsidwa, ndipo nsomba imene ikupumira movutikira pamwamba pa madzi si kuti nthawi zonse ili ndi poizoni wa nitrite. Yambani ndi zotsatira za kuyeza madzi ndi zimene zachitika posachedwapa m'thanki musanasankhe chithandizo.
Kusiyana kofunika ndi pakati pa oxygen amene ali m'madzi ndi oxygen amene magazi anganyamule. Nitrite ingasokoneze chachiwiricho ngakhale choyambacho chikuoneka chokwanira. Kuwonjezera mpweya m'madzi kumathandiza nsomba, koma sikuchotsa nitrite imene nsombazo zikukumana nayo.
Zimene nitrite imachita m'magazi a nsomba
Nsomba zimalowetsa nitrite kudzera m'makutu awo opumira. M'magazi, nitrite imasintha hemoglobini kukhala methemoglobini kudzera mu oksideshoni, ndipo methemoglobini imeneyi siimatha kumanga oxygen monga mwachizolowezi. Vuto lotsatira, lotchedwa methemoglobinemia, nthawi zambiri limatchedwa matenda a magazi a bulauni chifukwa magazi okhudzidwa angakhale a bulauni.
Nkhani ya USDA yokhudza kuyesa nitrite pa nsomba za channel catfish imafotokoza njira imeneyi ya kunyamula oxygen. Selo lofiira la magazi lingakhalebe likuyenda m'thupi pamene gawo lina la hemoglobini yake silingathenso kugwira ntchito yake yachizolowezi. Kuyeza oxygen kumasonyeza mmene madzi ozungulira nsombayo alili; sikumayeza kuchuluka kwa hemoglobini yogwirabe ntchito imene yatsala m'kati mwa nsombayo.
Chithunzi pamwambapa chimasiyanitsa malo awiriwo: nitrite imalowera m'makutu opumira, pamene kutayika kwa mphamvu yonyamula oxygen kumachitika m'magazi. Chimaimira mmene zimachitikira, osati mayeso a magazi kapena kuzindikira vuto la nsomba inayake poiyang'ana.
Nitrite nthawi zambiri imakhala vuto pamene kusefa madzi mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo tamoyo sikunakhazikike bwino, kwalemedwa ndi zinyalala zambiri, kapena kwasokonezedwa. Kufotokozera kwa Purdue kokhudza kuzindikira matenda a magazi a bulauni mwa nyama kumagwirizanitsa zinthu zimenezi ndi kuchulukana kwa zinyalala zokhala ndi nayitrogeni, ndipo kumatchula kusintha madzi ngati njira imodzi yochepetsera kuchuluka kwake m'madzi. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kumene kulipo panthawiyo ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu ya dongosolo yosamalira zinyalala ndi ntchito ziwiri zosiyana.
Pamene methylene blue ingathandize
Zolemba za Kordon zokhudza mankhwala ake a methylene blue zimafotokoza mankhwala ake osungunulidwa m'madzi a 2.303% monga othandiza pothetsa poizoni wa nitrite mu nsomba za m'thanki za m'madzi opanda mchere ndi za m'madzi a m'nyanja. Wopangayo amagwirizanitsa ntchito imeneyi ndi kusintha methemoglobini kubwerera ku hemoglobini. Izi ndi zimene akunena zokhudza mankhwala enaake a m'mathanki a nsomba, osati umboni wakuti madzi aliwonse a buluu angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwake monga chithandizo.
Zolemba zomwezo zimachenjeza kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madongosolo amene amayendetsanso madzi mobwerezabwereza ndipo amasefa mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo tamoyo, chifukwa mankhwalawo amasokoneza mabakiteriya osintha zinyalala za nayitrogeni kukhala nitrite ndi nitrate. Izi n'zofunika makamaka ngati kusefa kosagwira bwino ntchito n'kumene kunayambitsa vutolo. Zimaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pa nsomba zodyedwa. Choncho, malo osiyana operekera chithandizo, kuyenera kwake pa mtundu wa nsomba, ndi malangizo onse a pa botolo ziyenera kuganiziridwa musanawagwiritse ntchito.
Werengani malangizo onse okhudza ntchito ndi malire a methylene blue m'mathanki a nsomba kuti mumvetsetse mmene chithandizochi chimagwirizanirana ndi zina. Musagwiritse ntchito ndondomeko ya kuchiza methemoglobinemia mwa anthu posambitsa nsomba m'mankhwala: njira yoperekera, kapangidwe ka mankhwala, ndi wolandira chithandizo ndi zosiyana.
Werengani chizindikiro chonse monga malangizo athunthu
Gwiritsani ntchito mndandanda uwu limodzi ndi botolo lenileni komanso malangizo atsopano a wopanga. Lembani mayankho musanachepetse kuchuluka kwa mankhwala powasakaniza ndi madzi; kudziwa kuchuluka kwake kokha si ndondomeko ya chithandizo.
| Choyang'ana | Mfundo zoti mulembere | Kulakwa kumene izi zimapewa |
|---|---|---|
| Kuzindikira mankhwala | Wopanga, chinthu chogwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwake m'kapangidwe ka mankhwala, ndi tsiku lotha ntchito | Kutenga dzina la chinthu chamankhwala ngati kuti ndi tsatanetsatane wonse wa mankhwalawo |
| Ntchito imene anapangidwira | Ngati poizoni wa nitrite ndi malo a thanki amene akukhudzidwa zatchulidwa | Kutenga malangizo a kusamalira mazira kapena a ntchito ina |
| Nyama ndi malo | Mtundu wa nsomba, gawo la moyo, madzi opanda mchere kapena a m'nyanja, kusunga zokongoletsera kapena kupanga chakudya | Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kupitirira malo amene chizindikirocho chatchula |
| Malangizo a mmene nsomba zikhalire m'mankhwala | Kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, nthawi, ndi malangizo otsatira | Kukopera mlingo wa mankhwala koma kusiya mikhalidwe ya kagwiritsidwe kake |
| Kugwirizana ndi dongosolo | Kusefa mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo tamoyo, mankhwala ena, zomera, ndi zofunika pochotsa mankhwalawo | Kuyambitsa vuto lina la ubwino wa madzi panthawi ya chithandizo |
Kufotokozera kwapadera kokhudza mlingo wa mankhwala m'mathanki a nsomba ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'botolo kumasonyeza chifukwa chake kuchuluka kothiridwa kuchokera m'botolo ndi kuchuluka kwake komwe kumapezeka m'madzi ndi miyeso yosiyana. Onani mfundo za kugwirizana ndi chitetezo m'mathanki a nsomba musanaphatikize mankhwala.
Nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, ndi chlorine ndi mavuto osiyana
Mayina ofanana satanthauza chithandizo chofanana. Kuyerekezera kwa zoopsa za chilengedwe m'buku la MSD Veterinary Manual kumasiyanitsa mavutowa ndipo kumatsindika kuti mmene nsomba zimakhudzidwira ndi nitrite kumasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mtundu wa nsomba ndi mikhalidwe ya madzi.
| Vuto limene mukuganizira | Zimene ziyenera kuyang'anidwa | Zimene chizindikiro cha ntchito pa nitrite sichitsimikizira |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrite, NO₂⁻ | Zotsatira za nitrite, mayunitsi amene agwiritsidwa ntchito, mtundu wa nsomba, ndi mmene zinthu zamankhwala m'madzi zilili | Kuti kupuma mofulumira kulikonse ndi matenda a magazi a bulauni |
| Nitrate, NO₃⁻ | Kuyeza nitrate payokha ndi kuchulukana kwake pakapita nthawi | Kuti methylene blue imachotsa nitrate |
| Ammonia | Nayitrogeni yonse ya ammonia, pH, ndi kutentha | Kuti methylene blue imathetsa vuto la kukumana ndi ammonia |
| Chlorine kapena chloramine | Kusamalira madzi ochokera kumene amatengedwa ndi mayeso oyenera a chlorine | Kuti utoto umenewu ndi mankhwala ochotsa chlorine pa zonse |
| Oxygen wochepa wosungunuka m'madzi | Kuyeza oxygen ndi mmene kuwonjezera mpweya m'madzi kukugwirira ntchito | Kuti mankhwala amapereka oxygen wokwanira m'madzi |
Yang'anani mayunitsi musanayerekezere zotsatira za mayeso ndi mfundo yowunikira. Zotsatira zofotokozedwa ngati nitrite-nitrogen, NO₂-N, zimangonena za kulemera kwa nayitrogeni yokha. Kuchulukitsa ndi pafupifupi 3.3 kumasintha zotsatirazo kukhala kuchuluka kwa ayoni yonse ya nitrite potengera kulemera kwake. Choncho 0.30 mg/L NO₂-N ndi pafupifupi 0.99 mg/L NO₂⁻, osati 0.30 mg/L NO₂⁻. Chitsanzo ichi cha masamu si malire a chitetezo.
Chifukwa chake chloride ndi mbiri ya kunyamulidwa n'zofunika
Chloride imapikisana ndi nitrite polowera kudzera m'makutu opumira a nsomba za m'madzi opanda mchere. Malangizo a University of Florida okhudza mchere poweta zamoyo za m'madzi amafotokoza kuti kuwonjezera chloride m'madzi kungachepetse kulowa kwa nitrite. Chloride si chlorine wophera tizilombo. Njira imeneyi yoteteza imasiyananso ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa methemoglobini amene ali kale m'magazi.
Mayeso a maola 96 pa ana a nsomba za Nile tilapia anayesa milingo iwiri ya chloride m'madzi ozungulira nsomba. Chloride yochuluka inachepetsa kuopsa kwa nitrite ndi kupangika kwa methemoglobini m'mikhalidwe ya kafukufukuyo. Izi sizikhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa mchere koyenera kuwonjezeredwa m'mathanki onse okhala ndi nsomba zosiyanasiyana: mtundu wa nsomba, chloride amene alipo kale, kuchuluka kwa nitrite ndi nthawi imene nsomba zikukumana nayo, komanso zamoyo zina m'thankimo zikadali zofunika. Mayesowo sanayese methylene blue.
Kunyamula nsomba kumawonjezera zifukwa zina zimene zingayambitse mavuto. Pa mayeso a University of Florida a kunyamula nsomba m'mafamu, methylene blue amene anayesedwa ngati chowonjezera cholimbana ndi tizilombo sanasinthe kukhala bwino zotsatira zomwe zinafotokozedwa pa maonekedwe ndi khalidwe la nsomba. Zotsatira zimenezi zikukhudza mikhalidwe ya kunyamula imene inayesedwa, osati chithandizo cha poizoni wa nitrite amene watsimikizidwa. Malangizo omwewo amafotokoza mmene kuchulukana kwa ammonia, kusintha kwa pH, kutentha, ndi oxygen zimakhudzira kupsinjika pa nthawi ya kunyamula. pH ndi kutentha zikakwera, zimawonjezera gawo la ammonia wapoizoni wopanda ayoni. Madzi a buluu onyamulira nsomba sangatsimikizire kuti zinthu zimenezi zikuyendetsedwa bwino.
Siyanitsani chithandizo cha nthawi yomweyo ndi ndondomeko yochira
Pa nsomba zomwe zikuvutika, thandizani kuwonjezera mpweya m'madzi ndipo yang'anani mwamsanga nsombazo ndi madzi. Katswiri wa zachipatala cha nyama za m'madzi kapena bungwe losamalira thanzi la nsomba ayenera kuunika kuvutika kwambiri kupuma, kulephera kukhala molunjika, kapena kufa kopitirirabe. Khalani ndi mfundo za mtundu wa nsomba, kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thanki, zotsatira za mayeso ndi mayunitsi ake, ntchito yosamalira thanki imene yachitika posachedwapa, ndi mankhwala onse amene agwiritsidwa ntchito.
Gwiritsani ntchito madzi atsopano okonzedwa moyenera komanso ogwirizana ndi nsombazo pochepetsa vuto la ubwino wa madzi limene latsimikizidwa. Yesaninso mikhalidwe ya madzi m'malo mongoganiza kuti kuchitapo kanthu kamodzi kwathetsa vutolo. Unikaninso kadyetsedwe, kuchuluka kwa nsomba, ndi mphamvu ya kusefa kuti mupeze chifukwa chimene zinyalala zinachulukana. Malangizo a University of Florida okhudza dongosolo loyendetsanso madzi mobwerezabwereza amatchula zinthu zimenezi monga zazikulu zimene zimakhudza ubwino wa madzi.
Nsomba imene ikupuma moyandikira mwachizolowezi imapereka umboni wolimbikitsa wokhudza mmene ilili. Kuyezanso madzi kumayankha funso lina: ngati malo ake ndi otetezeka mokwanira kuti kuchira kupitirire.