Malachite Green ndi Methylene Blue pa Nsomba, Komanso Mchere wa Aquarium

Madontho oyera aonekera pa nsomba ya tetra, ndipo pasanathe mphindi zochepa malingaliro atatu afika: methylene blue, malachite green, mchere. Zonse zitatu zimasintha mtundu wa madzi. Zonse zitatu zili ndi anthu amene amazigwiritsa ntchito mokhulupirika. Palibe imene imachiza zonse, ndipo kufunsa kuti ndi iti yabwino kwambiri kumadumpha sitepe imene imatsimikiza yankho: kodi nsombayo ili ndi vuto lotani, ndipo lebo ya chinthu chilichonse imanena kuti chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiyani?

Izi ndi zinthu zitatu zosiyana zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'mapaketi ooneka ofanana. Methylene blue ndi utoto umene lebo yake imanena kuti ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mu aquarium pa mafangasi a mazira, mafangasi ochepa apakhungu, mitundu ina ya protozoa yakunja, ndiponso kuthandiza pa poyizoni wa nitrite kapena cyanide. Malachite green, imene nthawi zambiri imagulitsidwa itasakanizidwa ndi formalin, imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa tizilombo ta parasaiti takunja monga Ich ndi tizilombo tofanana nayo. Mchere wa aquarium si mankhwala malinga ndi malamulo oyendetsera mankhwala; umathandiza kusamalira madzi ndi mchere m'thupi ndipo umapereka chloride yoteteza ku nitrite. Umagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa tizilombo tina ta parasaiti takunja pamlingo wa mchere umene nsomba zambiri zokhala pamodzi mu aquarium sizingapirire. Kusankha chimodzi mwa izi chifukwa cha mtundu wake kapena chizolowezi n'kumene kumachititsa kuti nsomba zopanda mamba, nkhanu zazing'ono, zomera ndi fyuluta za zamoyo ziwonongeke mosakonzekera.

Zinthu zitatuzi poyerekeza

Tebulo ili lachokera pa malebo a opanga ndi malangizo a mayunivesite opititsa patsogolo ulimi ndi ulimi wa m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ndi malangizo amasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe ka chinthucho, choncho tsatirani lebo ya pa botolo lanu monga malangizo ovomerezeka, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito tebuloli monga chithunzi cha kusiyana kwake.

	Methylene blue (mwachitsanzo Kordon, 2.303%)	Zosakaniza za malachite green (mwachitsanzo Kordon Rid-Ich Plus, API Super Ick Cure)	Mchere wa aquarium (sodium chloride)
Ntchito yake	Mafangasi pa mazira a nsomba, matenda a mafangasi apakhungu, protozoa zakunja zotchulidwa (Ichthyophthirius, Chilodonella, Costia), kuthandiza pa poyizoni wa nitrite kapena cyanide. Malangizo a chinthu cha Kordon amatchula ntchitozi ndipo amanena momveka kuti sichigwiritsidwa ntchito pa Oodinium, matenda a mabakiteriya, nyongolotsi za fluke ndi matenda oopsa a mafangasi.	Tizilombo ta parasaiti takunja, makamaka Ich ya m'madzi opanda mchere komanso Costia, Trichodina ndi Chilodonella malinga ndi chinthu; lebo ya Kordon Rid-Ich Plus imawonjezera Cryptocaryon ndi Amyloodinium za m'madzi a m'nyanja komanso matenda ena a mafangasi, koma sichiphatikiza mabakiteriya, nyongolotsi za fluke, copepods ndi nyongolotsi zina.	Kuthandiza kusamalira madzi ndi mchere m'thupi pamene nsomba zikugwiridwa, kuteteza ku nitrite kudzera mu mpikisano wa chloride ndi nitrite pa makutu opumira, komanso protozoa zina zakunja pamlingo waukulu wa mchere. Malangizo a UF/IFAS amafotokoza mchere monga chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi wa m'madzi chimene sichiyang'aniridwa kwambiri ndi malamulo, osati mankhwala a nsomba ovomerezeka.
Kugwiritsa ntchito pa mazira	Lebo imanena kuti ndi yotetezeka pa mazira ndi ana aang'ono a nsomba popewa mafangasi, ndipo ili ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni ya mazira. Buku la malo oswetsera ndi mazira limafotokoza ntchito imeneyi mwatsatanetsatane.	Malachite green yosakanizidwa ndi mankhwala ena ya Kordon ilinso ndi malangizo pa lebo opewera ndi kuchiza mafangasi a mazira mwa kuwaviika kwa nthawi yayitali kapena mwachidule; kuopsa kwake kumadalira kuchuluka kwake, nthawi yokumana nayo ndi mtundu wa nsomba. Zosakaniza zochiza Ich sizikhala ndi mawu omwewo, choncho onani botolo lenilenilo.	Si mankhwala a mafangasi a mazira.
Mitundu yosamva bwino mankhwala	Yerekezerani mtundu wa nsomba ndi msinkhu wake ndi zomwe zili pa lebo; buku la nsomba za aquarium limafotokoza mmene mungawunikire ngati zingagwiritsidwe ntchito limodzi.	Zimasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala: lebo yapano ya API imachepetsa mlingo ndi theka pa nsomba zopanda mamba, pamene Kordon imalola Rid-Ich Plus pa nsomba za loach ndi catfish koma imachenjeza kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mormyrids ndi stingray za m'madzi opanda mchere.	Kupirira kumadalira mtundu wa nsomba, osati kukhala ndi mamba. UF/IFAS imachenjeza mwachindunji kuti tetra zina sizipirira mchere bwino ndipo tetra ndi nsomba za elephant-nose siziyenera kusungidwa m'madzi amchere kwa nthawi yaitali.
Zamoyo zopanda msana ndi zomera	Imasokoneza kukula kwa zomera malinga ndi lebo; ngati ili yoyenera zamoyo zopanda msana ziyenera kufufuzidwa pa chinthu chilichonse.	Si yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma aquarium a miyala ya m'nyanja kapena zamoyo zopanda msana pokhapokha ngati dokotala wa zamoyo za m'madzi walamula; zomera zina zamoyo sizipirira.	Zomera sizingapirire mchere wa 4 mpaka 5 ppt wogwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza Ich, ndipo kupirira kwa zamoyo zopanda msana kumasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wawo ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere.
Fyuluta ya zamoyo	Musagwiritse ntchito m'makina odalira kusefa ndi zamoyo; imasokoneza mabakiteriya a nitrification. Kuchiza kuyenera kuchitikira mu thanki yopanda zokongoletsa yosungiramo nsomba zodwala kapena yoswetsera mazira; werengani buku la kugwirizana kwa thanki ndi zamoyo zake musanachize mu thanki yowonetsera yomwe ili ndi zamoyo.	Kordon imanena kuti Rid-Ich Plus sisokoneza kusefa ndi zamoyo ngati yagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira malangizo. Chotsani kaboni woyatsidwa panthawi yochiza ndi utoto uliwonse mwa iwiriyi.	Siipha zamoyo zonse za mu fyuluta, koma kuchuluka kwa mchere kumavutitsa makina a madzi opanda mchere; kukonza fyuluta ya zamoyo yomwe yalephera kumafunikirabe kusintha madzi ndi kukonza fyuluta, monga malangizo a Merck a zamankhwala a ziweto amatsindika.
Malamulo okhudza anthu ndi nsomba zodyedwa	Ndi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa nsomba zokongoletsa; osati nsomba zodyedwa.	Si yovomerezeka pa nsomba zodyedwa ku United States; malamulo a FDA oyang'anira katundu wolowa m'dziko amaona zotsalira za malachite green monga kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya, ndipo EU imakhazikitsa malire ochitirapo kanthu a 0.5 µg/kg a malachite green pamodzi ndi mtundu wake wotsalira. Gwirani mautoto mosamala ndipo muwasunge kutali ndi ana ndi malo okonzera chakudya.	Tsatirani njira zachizolowezi zosamalira mchere; chiopsezo chake ndi pa zamoyo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mchere, osati malamulo a zotsalira zake.

Kugwiritsa ntchito tebuloli posankha

Zochitika zinayi zofala zikusonyeza mmene mfundo za m'mizerezi zimagwirizanirana.

Mafangasi pa mazira. Iyi ndi ntchito imene methylene blue imadziwika nayo, yokhala ndi ndondomeko ya mazira pa lebo komanso mawu omveka kuti ndi yotetezeka pa mazira ndi ana aang'ono a nsomba. Mchere ulibe ntchito yofanana yolembedwa pa lebo. Malachite green yokha (chinthu cha Kordon chokhala ndi mankhwala amodzi ogwira ntchito) ilinso ndi malangizo a mafangasi a mazira pa lebo, koma zosakaniza zochiza Ich zilibe, choncho botolo limene muli nalo ndilo limatsimikiza. Tsimikizirani kaye kuti mazirawo anaphatikizidwa ndi umuna; palibe utoto umene ungapulumutse mazira osaphatikizidwa ndi umuna.

Matenda a madontho oyera (Ich). Zosakaniza za malachite green ndi zimene lebo zake zimatchula vutoli, ndipo mchere ungakhale chowonjezera pa magalamu 4 mpaka 5 pa lita kwa masiku 7 mpaka 10, koma pa mitundu ya nsomba yokha imene imapirira kuchuluka kwa mchere kumeneko komanso pa kutentha kumene malangizo a UF/IFAS a Ich amatchula. Methylene blue imatchula Ichthyophthirius pakati pa ntchito zake zachiwiri, koma mmene imagwirira ntchito ponseponse (kuwononga fyuluta ya zamoyo ndi kugwira ntchito pa mitundu yochepa ya tizilombo ta parasaiti) kumapangitsa kuti isakhale yoyenera kwambiri pa kufalikira kwa Ich mu thanki yowonetsera. Gwirizanitsani matenda amene apezeka ndi chinthu chimene ntchito yake yaikulu pa lebo imatchula matendawo.

Magazi a bulauni ndi poyizoni wa nitrite. Methylene blue imatchulidwa pa lebo monga chothandiza kubwezeretsa methemoglobin ku hemoglobin yonyamula okosijeni, pamene chloride ya mumchere imapikisana ndi nitrite polowa kudzera m'makutu opumira. Njira zimenezi zimathandizana, koma palibe imene imachotsa nitrite m'madzi. Poyizoni wa nitrite uyenera kufotokozedwa pawokha, posiyanitsa kuthandiza magazi ndi kukonza madzi (kusintha madzi ndi kukonza fyuluta) kumene kumathetsadi kukumana ndi nitrite.

Madontho osadziwika chifukwa chake, kudzipukuta pa zinthu kapena kufooka. Imani kaye. Buku la UF/IFAS la kasamalidwe ka thanzi la nsomba limaika kuyesa madzi (okosijeni wosungunuka m'madzi, ammonia, nitrite, pH) patsogolo pa mankhwala, chifukwa madzi osayenera angasonyeze zizindikiro zofanana ndi matenda a tizilombo ta parasaiti. Kuthira utoto pa vuto la ammonia kumathetsa nkhawa ya wosamalira, osati vuto la nsomba.

Chifukwa chake malachite green ili ndi zovuta zambiri

Osunga nsomba nthawi zina amafunsa chifukwa chake utoto umodzi umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse pa mazira, pamene winayo umachititsa kuyezetsa zotsalira zake pa madoko. Yankho lake ndi mmene thupi limasinthira mankhwalawo. Nsomba zimasintha malachite green kukhala leucomalachite green, mtundu wosungunuka m'mafuta umene umakhala m'minofu yodyedwa kwa masabata mpaka miyezi, ndipo kafukufuku wa FDA wa zotsalira amatsimikizira kukhalitsa kumeneku mu nsomba za trout ndi salmon. Khalidwe la zotsalirazi ndi limene linachititsa kuti malachite green isavomerezedwe konse pa nsomba zodyedwa komanso kuti EU iletse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pa nyama zopereka chakudya.

Kufotokoza nkhani ya khansa kumafuna kulondola. Zolemba zakale za mabungwe zimati malachite green ingayambitse khansa kapena ikuganiziridwa kuti ingasinthe majini; kuwunika kwapano kwa IARC kumaika malachite green yeniyeni mu Gulu 3 (sizingasankhidwe kuti ili m'gulu liti) ndipo mtundu wake wotsalira wa leucomalachite green mu Gulu 2B (mwina ungayambitse khansa), potengera umboni wa nyama. Palibe gulu limeneli limene limatanthauza kuti kuchiza Ich ya nsomba zokongoletsa kumaika munthu pa chiopsezo cha khansa, koma onse awiri amafotokoza chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito pa nsomba zodyedwa n'koletsedwa komanso chifukwa chake njira zosamala polemba pa lebo ziyenera kutsatiridwa m'malo mozinyalanyaza.

Kodi zingasakanizidwe?

Apa ndi pamene malangizo a m'mabwalo a pa intaneti amapitirira zimene malebo amanena. Umboni wake umagawika m'magulu atatu.

Choyamba, malachite green pamodzi ndi mchere zili ndi umboni wothandiza. Malangizo a API a mchere wa aquarium amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wake limodzi ndi mankhwala ake a Ich, ndipo UF/IFAS imanena kuti mchere nthawi zambiri umawonjezedwa m'makina amene akuchizidwa ndi formalin kuti athandize kupeza zotsatira zabwino. Izi zimathandizira lingalirolo pa zosakaniza zomwe zingagwirizane, osati botolo lililonse pa shelefu. Ich-X ya Hikari, yosakaniza formalin ndi malachite green, ili ndi malangizo otsutsana ndi amenewa: malangizo ake pa lebo amati isasakanizidwe ndi mchere kapena mankhwala ena. Choncho kugwirizana ndi mchere kumadalira chinthu chenichenicho, ndipo si lamulo la zonse.

Chachiwiri, mu kuwunika kumeneku palibe lebo kapena ndondomeko ya yunivesite yothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito methylene blue pamodzi ndi mchere. Palibe malangizo a Kordon kapena ndondomeko ya UF/IFAS kapena Merck imene imalimbikitsa kuchiza ndi methylene blue ndi mchere nthawi imodzi. Kusapezeka kwa ndondomeko sikutsimikizira kuti n'zovulaza, koma kumatanthauza kuti aliyense amene akugwiritsa ntchito zonse ziwirizi pamodzi akungoyesa popanda ndondomeko yoyesedwa, ndipo sayenera kunena kuti kusakaniza kumeneku ndi njira yotsimikizika.

Chachitatu, malebo ena amaletsa momveka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pamodzi. Kordon imalangiza ogwiritsa ntchito kuti asasakanize Rid-Ich Plus ndi mankhwala ena aliwonse. Chiganizo chimodzi chimenechi chimayankha mafunso ambiri akuti “kodi ndingawonjezere” pa chinthu chimenechi: ayi.

Lamulo limodzi limagwira ntchito pa zotsalazo. Vuto limodzi, lebo imodzi, ndondomeko imodzi ya kuchiza. Mautoto amachepetsa mpata wokhala ndi okosijeni wokwanira wosungunuka m'madzi (formalin imatero momveka), mchere umawonjezera ntchito yosamalira kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mchere m'thupi, ndipo nsomba zodwala zimakhala zikuvutika kale kupuma. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pamodzi kumawonjezera kuvutika ndipo kumapangitsa kuti pasakhale njira yodziwira chimene chayambitsa zotsatira zoipa. Malizani kapena siyani mwadongosolo ndondomeko imodzi, ndi kukonza madzi pakati pa kuyesa kulikonse, musanayambe ina.

Njira yosankhira

Tsatirani njira izi motsatizana pa matenda aliwonse omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi akunja kapena pa vuto la mazira.

Yesani madzi (okosijeni, ammonia, nitrite, pH) ndipo konzani kaye zida zimene zalephera, malinga ndi ndondomeko yosankhira zochita pa aquarium.
Tchulani vutolo molondola momwe mungathere: mafangasi a mazira, madontho oyera, magazi a bulauni pambuyo pa kukwera kwa nitrite, kapena vuto losadziwika. Kusadziwika kumatanthauza kufufuza matenda musanapereke mankhwala, mothandizidwa ndi dokotala wa zamoyo za m'madzi kapena katswiri wa thanzi la nsomba ngati vutolo likupitirirabe kapena ndi loopsa.
Sankhani chinthu chimene ntchito yake yaikulu pa lebo imatchula vutolo, kenako werengani zonse za pa botolo: kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, machenjezo a mitundu ya nsomba, mawu okhudza zamoyo zopanda msana ndi zomera, mawu okhudza fyuluta ya zamoyo, komanso zoletsa kusakaniza.
Chizani m'malo amene lebo imafuna. Methylene blue iyenera kukhala mu thanki yopanda zokongoletsa yosungiramo nsomba zodwala kapena yoswetsera mazira, kutali ndi kusefa kwa zamoyo; pa mankhwala a Ich, kaboni ayenera kuchotsedwa, mpweya uyenera kupezeka mokwanira, ndipo kusankha kutentha kuyenera kuganizira okosijeni.
Lembani chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchuluka kwake, voliyumu ya madzi yoyezedwa, nthawi ya kuchiza ndi zimene mwaona. Ngati kuchiza kwalephera, zolembazo ndi zimene katswiri adzafune, komanso ndi zimene zingalepheretse kuyesa kwina kubwereza cholakwika chomwecho pa mlingo wokulirapo.

Mabotolo atatu a pa shelefu si milingo itatu ya mphamvu ya mankhwala amodzi. Ndi mayankho a mafunso osiyanasiyana. Funsani funso loyenera kaye, ndipo nthawi zambiri kusankha kumakhala kosavuta.