Methylene blue pa ich, kuwola kwa zipsepse, ndi matenda a bowa: kuyerekeza umboni

Nsomba ikuonetsa madontho oyera. Madzi akusanduka abuluu. Madonthowo akuyamba kuvuta kuoneka, ndipo mwiniwake akuganiza kuti mankhwalawo agwira ntchito. Patapita masiku, nsombayo ikuipiraipira. Utotowo sunasinthe chilichonse pa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawo. Chomwe chasintha ndi mmene zikuonekera basi.

Cholakwikachi chimabwerezabwereza chifukwa matenda angapo amakhala ndi zizindikiro zooneka zofanana: madontho oyera, zigamba zotuwa, zipsepse zong'ambika, ndi timagulu tofanana ndi thonje. Zotsatira za kufufuza pa intaneti zimaperekabe utotowo ngati yankho la bala lililonse. Koma tizilombo toyambitsa matendawo n'kosiyanasiyana. Protozoa yokhala ndi timatsitsi, nkhungu ya m'madzi, bakiteriya wa Gram-negative, dinoflagellate, ndi nyongolotsi yathyathyathya sizifanana kwenikweni kupatula kuwononga khungu, zipsepse, kapena makutu opumira a nsomba. Utoto umene umagwiradi ntchito koma pa zinthu zochepa sungathetse zonse zisanuzi. Dongosolo lothandiza ndi kuzindikira matenda kaye, kenako tizilombo toyambitsa matendawo ndi gawo la moyo wawo, kenako mankhwala, ndipo potsiriza lebo ya mankhwalawo. Zonse zomwe zili pansipa zikutsatira dongosololi.

Kumene umboni uli wamphamvu kwambiri: mazira ndi nkhungu za m'madzi

Kugwiritsa ntchito methylene blue m'thanki ya nsomba kumene kuli ndi umboni wamphamvu kwambiri ndi kuteteza mazira a nsomba ku nkhungu za m'madzi, makamaka Saprolegnia ndi Achlya. Zimenezi ndi oomycetes, nkhungu za m'madzi osati bowa weniweni, ndipo zimayamba kumera pa mazira akufa kapena owonongeka ndi pa mabala zisanayambe kufalikira ku ena oyandikana nawo. Kafukufuku woyesera wokhala ndi gulu loyerekezera anapeza kuti 3 mg/L inawonjezera kuswa kwa mazira a angelfish ndi black-skirt tetra, koma zebrafish sizinapindule. Choncho mmene mlingo umagwirira ntchito zimadalira mtundu wa nsomba, osati kuti zimafanana pa zonse. Nkhani yonseyi yafotokozedwa mwachidule mu ndemanga yaposachedwa ya kafukufuku wa mankhwala a matenda a nsomba zokongoletsera.

Mabala ooneka ngati thonje omwe ali pamwamba pa khungu la nsomba zazikulu ali ndi umboni wocheperapo. Methylene blue imagwiradi ntchito polimbana ndi nkhungu za m'madzi pamalo osaphimbidwa, ndipo malangizo ambiri okhudza methylene blue pa nsomba za m'mathanki amaika patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito pa mazira ndi pamwamba pa thupi. Njira zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osweretsa mazira zimatsatiranso mfundo yomweyi, monga zafotokozedwera mu methylene blue pa mazira a nsomba ndi m'malo osweretsa mazira. Koma timagulu tofanana ndi thonje nthawi zambiri timabwera pambuyo pa vuto lina. Timamera pamene bala, kulumidwa ndi tizilombo, madzi osaoneka bwino pa khalidwe lake, kapena bala loyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya zatsegula kale khungu. Kuchiza timaguluto koma kunyalanyaza kuwonongeka komwe kuli pansi pake kumachititsa kuti vutolo libwererenso.

Ich ya m'madzi opanda mchere: thandizo lochepa lodalira gawo la moyo

Matenda a madontho oyera a m'madzi opanda mchere amayambitsidwa ndi Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, tizilombo tokhala ndi timatsitsi tomwe timalowa m'khungu, m'zipsepse, ndi m'makutu opumira. Magawo okhwima omwe amadya amakhala aakulu, pafupifupi theka la milimita mpaka milimita imodzi, kotero chizindikiro chake chodziwika bwino chimaoneka ngati timbewu ta mchere tosiyana. Zolemba za utumiki wa yunivesite wopereka malangizo kwa anthu zokhudza moyo wa ich ya m'madzi opanda mchere ndi mfundo zochizira zimafotokoza moyo wa tizilomboti ndipo zimatsindika kuyang'ana zitsanzo za khungu kapena makutu opumira ndi maikulosikopu m'malo mongoganizira potengera madontho okha.

Methylene blue ili ndi mphamvu zina zolimbana ndi protozoa imeneyi, ndipo malebo a opanga amaphatikiza Ichthyophthirius pa ntchito zina zowonjezera. Ndemanga yaposachedwa ya kafukufuku imanena kuti panali kupambana pang'ono pamene methylene blue inaphatikizidwa ndi mchere pa mlamba womwe unali ndi tizilombo tambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wa mmene utotowo umalowera anapeza kuti sungaphe ma trophont odya omwe anali otsekeredwa m'khungu. Zotsatira ziwirizi zikusonyeza malire ake: ikhoza kugwira ntchito pa magawo oyenda momasuka osaphimbidwa, koma imagwira ntchito mofooka pa gawo lodya lotetezedwa lomwe lili mkati mwa minofu yophimba thupi. Choncho chithandizo chiyenera kupitirira m'magawo a moyo wa tizilomboti m'malo mongotha pamene madontho sakuwonekanso. Malangizo ovomerezeka a utumiki wa akatswiri amadalira njira za formalin, mkuwa, ndi kusintha kuchuluka kwa mchere m'madzi m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito methylene blue yokha.

Madontho oyera a m'madzi a m'nyanja amayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo tina, Cryptocaryon irritans, ndipo umboni wake ndi wocheperapo. Mndandanda wakale wa mankhwala umatchula methylene blue kuti inkapambana mosiyanasiyana, koma malangizo amakono a akatswiri okhudza kuzindikira ndi kuchiza madontho oyera a m'madzi a m'nyanja amaika patsogolo njira za mkuwa, kuchepetsa mchere m'madzi, chloroquine, ndi formalin, ndipo mkuwa umasungidwa pa kuchuluka kwa ayoni omasuka komwe kumayesedwa kwa milungu. Kuviika nsomba m'madzi a methylene blue sikufanana ndi kuchotsa Cryptocaryon m'dongosolo lonse.

Kuwola kwa zipsepse: chipsepse chong'ambika sichitanthauza matenda nthawi zonse

Kuwola kwa zipsepse ndi gulu la zizindikiro, osati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tamtundu umodzi. Mabakiteriya a Gram-negative omwe amapezerapo mwayi, kuphatikiza mitundu ya Pseudomonas ndi Aeromonas, amalowa m'zipsepse zomwe zawonongeka kale chifukwa cha madzi osayenera, kulimbana, kapena kugwiridwa. Malangizo a zachipatala cha zinyama okhudza matenda a nsomba oyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya amatchula zinthu zomwezi zomwe zimapangitsa nsomba kukhala pangozi ndipo amalimbikitsa kukulitsa mabakiteriya mu labotale ndi kuyesa mankhwala omwe angawaphe pamene chithandizo cholimbana ndi tizilombo chikufunika.

Palibe mayeso okhutiritsa omwe asonyeza kuti methylene blue ndi antibayotiki yochizira kuwola kwa zipsepse komwe kwayamba kale. Kafukufuku wina wa goldfish amene nthawi zambiri amatanthauziridwa molakwika anaika nsomba mu methylene blue kwa milungu zisanapatsidwe mabakiteriya, ndipo anapeza kusintha kwa chitetezo cha m'thupi ndi mmene zinapulumukira pambuyo pake. Umenewo ndi kafukufuku wa mmene thupi limakonzekeretsedwera pasadakhale, osati mayeso ochizira zipsepse zowola. Kung'ambika kwatsopano kopanda matenda komwe sikupitiriza kuwonongeka madzi atakonzedwa ndi nsomba inzake yoluma itachotsedwa m'thanki kunali kuwonongeka chifukwa cha kuvulala. Kuchepa kwa chipsepse kosalekeza pamodzi ndi kusintha mtundu, kutupa chifukwa cha kutupa kwa minofu, zilonda, kapena kutayika kwa minofu kumasonyeza matenda ndipo kumafuna kuzindikira kwake ndi chithandizo cholunjika.

Tebulo loyerekezera

Kusiyanitsa matendawa musanapereke mankhwala

Maonekedwe anayi amasokonezedwa kwambiri. Kukula kwake kumathandiza. Madontho a ich ndi timbewu tokwezeka tosiyana tomwe timaoneka payekhapayekha. Velvet imaoneka ngati fumbi lofewa kapena kuwala kwa mtundu wa golide wofiirira, ndipo kachidutswa kalikonse ndi kakang'ono kwambiri; ma trophont a velvet ya m'madzi a m'nyanja amakhala, pa avareji, ochepa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi kukula kwa ich. Nkhungu za m'madzi zimatuluka pamwamba pa thupi: zimakhala ngati ulusi wa thonje woyimirira kuchokera pamwamba. Columnaris imapanga zigamba zoyera zachikasu zokhala ngati ulusi kapena zoterera zomwe zimaoneka ngati bowa mwachinyengo, koma zikapakidwa pa chitsanzo chonyowa zimaoneka ngati magulu a mabakiteriya.

Malo ndi khalidwe la nsomba zimawonjezera chidziwitso. Ich imakonda khungu, zipsepse, ndi makutu opumira, ndipo ich ya m'madzi a m'nyanja ingabisale m'makutu opumira popanda madontho aliwonse ooneka. Velvet imawononga kwambiri makutu opumira, choncho kupuma mofulumira pamodzi ndi kudzipukuta pa zinthu kumapangitsa velvet kukhala imodzi mwa matenda oyamba kuganiziridwa. Nkhungu za m'madzi zimayamba pa mabala ndi mazira akufa, choncho zikapezeka muyenera kufunsa chimene chinavulaza pamwambapo. Columnaris imawononga khungu, makutu opumira, ndi zipsepse ndipo ingawononge minofu mofulumira.

Chomwe chimathetsa kusagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyang'ana ndi maikulosikopu: chitsanzo chonyowa cha khungu, chipsepse, kapena makutu opumira chosonyeza tizilombo tokhala ndi timatsitsi, ma trophont a dinoflagellate, nthambi za nkhungu za m'madzi, kapena magulu a mabakiteriya okhala ngati ulusi a columnaris. Musanachite zonsezi, yesani ammonia, nitrite, kutentha, pH, ndi mpweya wa oxygen wosungunuka m'madzi, komanso kuchuluka kwa mchere m'madongosolo a m'madzi a m'nyanja. Madzi osayenera amatha kuoneka ngati matenda komanso kulola matenda ena kuti abwere pambuyo pake, ndipo kenako utotowo umaimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cholephera kuwachiza.

Zinthu zisanu pamene utoto si yankho loyenera

Velvet imafuna mkuwa, osati madzi abuluu. Pali malipoti akale a kuika nsomba m'madzi a mankhwala pa velvet ya m'madzi opanda mchere, koma umboniwo ndi wakale komanso wochepa, ndipo mkuwa uli ndi umboni wamphamvu kwambiri. Pa velvet ya m'madzi a m'nyanja, malangizo amakono a akatswiri amafotokoza formalin, peroxide, kuviika mwachidule, mkuwa, ndi chloroquine, ndipo chithandizo chimabwerezedwa chifukwa gawo lotsekeredwa m'chophimba limakana chithandizo.

Nyongolotsi za fluke zimafuna mankhwala opha nyongolotsi. Monogenean ndi nyongolotsi zathyathyathya zokhala ndi maselo ambiri, ndipo mphamvu ya methylene blue yolimbana ndi protozoa siigwira pa izo. Malangizo a akatswiri amatchula praziquantel ngati chithandizo chosankhidwa pa nsomba zokongoletsera, nthawi zambiri poika nsomba m'madzi a mankhwala kwa nthawi yaitali pa kuchuluka kwa mg/L kwa manambala ang'onoang'ono a nambala imodzi, potsatira zofunikira zoyenera za zachipatala cha zinyama ndi malamulo.

Columnaris imafuna kafukufuku wa mabakiteriya, osati utoto. Flavobacterium columnare ndi bakiteriya wa Gram-negative amene amatha kuwononga minofu mofulumira, makamaka m'makutu opumira. Mphamvu yochepetsa tizilombo pamwamba pa thupi siifanana ndi kuchiza matenda a mabakiteriya omwe akukulirakulira. Ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo pa columnaris m'kuweta nsomba kumadalira mankhwala osankhidwa potengera kuzindikira matenda ndi kuyesa mmene mabakiteriyawo amamvera mankhwala, osati kungopereka mankhwala kunyumba mosasamala.

Dropsy si matenda oti mungowapezera mankhwala amodzi. Kuoneka ngati chipatso cha paini kumasonyeza kudzikundikira kwa madzi komwe kungakhale ndi zifukwa zambiri: kulephera kwa ziwalo, matenda ofalikira m'thupi, matenda a mtima, kapena kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa khungu lophimba thupi. Nkhani ya dokotala wa zinyama yofotokoza chifukwa chake dropsy ilibe mankhwala amodzi ochiritsa imanena mfundo imeneyi mwachindunji. Kuchiza kutupa popanda kuzindikira dongosolo la thupi lomwe lalephera kumawononga nthawi yomwe chithandizo chogwira ntchito chikanaperekedwa.

Zizindikiro za chikhodzodzo cha mpweya zimakhala cholakwika chofanana chotenga chizindikiro ngati matenda, koma pali chosiyana chimodzi chophunzitsa. Kuyandama mosayenera kungachokere ku kapangidwe ka thupi, chakudya, kudzimbidwa, kuvulala, matenda, kukanikizidwa ndi ziwalo, kapena zinthu za mankhwala zomwe zili m'madzi. Methylene blue sichiza chilichonse mwa zimenezi mwachindunji. Chosiyana ndi poizoni wa nitrite: nitrite imasintha hemoglobin kukhala methemoglobin kudzera mu oxidation, ndipo methemoglobin sunganyamule oxygen; nsomba zomwe zakhudzidwa zingasambe mosayenera. Kafukufuku wa maselo ofiira a m'magazi a trout amasonyeza njira yothandizidwa ndi methylene blue ya kubwezeretsa methemoglobin m'magazi a nsomba, ndipo kafukufuku woyesera pa steelhead anapeza kuti kuchuluka kochepa kwa methylene blue kunachepetsa poizoni wa nitrite wobwera mwadzidzidzi. Zimenezo zimachiza poizoni, monga zafotokozedwera mu methylene blue ndi poizoni wa nitrite mu nsomba, osati chikhodzodzo cha mpweya chowonongeka.

Zimene malebo amanenadi

Malebo a mankhwala amasiyana kwambiri kuposa mmene mawu achidule otsatsa amasonyezera, ndipo lebo yokhala ndi malire omveka kwambiri ndiyo imapereka chidziwitso chothandiza kwambiri. Lebo ya methylene blue ya Kordon imatchula matenda a bowa a pamwamba, bowa pa mazira, kugwiritsa ntchito kowonjezera polimbana ndi protozoa zina zakunja kuphatikiza Ichthyophthirius, ndi kuthandiza pa poizoni wa cyanide ndi nitrite. Kenako imanena momveka bwino kuti mankhwalawo sanapangidwe kuchizira Oodinium, matenda a mabakiteriya, nyongolotsi za fluke, kapena matenda a bowa a pakatikati mpaka aakulu. Zinthu zomwe sizikuphatikizidwa zimenezi zikuletsa ndendende kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira malire komwe nkhaniyi ikuchenjeza.

Tsamba la chidziwitso cha methylene blue ya Fritz lilinso ndi malire ofanana: kupewa ndi kuteteza ku matenda a bowa a pamwamba, kuteteza mazira, kugwiritsa ntchito kowonjezera pa protozoa kuphatikiza ich ya m'madzi opanda mchere, ndi njira zonse ziwiri za kuchuluka kochepa kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kuviika mwachidule pa kuchuluka kwakukulu. Tsamba la methylene blue la NT Labs limanena ntchito zambiri, kuphatikiza zizindikiro za mabakiteriya monga zipsepse zowola ndi zilonda. Zonena zambiri zimenezo ndi zonena za wopanga, ndipo umboni wodziimira pawokha sunatsimikizire kuti methylene blue ndi chithandizo chodalirika cha kuwola kwa zipsepse koyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya kapena columnaris. Choncho malebo okhala ndi malire ochepa amagwirizana bwino ndi zolemba za kafukufuku.

Mankhwala ophatikizidwa amawonjezera msampha wina. Mankhwala omwe amatchula methylene blue limodzi ndi acriflavine, ethacridine, methyl orange, kapena mankhwala ena olimbana ndi tizilombo tingatchule kuchiza madontho oyera kapena velvet, koma ntchito zimenezo ndi za kusakanizako, osati methylene blue yokha. Kuwerenga mndandanda wa zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira ntchito kumalepheretsa kuyamika utotowo chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe yachitidwa ndi zinthu zina zomwe uli nazo.

Kuigwiritsa ntchito popanda kuwononga thanki

Methylene blue iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'thanki yopanda zokongoletsa yochizira kapena yosungiramo nsomba zodwala, osati m'thanki yokongoletsera yomwe dongosolo lake lakhazikika kale. Lebo ya Kordon imachenjeza kuti imasokoneza mabakiteriya a mu fyuluta omwe amasintha ammonia kukhala nitrite ndi nitrate komanso kukula kwa zomera, imalowerera m'miyala, m'korali, ndi m'matabwa, imasiya mtundu pa silicone, ndipo imachotsedwa ndi kaboni wotsegulidwa. Opanga ena amaperekanso machenjezo omwewo: chotsani kaboni panthawi ya chithandizo, yembekezerani kuti zomera ndi nyama zopanda msana zingakhudzidwe mosavuta, ndipo sankhani kuviika m'madzi a mankhwala m'thanki yopatula nsomba. Milingo yofalitsidwa ndi zitsanzo za pa malebo, osati malangizo oyenera pa chilichonse, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'mabotolo kumasiyana malinga ndi mtundu: kukhala kwa nthawi yaitali pa kuchuluka kochepa kwa pafupifupi 3 mg/L kwa masiku angapo, kuchiza mazira pa pafupifupi 3 mg/L mpaka ataswa, ndi kuviika mwachidule kwambiri pa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa pafupifupi 50 mg/L kwa masekondi. Kukhala mu mankhwalawo kwa nthawi yaitali sikuli kopanda vuto; kukhala kwa milungu ingapo pa 2 mg/L kunabweretsa mavuto a kukula ndi a magazi mu goldfish.

Mfundo yosankhira yomwe imakhalabe yolondola pa zonsezi ndi yachidule. Zindikirani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena vomerezani kuti chifukwa cha chizindikirocho sichinasiyanitsidwebe. Sankhani mankhwala oyenerana ndi tizilomboto: utoto pa mazira ndi nkhungu za m'madzi zosaphimbidwa, njira zoganizira magawo a moyo pa ich, mkuwa pa velvet, praziquantel pa nyongolotsi za fluke, mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo osankhidwa potengera kuzindikira matenda pa columnaris, ndi kufufuza dongosolo la thupi lomwe likulephera pa dropsy ndi mavuto a kuyandama. Gwiritsani ntchito methylene blue pa ntchito zomwe zili ndi umboni, m'thanki yochizira, potsatira lebo, mutakonza khalidwe la madzi kaye.