Methyl blue si methylene blue: manambala a CAS, kapangidwe, ndi ntchito zake

Mabotolo awiri ali patebulo la labotale. Limodzi lalembedwa methyl blue. Lina lalembedwa methylene blue. Wowerenga wotopa amaona mawu omwewo kawiri. Koma pa zamankhwala, awa ndi mamolekyu awiri osiyana.

Uku ndi kusokonezeka kwa mayina komwe kumakhala ndi zotsatira pa ntchito. Mukaitanitsa utoto wolakwika, kupaka utoto kumachita mosiyana, chizindikiro cha redox sichimaoneka konse, kapena chosakaniza chimakhala ndi mankhwala amene palibe amene anatsimikizira kuti ndi oyenera. Njira yothetsera izi ndi yosavuta: tengani dzina lodziwika ngati lokuthandizani kuzindikira, koma gwiritsani ntchito chizindikiritso posankha. Choyamba, tsimikizirani nambala ya CAS, nambala ya Colour Index, ndi mtundu wake malinga ndi madzi ophatikizidwa m'kapangidwe kake.

Yankho lachidule

Methylene blue ndi utoto wa phenothiazine wokhala ndi ayoni a chaji yabwino komanso molekyu yaing'ono, C.I. 52015. Kapangidwe kake kali ndi mbali yopereka mtundu yokhala ndi mphete zitatu zoyandikana komanso magulu awiri a dimethylamino. Methyl blue ndi utoto wa triarylmethane wokhala ndi ayoni a chaji yoipa komanso molekyu yaikulu, C.I. 42780, wopangidwa kuchokera ku magawo a triphenylmethane okhala ndi magulu a sulfonate. Mitundu yawo ndi yofanana ndipo amagawana gawo la dzina. Pafupifupi palibe china chimene amagawana.

Toluidine blue O ili pafupi kwambiri ndi methylene blue. Zonsezi ndi utoto wa thiazine wokhala ndi ayoni a chaji yabwino, koma toluidine blue O ili ndi gulu limodzi la amino komanso gulu la methyl lolowa m'malo pa mphete pomwe methylene blue ili ndi gulu lake lachiwiri la dimethylamino. Kusintha kochepaku kumasuntha pachimake pa kuyamwa kuwala kwake komanso kumasintha zinthu zimene imakonda kupaka utoto, choncho nawonso sangathe kulowetsana m'malo.

Tebulo la zizindikiritso: tsimikizirani mfundozi pa oda iliyonse

Mayina a m'makatalogu amasinthasintha. Ogulitsa amagwiritsanso ntchito mayina ena a chinthu chimodzi mosasamala. Mfundo zili m'munsizi sizisinthasintha, ndipo satifiketi yodalirika ya zotsatira za kusanthula imazilemba. PubChem imalemba methylene blue monga methylthioninium chloride, C.I. Basic Blue 9, ndipo ichi ndi chizindikiritso choyambira cha zonse zotsatirazi.

Mfundo ziwiri m'tebuloli zimayambitsa zolakwa zambiri pogula. Choyamba, methylene blue ili ndi manambala angapo a CAS a mitundu yake yokhala ndi madzi osiyanasiyana m'kapangidwe kake. Nambala ya 122965-43-9 imasonyeza mtundu wokhala ndi madzi ochuluka osatchulidwa, osati mtundu wokhala ndi mamolekyu atatu a madzi (7220-79-3), monga momwe kufananitsa zizindikiritso m'chikalata cha USP kumalembera. Kuyeza kulemera pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera kwa fomula yolakwika kumasintha mosazindikira ndende zonse zimene zidzawerengedwe pambuyo pake. Chachiwiri, mndandanda wa mayina ena a toluidine blue O wa wogulitsa wina uli ndi mawu akuti Methylene Blue T50. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kufufuza m'katalogu pogwiritsa ntchito dzina lokha kungakupatseni utoto wolakwika kwathunthu.

Kapangidwe kamafotokoza mmene utoto umachitira

Yerekezani mbali ziwiri zopereka mtundu zili pafupi, ndipo kusokonezeka kumatha. Pakatikati pa methylene blue pali kapangidwe ka phenothiazinium: mphete zitatu zolumikizana, zokhala ndi sulfure ndi nayitrogeni mu mphete yapakati, komanso gulu la dimethylamino kumapeto kulikonse. Mtundu wake umachokera ku ayoni ya methylthioninium ya chaji yabwino yotsagana ndi ayoni ya chloride ya chaji yoipa. Ndi yaing'ono, yafulati, ili ndi chaji yabwino, ndipo imatha kugwirizana mosavuta ndi mbali za maselo zokhala ndi chaji yoipa.

Methyl blue ili ndi kulemera pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri ndi theka. Mtundu wake umachokera ku maziko a triphenylmethane okhala ndi magulu a anilino phenyl okhala ndi sulfonate, ndipo imaperekedwa monga mchere wokhala ndi maayoni awiri a sodium. Magulu a sulfonate amenewa amaipanga kukhala utoto wa asidi wokhala ndi ayoni a chaji yoipa, kotero chaji yake ndi yosiyana ndipo kukonda kwake minofu ina ndi kosiyana kwathunthu. Pamene methylene blue imalowa m'maselo ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa kusinthana kwa redox, methyl blue imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka kolajeni ndi minofu yolumikiza, komanso monga Cotton Blue pokonza zitsanzo za bowa, monga m'njira zogwiritsira ntchito lactophenol cotton blue. Kulowetsa imodzi m'malo mwa ina sikupereka zotsatira zomwezo zofooka. Kumapanga kuyesa kosiyana.

Toluidine blue O imasunga kapangidwe koyambira ka phenothiazinium, choncho mmene imachitira kumafanana ndi methylene blue koma sikuli chimodzimodzi. Kuyamwa kwake kuwala kumafika pachimake pafupi ndi 626 nm, pamene kwa methylene blue kumakhala pafupifupi 660 mpaka 665 nm. Kupaka kwake mbali za minofu zokhala ndi asidi ndi mtundu wosiyana ndi mtundu wa utotowo, monga tinthu ta m'maselo a mast, mucin, minofu ya chichereŵechereŵe, ndi zinthu zokhala ndi ma nucleic acid ambiri, kumatsatira kusankha kwake komwe kwalongosoledwa m'ndemanga za kafukufuku wa minofu. Labotale yolowetsa TBO m'malo mwa methylene blue iyenera kuyembekezera kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a kuyamwa kuwala ndi kusiyana kwa kuonekera kwa mbali za chitsanzo, osati cholowa m'malo chotsika mtengo.

Ntchito yeniyeni ya utoto uliwonse

Methylene blue inayamba ngati utoto wa nsalu, kenako inagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira mabakiteriya, magazi, ndi poyang'ana zitsanzo ndi maikulosikopu. Kusintha kumeneku kwafotokozedwa mwachidule m'zolemba za mbiri yake. Ntchito yake yachiwiri ndi ya zamankhwala: mtundu wake wotaya maelekitironi ndi wabuluu, ndipo leucomethylene blue yolandira maelekitironi imakhala pafupifupi yopanda mtundu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chizindikiro cha redox chogwira ntchito. Ntchito yake yachitatu ndi yopanga mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala. Methylthioninium chloride ndi mankhwala operekedwa ndi chilolezo cha dokotala otchedwa PROVAYBLUE, ovomerezeka pochiza methemoglobinemia yopezeka pambuyo pobadwa. Ntchito ya kuchipatala imeneyi ndi yomwe imapangitsa zofunika za kuyera kwake kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa za utoto wopaka zitsanzo kapena nsalu. Mmene methylene blue imagwirira ntchito ngati utoto wa redox imafotokoza njira yomwe imathandiza ntchito zimenezi.

Methyl blue sinadutse njira imeneyo. Imakhalabe utoto wa mapepala, nsalu, zikopa, ndi zitsanzo zoyang'anidwa ndi maikulosikopu: utoto wovomerezeka wopaka kolajeni m'njira za mtundu wa Mallory zoyang'ana minofu yolumikiza, cholowa m'malo mwa fast green m'njira zosiyanasiyana za Gomori trichrome, komanso utoto wa bowa pophunzira bowa. Zinthu zina za methyl blue zimakhala ndi malire owonetsera pH pafupifupi 9.4 mpaka 14. Palibe mwa izi chimene chimaipanga kukhala mankhwala ochizira a redox, ndipo palibe satifiketi ya kupaka utoto yomwe ingaisinthe kukhala mankhwala oterowo.

Toluidine blue O makamaka ndi utoto wa zitsanzo za zamoyo womwe umatha kupereka mtundu wosiyana ndi mtundu wa utotowo. Umagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira minofu ndi tizilombo tating'ono, komanso padera ngati utoto wa kuchipatala wopaka minofu yamoyo kuti uthandize kuonetsa malire a zilonda zokayikitsa m'kamwa asanatenge chitsanzo cha minofu. Ndi chothandizira kusankha malo otengera zitsanzo za minofu, osati cholowa m'malo mwa kufufuza matenda poyang'ana minofu. Aliyense woyerekezera toluidine blue ndi methylene blue pofuna kufufuza matenda kapena kupanga chosakaniza ayenera kuyerekeza mawonekedwe a kuyamwa kuwala, minofu yomwe utotowo umalunjika, ndi zikalata za mulingo wa ubwino wake, osati mayina.

Mayina ofanana omwe amasokoneza ogula

Mayina ena atatu ayenera kuikidwa pa mndandanda wa zoyenera kutsimikizira. New Methylene Blue N si methylene blue. Ndi C.I. 52030 (CAS 1934-16-3), phenothiazine yokhala ndi magulu a ethyl komanso magulu a methyl pa mphete, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira minofu ndi magazi. Njira zopaka utoto ndi new methylene blue zimapezeka m'zolemba zake zosiyana. Azure B ili pafupi kwambiri: ndi yofanana ndi methylene blue koma yachotsedwa gulu limodzi la methyl pa N (CAS 531-55-5, C.I. 52010). Imakhalanso chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangidwa pamene thupi lisintha methylene blue, komanso chinthu chosafunika chopezeka mu methylene blue chomwe chalembedwa m'mabuku. N'chifukwa chake pulogalamu ya USP imagwirizanitsa chinthu choyerekezera cha methylene blue ndi muyezo wa Azure B. Ubale wa ziwirizi, komanso kufunika kofufuza mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosafunika, ukufotokozedwa mu Azure B monga chinthu chosafunika ndi chopangidwa ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala m'thupi. Crystal violet, yomwe nthawi zina imagulitsidwa ndi dzina lake lakale lakuti gentian violet, ndi utoto wa triarylmethane (CAS 548-62-9, C.I. 42555) wopanda mphete ya thiazine konse.

Tsimikizirani chizindikiritso musanapereke ndalama

Zofunikira zogulira zokhazikika zimatchula mankhwala enieni, nambala ya CAS, nambala ya C.I., mtundu wake malinga ndi madzi ophatikizidwa m'kapangidwe kake, ndi mulingo wa ubwino wake. Kenako zimatsimikizira zimenezi ndi satifiketi ya zotsatira za kusanthula, osati chizindikiro chakutsogolo kwa botolo. Pachimake pa kuyamwa kuwala ndi njira yachangu yotsimikizira paokha: methylene blue pafupi ndi 665 nm, toluidine blue O pafupi ndi 626 nm, methyl blue pafupi ndi 595 mpaka 605 nm m'malo a asidi omwe atchulidwa kuti iyenera kuyesedwa. Pachimake pakakhala pamalo olakwika, zimatanthauza kuti utotowo ndi wolakwika, mosasamala kanthu za zimene botolo likunena.

Zikalata za mulingo wa ubwino zimayankha funso losiyana ndi la chizindikiritso cha mankhwala. Kuvomerezedwa ndi Biological Stain Commission kumayesa gulu linalake lopangidwa nthawi imodzi kuti litsimikizire kuchuluka kwa utoto ndi mmene limapakira zitsanzo. Izi n'zofunika pamene cholinga ndi kupeza zotsatira zofanana nthawi zonse popaka utoto. Kutsatira miyezo ya USP kumakhudza chizindikiritso cha mankhwala, kuyera, zinthu zosafunika za organic, zosungunulira zotsalira, zinthu zosafunika za maelementi, ndi kuwongolera tizilombo tating'ono. Izi n'zofunika pamene chinthucho chidzalowetsedwa m'thupi. Mapulogalamu awiriwa ali ndi zolinga zina zofanana koma amasiyana pa zomwe amayesa, choncho satifiketi imodzi siingalowe m'malo mwa ina.

Apa ndi pamene kugula chinthu cha ubwino kumakhala ndi tanthauzo looneka. Kuyera kwakukulu n'kofunika chifukwa methylene blue yosatsatira USP nthawi zambiri imakhala ya mulingo wa utoto wa nsalu, yokhala ndi zinthu zosafunika monga Azure B, zitsulo zolemera, kapena zosungunulira zotsalira zomwe palibe njira yopaka utoto imafufuza. Ogulitsa ambiri amene amanena kuti amatsatira USP amayesa zitsulo zolemera zokha n'kunena kuti akwaniritsa zonse. Kutsatira miyezo yonse kumaphatikizapo chizindikiritso, kuyesa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala enieni, zinthu zosafunika za organic, zosungunulira zotsalira, zinthu zosafunika za maelementi, zotsalira pambuyo potentha, malire a tizilombo tating'ono, ndi ma endotoxin a mabakiteriya. Nkhani ya mmene mungasankhire methylene blue ya mulingo wopangira mankhwala imafotokoza mmene mungawerengere zikalata zimenezo. Blupreme imagwira ntchito ndi wopanga methylene blue wa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala, imayesa zofunikira zonse za USP, ndipo imafalitsa COA yonse. Imeneyi ndi njira yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito kusamala potsimikizira chizindikiritso komwe nkhaniyi ikulimbikitsa.