Kusungunuka kwa methylene blue m'madzi ndi kupanga osakaniza kuchokera ku ufa

Akatswiri awiri a labotale aliyense amapanga osakaniza a methylene blue a 1 peresenti kuchokera ku ufa. Woyamba amayeza kulemera kwa 1.00 gramu ndipo amawonjezera madzi m'botolo la labotale mpaka voliyumu ikhale 100 mL. Wachiwiri amayeza kulemera kwa 1.00 gramu, amawonjezera ufawo ku 100 mL ya madzi, ndipo amaona kuti wamaliza. Katswiri wachitatu amayeza kulemera kwa 1.00 gramu ya gulu lina lopangidwa ndipo amapeza mulingo wosiyana womwe ungayesedwe. Mabotolo onse atatu ali ndi zilembo zofanana. Palibe limene lili ndi zomwe zalembedwa pa chizindikiro chake ndendende, ndipo kusiyanako kumachokera ku mfundo zitatu zomwe n'zosavuta kusokoneza: kuchuluka komwe madzi osungunulira angalandire, chimene ufa woyezedwa kulemera kwake uli kwenikweni, ndi chimene peresentiyo ikunena.

Kalozerayu ndi wa kukonza osakaniza a labotale okha: utoto wodetsera zitsanzo, zinthu zosonyeza kusintha kwa mankhwala, osakaniza oyambira a kusanthula, ndi osakaniza ochepetsedwa mulingo oti agwiritsidwe ntchito. Si malangizo opangira mankhwala omwa kapena obaya, ndipo milingo yomwe ili pano siyenera kutengedwa ngati mlingo wa mankhwala operekedwa.

Chimene kusungunuka kumakhazikitsa, ndi chimene sikumakhazikitsa

Methylene blue imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi poyerekeza ndi utoto wina. Mbiri ya methylene blue pa PubChem imafotokoza pafupifupi 43.6 magalamu pa lita pa 25 C, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi 4.36 magalamu pa 100 mL, kapena 4.36 peresenti w/v. Kafukufuku wina wodziimira yekha amene anadikira mpaka kusungunuka kukhazikike pa kutentha komweko anayeza 43.21 g/L ndipo anatsimikizira kuti mtengo wakalewo unali wolondola mkati mwa kusiyana komwe kungachitike poyesa.

Nambalayo ndi malire apamwamba, osati mulingo woti mufikire. Osakaniza oyambira a 1 peresenti ali ndi 10 g/L, osakwana gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a malirewo. Osakaniza oyambira a 0.1 peresenti ali ndi 1 g/L, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo makumi anayi a malirewo. Ngati osakaniza a 1 peresenti akusiyabe zinthu zolimba pambuyo posakaniza moyenera pa kutentha kwa m'chipinda, vuto silikhala malire a kusungunuka pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri chimakhala kusanyowa kwathunthu, madzi ozizira, zotupa za ufa zomwe zikufunika nthawi yaitali, kapena chinthu chosungunuka chomwe chinadziwika molakwika. Madzi ofunda ndi kusonkhezera zimathetsa ambiri mwa mavutowa. Ngati munagwiritsa ntchito kutenthetsa, lolani botolo libwerere ku kutentha komwe linayesedwera voliyumu yake musanaliwonjezere madzi mpaka voliyumu yomaliza.

Kusungunuka m'madzi ena osungunulira kumakhala kochepa ndipo ziwerengero zake zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa magwero, chifukwa china n'chakuti mtundu wa hydrate wa zinthu zomwe zinayesedwa umasiyana. Madzi ndiwo osungunulira oyerekezera pa osakaniza oyambira omwe amakonzedwa kawirikawiri m'labotale. Ethanol imasungunula utotowo koma imalandira wochepa kwambiri kuposa madzi, chloroform imasungunulanso utotowo, pyridine imausungunula pang'ono chabe, ndipo diethyl ether pafupifupi siiusungunula. M'mayesero oyerekezera, acetone ndi ethyl acetate zimasungunula wochepa kwambiri kuposa madzi. Pa ntchito zosagwiritsa ntchito madzi, tengani nambala iliyonse ya m'buku lolozera ngati chiyerekezo choyambira ndipo itsimikizireni ndi gulu lopangidwa lomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito, osati ngati malire a kukonza osakaniza. Mfundo yothandiza ndi yosavuta: ngati cholinga ndi mulingo wodziwika wa osakaniza a m'madzi wa 1 peresenti kapena kucheperapo, madzi amapereka mpata waukulu musanafike pa malire.

Ufa si chinthu cha mtundu umodzi

Ufa wa methylene blue wogulitsidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito m'labotale ndi mchere wa chloride womwe uli ndi madzi m'kapangidwe kake ka makhiristo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa madziwo kumasiyana. Ioni yopanda madzi ili ndi kulemera kwa molekyulu kwa 319.85 g/mol. Trihydrate yotchulidwa kawirikawiri ili ndi 373.90 g/mol ndipo pentahydrate ili ndi 409.93 g/mol, monga zalembedwera mu deta ya monograph ya USP yofotokozedwa mwachidule limodzi ndi mbiri ya PubChem.

Mabotolo ogulitsidwa nthawi zambiri amalembedwa kuti trihydrate, CAS 7220-79-3, koma kafukufuku wa zinthu zolimba wapeza kuti zinthu zenizenizo zingakhale pentahydrate, hydrate yokhala ndi pafupifupi 2.2 mamolekyulu a madzi, dihydrate, kapena monohydrate, ndipo m'mayesero ena palibe mtundu wapadera wa makhiristo a trihydrate. Utotowo umakopanso chinyezi kuchokera mumlengalenga, choncho kuchuluka kwa madzi m'botolo lotsegulidwa kumasintha. Pa kudetsa zitsanzo kuti zioneke, zimenezi zilibe kanthu kwambiri. Pa ntchito yosanthula ndi kuyeza kuchuluka, zimakhala zofunika kwambiri. N'chifukwa chake malangizo owerenga zotsatira zoyezetsa kuchuluka kwa chinthu ndi madzi pa satifiketi ya kusanthula amaona kuti chikalata cha gulu lopangidwalo n'chodalirika kuposa mawu akuti trihydrate omwe ali pa chizindikiro chakutsogolo.

Izi zimapereka njira ziwiri zosinthira kuwerengera, ndipo muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi yokha panthawi iliyonse. Ngati satifiketi ikupereka zotsatira zoyezetsa kuchuluka kwa chinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi kapena kulemera komwe kumatayika poumitsa, gwiritsani ntchito ziwerengerozo mwachindunji. Ngati palibe deta ya satifiketi ndipo mulingo uyenera kufotokozedwa potengera kuchuluka kofanana ndi chinthu chopanda madzi, gwiritsani ntchito chiwerengero chochulukitsira chowerengedwa potengera hydrate: 373.90 yogawidwa ndi 319.85, kapena 1.169, pa ufa wotchedwa trihydrate, ndi 409.93 yogawidwa ndi 319.85, kapena 1.282, pa ufa wotchedwa pentahydrate. Musagwiritse ntchito zosintha zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Zimenezo zimawerengera madzi kawiri.

Tanthauzo la peresenti

Peresenti w/v imatanthauza magalamu a chinthu chosungunuka chomwe chatchulidwa pa 100 mL ya osakaniza omaliza, osati pa 100 mL ya madzi oyambira. Choncho 1 peresenti w/v ndi 1.000 g pa 100 mL yomaliza, yofanana ndi 10 mg/mL kapena 10 g/L. Osakaniza a 0.1 peresenti ndi 0.100 g pa 100 mL yomaliza, yofanana ndi 1 mg/mL. Kusokoneza kofala kwa 1 peresenti ndi 1 mg/mL ndi cholakwika cha kusiyana kakhumi, ndipo ndi bwino kuyang'ana chizindikiro chilichonse kuti mupewe zimenezi.

Gawo lachiwiri la tanthauzoli ndi kufotokoza chinthu chosungunuka. Osakaniza a 1 peresenti a ufa wa trihydrate potengera kulemera kwake momwe unayezedwera ndi osakaniza a 1 peresenti ofotokozedwa potengera kuchuluka kofanana ndi chinthu chopanda madzi ndi osakaniza osiyana. Zitsanzo zowerengeredwa pansipa zimatchula voliyumu yomaliza ndi maziko a mulingo nthawi zonse, ndipo ndi chizolowezi chimene chimapewa vuto la akatswiri atatu lomwe latchulidwa pamwambapa.

Zitsanzo zokonza osakaniza, ndi malingaliro a hydrate ofotokozedwa

Zitsanzo zonse zimaganizira kuti ufa ndi wangwiro wa hydrate yomwe yatchulidwa ndipo madzi ndiwo osungunulira pa kutentha kwa m'chipinda. Pa ma voliyumu ena, sinthani kuchuluka kwake mofanana ndi kusintha kwa voliyumu.

Chitsanzo A: 100.0 mL ya 1 peresenti w/v, potengera kulemera kwa trihydrate momwe inayezedwera. Yezani kulemera kwa 1.000 g ya methylene blue trihydrate. Onjezerani pafupifupi 70 mL ya madzi oyeretsedwa, sonkhezerani kapena zungulizani mpaka itasungunuka yonse, isamutsireni yonse ku botolo loyezera voliyumu la 100.0 mL pogwiritsa ntchito madzi otsukira kuti zonse zisamuke, kenako onjezerani madzi mpaka pa mzere. Chinthu chosungunuka ndi trihydrate yeniyeniyo, choncho palibe kusintha potengera kulemera kwa molekyulu. Zotsatira: 1.000 g pa 100.0 mL yomaliza, kapena 10 mg/mL potengera ufa momwe unayezedwera.

Chitsanzo B: 100.0 mL ya 1 mg/mL, potengera kuchuluka kofanana ndi chinthu chopanda madzi, kuchokera ku ufa wotchedwa trihydrate. Cholinga ndi 100.0 mg ya methylene blue yopanda madzi mu 100.0 mL yomaliza. Chulukitsani ndi 1.169 kuti musinthe chifukwa cha mamolekyulu atatu a madzi: 100.0 mg kuchulukitsa ndi 1.169 ndi 116.9 mg. Yezani kulemera kwa 116.9 mg ya ufa wotchedwa trihydrate, sungunulani mu pafupifupi 70 mL ya madzi, ndipo onjezerani mpaka 100.0 mL yomaliza m'botolo loyezera voliyumu. Kuchokera ku ufa wotchedwa pentahydrate, chiwerengero chochulukitsira ndi 1.282, choncho cholinga chomwecho chimafunika 128.2 mg. Lembani pa chizindikiro chiwerengero chochulukitsira chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chitsanzo C: kuchepetsa mulingo wa methylene blue kuchokera ku osakaniza oyambira a 1 peresenti kufika pa 0.1 peresenti. Gwiritsani ntchito C1V1 ndi yofanana ndi C2V2. Kuti mupange 100.0 mL ya 0.1 peresenti kuchokera ku osakaniza oyambira a 1.0 peresenti, voliyumu ya osakaniza oyambira yofunika ndi 0.1 kuchulukitsa ndi 100.0 kugawidwa ndi 1.0, yomwe ndi 10.0 mL. Gwiritsani ntchito pipeti kuika 10.0 mL ya osakaniza oyambira a 1 peresenti m'botolo la 100.0 mL ndipo onjezerani madzi mpaka pa mzere. Kwa osanthula amene amakonda mayunitsi a kulemera: 1 peresenti ndi 10 mg/mL, choncho 10.0 mL ili ndi 100 mg, ndipo 100 mg mu 100.0 mL yomaliza ndi 1 mg/mL, yomwe ndi 0.1 peresenti.

Chitsanzo D: 1.000 L ya osakaniza oti agwiritsidwe ntchito a 10 mg/L kuchokera ku osakaniza oyambira a 1 mg/mL. Osakaniza oyambira a 1 mg/mL ndi 1000 mg/L. Voliyumu yofunika ndi 10 kuchulukitsa ndi 1.000 kugawidwa ndi 1000, yomwe ndi 0.0100 L, kapena 10.0 mL. Gwiritsani ntchito pipeti kutenga 10.0 mL ya osakaniza oyambira ndipo chepetsani mulingo ndi madzi mpaka 1.000 L yomaliza. Kuchokera ku osakaniza oyambira a 1 peresenti pa 10,000 mg/L, cholinga chomwecho chimafunika 1.00 mL yokha yowonjezeredwa madzi mpaka 1.000 L. Kuchepetsa mulingo motsatizana m'njira ziwiri kumapereka kulondola kwabwino kuposa kusamutsa kamodzi kokha kuchuluka kochepa kwa ma microlita pamene chiŵerengero cha kuchepetsa chikupitirira pafupifupi zana limodzi.

Chitsanzo chilichonse mwa zimenezi chimafotokoza zonse zofunika chifukwa chokha chakuti chili ndi mfundo zitatu: kulemera koyezedwa limodzi ndi mtundu wa hydrate womwe waganiziridwa, voliyumu yomaliza ya osakaniza, ndi maziko a mulingo womwe watchulidwa. Zolembedwa m'kabuku zomwe zikusowa imodzi mwa mfundo zitatuzo sizingabwerezedwe ndendende.

Njira yopewera zolakwika zofala

Sungunulani ufa poyamba m'madzi ochepa kuposa voliyumu yomaliza, kenako onjezerani mpaka voliyumu yofunika. Kuika ufa mwachindunji m'madzi onse a voliyumu yomaliza kumapanga osakaniza omwe voliyumu yake yonse imaposa mzere wolinganizidwa, ndipo mulingo wake umakhala wochepa. Tsukani bekeri ndi kuthira madzi otsukirawo m'botolo kuti pasakhale utoto wotsala; mtundu wakuya wa utotowo umaonetsa kutayika pang'ono, zomwe ndi zothandiza ngati zikulimbikitsa kusamutsa zinthu zonse.

Sakanizani mpaka palibe tinthu totsala musanawonjezere mpaka voliyumu yofunika, ndipo yang'anani poyang'anitsa ku kuwala. Sefani kokha ngati njira yogwiritsidwayo ikufuna zimenezo. Methylene blue imamatirira pamwamba pa zinthu zina zopangira nembanemba, choncho kusefa kungachepetse mulingo wa osakaniza oyambira omwe mulingo wake watsimikiziridwa kumene. Mfundo imeneyi yalembedwa m'maphunziro a kumamatirira pa nembanemba ndipo ndi yofunika kuikumbukira nthawi iliyonse pamene kusefa kapena kutsimikizira mulingo kuli mbali ya njira. Ngati osakaniza oyambira osefedwa ayenera kukhala ndi mulingo wotsimikiziridwa, tsimikizirani mulingowo mutasefa, osati musanasefe.

Sungani osakaniza okonzedwa otetezedwa ku kuwala kwamphamvu m'mabotolo amtundu wa amber kapena osalowetsa kuwala pa kutentha kwa m'chipinda, ndipo lembani chinthu chosungunuka, maziko a hydrate, mulingo, madzi osungunulira, tsiku, ndi wokonza. Kutha kwa mtundu chifukwa cha kuunikira kosalekeza ndi njira yodziwika ya kuwonongeka, choncho m'mphepete mwa mawindo ndi m'mafiriji okhala ndi kuwala si malo abwino osungira ngakhale utotowo ukuoneka wokhazikika. Zoyembekezeka za kukhazikika ndi nthawi zobwereza kuyesa zili mu malangizo osungira ndi kukhazikika kwa osakaniza okonzedwa, koma monga lamulo logwirira ntchito, osakaniza oyambira a kusanthula ayenera kukonzedwa atsopano kapena kutsimikiziridwanso m'malo mowadalira mpaka kalekale.

Gwirani ufa ndi osakaniza oyambira okhala ndi mulingo wapamwamba mutavala magolovesi, zoteteza maso, ndi malaya a labotale, ndipo phimbani tebulo logwirira ntchito; ikani mabotolo m'ziwiya zina zoti zigwire zotayika. Utotowo umadetsa khungu, zovala, matebulo ogwirira ntchito, ndi pulasitiki mwamsanga, ndipo mapepala a chitetezo a opereka zinthu amati ufawo ndi wovulaza ukamezedwa ndiponso umakwiyitsa maso ndi khungu kutengera kalasi yake. Njira zonse zodzitetezera zili mu njira zogwira ndi kusunga motetezeka, koma kuletsa kudetsa nakonso ndi njira yotsimikizira ubwino: utoto wotsalira pa ziwiya za galasi ndi ma pipeti ungayambitse kuipitsidwa kosamukira ku zitsanzo zina pa kusanthula kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri.

Mfundo yokhudza kalasi ya ubwino

Pa madzi odetsera zitsanzo ndi ziwonetsero, kalasi iliyonse yoyera ya labotale yokonzedwa pa mulingo woyenera imagwira ntchito. Pa ntchito yoyezera kuchuluka kapena yoyerekezera, kalasi ya ubwino imakhala yofunika chifukwa zonyansa zimasiyana: Azure B yotsalira ndi ma thiazine ofanana nawo, zitsulo zolemera, madzi osungunulira otsalira, ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. N'chifukwa chake kusankha kalasi yokhala ndi satifiketi yonse ya kusanthula ndi mbali ya kukonza osakaniza, osati chinthu chongoganiziridwa pambuyo pake. Chikalata chonse cha gulu lopangidwa chimafotokoza kutsimikizika kwa mtundu wa chinthu, zotsatira zoyezetsa kuchuluka kwake ndi maziko ake, kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi mndandanda wa zonyansa zomwe zinayesedwadi. Choncho kusintha kuwerengera chifukwa cha hydrate mu zitsanzo pamwambapa kumagwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zoyezedwa m'malo mongoganizira kuti ndi trihydrate monga yatchulidwira. Magulu awiri opangidwa akapereka milingo yosiyana kuchokera ku kulemera kofanana komwe kwayezedwa, nthawi zambiri satifiketi imafotokoza chifukwa chake.