Kalkuleta ya molariti ya methylene blue: mtundu wa hydrate ndi maziko a kuyeza chiyero

Kulemera kofanana kwa methylene blue kungapereke kuchuluka kosiyana kwa mola pa voliyumu, malinga ndi mtundu wa mamolekyu ake komanso mmene zotsatira za kuyeza chiyero chake zafotokozedwera. Kuwerengera pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera kwa chloride yopanda madzi n’kosiyana ndi kuwerengera pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera kwa hydrate. Kuyeza chiyero potengera zinthu zouma kumabweretsa kusiyana kwina: peresenti yofotokozedwayo siifotokoza mwachindunji zinthu monga zapimidwira kulemera kwake.

Tsegulani kalkuleta ya molariti ya methylene blue kuti mulowetse kulemera, voliyumu yomaliza ya yankho, mtundu wa mamolekyu, ndi maziko a kuwerengera. Imagwira ntchito mu msakatuli wanu, imasonyeza fomula yokhala ndi manambala amene mwalowetsa, ndipo imapereka zotsatira mu mol/L, mmol/L, ndi µmol/L. Zitsanzo zomwe zili pansipa ndi zowerengera za labotale, osati zosankhira mlingo wopatsidwa kwa anthu kapena nyama.

Zimene zotsatira zimayeza

Molariti ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la kuchuluka kwa mola pa voliyumu. Tanthauzo la IUPAC la kuchuluka kwa mola pa voliyumu limagawanitsa kuchuluka kwa chinthu chimodzi ndi voliyumu ya chisakanizo:

c = n / V

Apa, n ndi kuchuluka kwa methylene blue mu mola ndipo V ndi voliyumu yomaliza ya yankho mu malita. Kwa zinthu zoyera za mtundu wodziwika, n = m / M, pamene m ndi kulemera mu magalamu ndipo M ndi kulemera pa mola mu g/mol. Maubwenzi amenewa amatsatira matanthauzo a NIST a kulemera pa mola ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu pa voliyumu.

Voliyumu yogawanitsirayo ndi ya pambuyo poti zinthu zasungunuka. “100 mL ya yankho lomaliza” ndi “100 mL ya chosungunulira chowonjezedwa” ndi zolemba zosiyana za kukonza yankho. Kuwerengera sikungathetse kusamveka kumeneko ntchitoyo itachitika kale.

Sankhani zinthu musanasankhe kulemera kwake pa mola

Powerengera chloride yopanda madzi, chida ichi chimagwiritsa ntchito 319.85 g/mol. Kwa trihydrate yotsimikizidwa ndi zolemba, chimagwiritsa ntchito 373.90 g/mol. Zofotokozera za Thermo Fisher za trihydrate zimatchula fomula yokhala ndi mamolekyu atatu a madzi komanso kulemera pa mola kotchulidwa komalizako. Madzi amawonjezera kulemera komwe kumapimidwa popanda kuwonjezera molekyu ina ya methylene blue.

Ganizirani mayankho awiri okonzedwa potengera kuti zinthu ndi zoyera, lililonse lokhala ndi 100 mg ya zinthu zoyera mu 100 mL ya yankho lomaliza:

Izi ndi zitsanzo zowerengedwa, osati zotsatira zoyezedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito kulemera pa mola kwa mtundu wopanda madzi ngati chogawanitsa pa trihydrate yoyera kungapereke kuchuluka koposa kwenikweni ndi pafupifupi 16.9%. Kuwonjezera manambala pambuyo pa kadontho sikungakonze kuganizira mtundu wolakwika wa zinthu.

Botolo lofotokozedwa kuti ndi “hydrate” lokha silitsimikizira chiwerengero chokhazikika cha mamolekyu a madzi. Choncho kalkuletayi imakana kuwerengera potengera chiyero chathunthu ngati kuchuluka kwa madzi mu mtunduwo sikunatchulidwe. Kuti mumvetse maziko a kemistri yake, onani mitundu ya mamolekyu a methylene blue ndi madzi omwe ali mmenemo.

Gwirizanitsani zotsatira za chiyero ndi kulemera komwe zikufotokoza

Funso lofunika si lakuti “Pa satifiketi pali peresenti yanji?” lokha. Ndi lakuti “Ndi peresenti ya chiyani, ndipo yafotokozedwa ngati chinthu cha mankhwala chiti?” Kalkuletayi imasiyanitsa matanthauzo anayi:

M’mafomula amenewa, a ndi peresenti ya chiyero yogawidwa ndi 100; d ndi peresenti yogwirizana nayo ya kuchepa kwa kulemera pakuumitsa, yogawidwa ndi 100. Fomula yomalizayi imasintha pakati pa maziko ofotokozera omwe atchulidwa momveka, potengera kulinganiza kulemera. Ndi yoyenera pokhapokha ngati kukonza chifukwa cha kuumitsa kukugwirizana ndi tanthauzo la kuyeza chiyeroko.

Chithunzithunzi cha monograph ya USP chimafotokoza zotsatira zake za chiyero ngati methylene blue yopanda madzi potengera zinthu zouma ndipo chimapereka malire ovomerezeka a 97.0–103.0%. Zotsatira za kusanthula zoposa 100% sizitanthauza kuti chitsanzo chili ndi zinthu zoyera zolemera kuposa kulemera kwake konse. Chidachi chimalola kuyerekezera chiyero potengera zinthu zouma kufika pa 103% ndipo chimatcha zotsatirazo kuyerekezera kwa kusanthula.

Chitsanzo chowerengedwa: zotsatira zotengera zinthu zouma

Tiyerekeze kuti zolemba za labotale zikusonyeza 100.0 mg ya zinthu, chiyero cha 99.0% chofanana ndi mtundu wopanda madzi potengera zinthu zouma, kuchepa kwa kulemera pakuumitsa koyezedwa kogwirizana nako kwa 14.0%, ndi 100.0 mL ya yankho lomaliza. Manambala amenewa ndi ongoyerekeza.

1. Sinthani kulemera komwe kwapimidwa: 100.0 mg = 0.1000 g.
2. Gwiritsani ntchito gawo la kulemera louma: 0.1000 × 0.860 = 0.0860 g.
3. Gwiritsani ntchito zotsatira za chiyero: 0.0860 × 0.990 = 0.08514 g yofanana ndi chloride yopanda madzi.
4. Sinthani kukhala kuchuluka mu mola ndipo gawani ndi voliyumu: 0.08514 / (319.85 × 0.1000) = 2.662 mmol/L.

Musagawanitsenso ndi kulemera pa mola kwa trihydrate. Nambala yogawidwa yafotokozedwa kale ngati kuchuluka kofanana ndi chloride yopanda madzi. Kuwonjezera kukonza chifukwa cha hydrate kungawerengere kusintha chifukwa cha madzi kawiri.

Ngati zolemba zomwezo zikanatchula mwachindunji 85.14% yofanana ndi mtundu wopanda madzi monga zinthu zalandiridwira, njira yowerengera zinthu monga zilili ikanapereka yankho lomwelo popanda kulowetsa padera zotsatira za kuumitsa. Kugwirizana kwa njira ziwirizi ndi njira yothandiza yowunikira kuwerengera.

Pamene zomwe zilipo sizikwanira

Zofotokozera zofunikira za zinthu sizikhala nthawi zonse zotsatira zoyezedwa za gulu linalake lopangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa Merck wa methylene blue hydrate umapereka chiyero chochepetsetsa chowerengedwa potengera zinthu zouma, kuchepa kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa kulemera pakuumitsa, ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyu potengera mtundu wopanda madzi, ngakhale ukufotokoza hydrate. Kugwiritsa ntchito malire amenewa ngati kuti ndi manambala omwe ayezedwa kungapange kuyerekezera kwa nambala imodzi komwe mndandandawo sukutsimikizira.

Momwemonso, peresenti ya chiyero yosafotokozedwa maziko ake kapena peresenti ya dera la chizindikiro mu kromatogirafi sizitsimikizira zokha gawo la kulemera lomwe likufunika pano. Pezani njira yofotokozera zotsatirazo kuchokera pa satifiketi kapena kwa wopereka zinthu. Malangizo a kuwerenga satifiketi ya kusanthula methylene blue amafotokoza zomwe muyenera kuyang’ana m’chikalatacho.

Malo osadzazidwa, kulemera kapena voliyumu ya ziro kapena yochepera ziro, mayunitsi osavomerezedwa, ndi maziko a kuyeza chiyero osatchulidwa zimabweretsa uthenga wolakwika m’malo mwa zotsatira. Kusintha zomwe mwalowetsa kumachotsa zotsatira zakale ndi kuika zatsopano, ngakhale nambala yatsopanoyo ili yosavomerezeka. Manambala oposa malire omwe chida chingawerengere amakanidwa. Chidachi sichiyesa ngati kuchuluka kwa zinthu pa voliyumu kungasungunuke, ngati kusungunuka kunali kwathunthu, kapena ngati yankho lokonzedwalo linakhalabe losasinthika.

Sungani zolemba kuti kuwerengera kubwerezedwenso

Lembani gulu lopangidwa, mtundu wa mamolekyu, zotsatira za chiyero ndi maziko ake, kukonza kulikonse chifukwa cha kuumitsa, kulemera komwe kwapimidwa, voliyumu yomaliza, ndi mikhalidwe ya kukonza yankho. Fotokozani kulondola kokhako komwe miyeso yanu imatsimikizira; manambala omwe kalkuletayi imasonyeza ndi ongothandiza.

Kwa yankho loyambirira lokonzedwa kale lomwe lili ndi zolemba, gwiritsani ntchito njira zina zowerengera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa methylene blue pa voliyumu. Kwa malebo a peresenti, choyamba onani kusintha mayunitsi a kuchuluka kwa methylene blue pa voliyumu. Molariti yolondola kapena peresenti yosinthidwa molondola sizitsimikizira mmene chinthu chiyenera kuperekedwera m’thupi.