Te pūmautanga o te puru metilīni: te mārama, te pH, ngā whakarewa, me te tauwehe

Ko te pānuitanga o tētahi wairewa paerewa puru metilīni kukū iti he 0.842 i te 664 nm i te Mane. Hei te Paraire, ko te pānuitanga o taua pounamu anō he 0.791, ā, kāore tētahi i whakarerekē i te kukū. Ko te pātai tuatahi, kua ngaro rānei tētahi wāhanga o te waikano? Ko te pātai tuarua, he uaua ake, he aha te tikanga o te kupu "ngaro"?

Ehara te pūmautanga o te puru metilīni i te āhuatanga kotahi. He maha ngā tukanga e whakaiti katoa ana i te ngongo whatu i te roangaru kotahi. Ki tētahi pānuitanga roangaru kotahi, he ōrite te āhua o te whakahekenga ka taea te whakahoki, ngā huringa o te whakahuihui, me te pakarutanga e kore e taea te whakahoki. Ka wehewehea aua tukanga i tēnei whārangi kia tika ai te whakamāori i ngā hua o tētahi whakamātau.

Ko te pūmautanga o ngā hanga wairewa me ngā whakamātau te aronga i konei. Mō te rokiroki pounamu, te whakahaere pounamu kua huakina, me ngā pātai mō te paunga, tirohia ngā aratohu mō te roa o te oranga rokiroki mā ngā kaihoko. Kāore he rā paunga e whakaritea i konei, nā te mea me whakamana te roa o te oranga o tētahi wairewa mō tōna kukū, tōna ipu, me ōna tikanga rokiroki motuhake.

Tīmata ki te mea e whakaahuatia ana

He rerekē te whanonga o te puru metilīni maroke i tērā o te puru metilīni kua rewa. E whakaahua ana te pūkete PubChem mō te puru metilīni i te tote pūhaumāota, he papatipu tātai tata ki te 319.9 g/mol mō te āhua waikore, he tioata kākāriki pōuri, ā, he wairewa puru hōhonu i te wai me te waipiro. E ai ki ngā tohutoro hītori kua whakahiatotia, he pūmau te āhua wai-toru i te hau. E tono ana ngā pepa haumaru o nāianei kia puritia ki tētahi ipu kua kati piri, ki tētahi wāhi maroke, hauhau, whai rerenga hau, ā, kua āraitia i te mārama.

Nā reira, he āhua pakari te totoka i raro i ngā tikanga rokiroki taiwhanga noa. Kāore tēnei e pā aunoa ki ngā wairewa. E ai ki ngā kupu o te arokite USP o nāianei, me whakarite hou ngā wairewa kei roto te puru metilīni i mua i te tātari, me kati pai te tākai, me ārai i te mārama, ā, me rokiroki i raro i te 30 C. He tikanga tūpato tēnei mō te tātari, ehara i te taunakitanga ka memeha ngā wairewa katoa i roto i ētahi rā. Ko tōna tikanga, me whakaatu te pūmautanga o te wairewa puru metilīni mā te taunakitanga, kaua e whakapae noa. E whakaatu ana te arokite o te tuhinga paerewa USP mō te puru metilīni i te pūtake whakamātautau ine e whakamahia ana mō taua whakatau.

Te mārama: te tino take ngaronga ka taea te karo

Ka ngongo te puru metilīni i ngā roangaru e whakaputaina ana e te mārama noa. He kaha te ngongo a te waeine kotahi tata ki te 658 ki te 665 nm, he pakihiwi tūāwhiorangi tō te waeine takirua tata ki te 605 ki te 610 nm, ā, he pae ngongo hihi katinga tata ki te 292 nm me raro iho. Nō reira, ka īnaki tika te mārama whero o te tēpu taiwhanga ki te ngongo a te waikano. Ka taea hoki e te mārama kōrekoreko, ngā LED mā, me te UV-A te whakakōmā i ngā wairewa kukū iti i raro i ngā tikanga whakamātau. Kāore he tae mārama kotahi e haumaru ana; ko te whakaiti i te whiwhinga mārama anake te huarahi.

Ka tīmata te matū ā-mārama i te āhua takitoru. Ka neke te waikano ki tētahi āhua whakahihiko nā te mārama kua ngongohia. Ka taea e te āhua takitoru ka puta te whakawhiti pūngao, irahiko rānei, ki te hāora kua rewa. He kaiwhakahihiko tōtika te waeine kotahi kukū iti mō te hāora takitahi; kua pūrongotia ngā tukunga rahinga tata ki te 0.5 i te wai. Ko tētahi tohutoro paerewa mō tēnei pūnaha ko tētahi rangahau mō te āhua takitoru o te puru metilīni me te hāora takitahi.

Kaua e kī ko te hāora takitahi anake te take o ia pounamu kua memeha. Kei roto i ngā wairewa kua whiwhi iraruke ngā momo leuco kua whakahekea, me ngā waikano kua tangohia ō rātou rōpū metilī. Kāore ngā kaituhi o tētahi rangahau mō te whakamārama i te puru metilīni ki te mārama kitea i whakatau pū i te tikanga o te peka o ngā tauhohenga. Ka taea te whakahekenga ā-mārama ka taea te whakahoki, te tangohanga N-metilī mā te whakahāora, ngā tauhohenga tuarua o ngā momo hāora hohe, me te wāwāhitanga o muri mai te haere ngātahi.

I tētahi rangahau rawa, i ngaro te tata ki te 37 ōrau o te ngongo whatu o tētahi waikano wai 10 mg/L i te 20 C i muri i te 120 meneti i raro i te mārama kitea o te taiwhanga, me te 53 ōrau i raro i te mārama rā. Kāore he ngaronga i kitea i te tauira whakahaere i te pōuri, ahakoa i te 80 C. Nō tētahi rangahau mō te pāmahana me te whakamārama i te puru metilīni i te wai aua tau, ā, e whakaahua ana i taua taputapu whakamātau anake. E whakaatu ana ko te mārama te pānga matua; kāore e whakarite ana i te wā haurua mō tētahi atu pounamu.

E rua ngā mahi a te hāora, nā reira kāore i te mārama pū te tikanga o te "pānga ki te hau". Ka āhei te hāora kia hangaia ngā momo hāora hohe mai i te waikano kua whakahihikotia, engari ka whakahāora anō hoki i te puru metilīni leuco kore tae kia hoki ki te āhua puru. Nō reira, ka taea e te hau te whakakōmā i tētahi wairewa, me te whakahoki mai i te tae o tētahi atu. Ka whakamāramatia te rerekētanga o te hanganga leuco me te whakangaromanga i te matū whakahāora-whakaheke o te puru metilīni me te puru metilīni leuco.

Ka whakarerekē te whakahuihui i te tairongo ki te mārama o ia rāpoi ngota. Ka tere te hoki o ngā waeine takirua H e anga kanohi ana tētahi ki tētahi ki tētahi āhua pūngao iti ake. He tino iti iho te āhua takitoru me te hāora takitahi ka whakaputaina e aua waeine i tērā o te waeine kotahi, e ai ki ngā inenga o tētahi rangahau mō te ahupūngao ā-mārama o ngā waeine takirua o te puru metilīni.

Te pH: he pūmau i waenganui, he panoni matū i ngā pito

I te awhe waikawa ki te kūpapa, he kaha ake te ātete o te katote tōrunga puru kua whakahāoratia ki ngā tauhohenga kawakore ka tīmata noa, tēnā i te pH teitei. Kāore tētahi whakarāpopototanga mō te takanga ki te taiao, kua whakahiatotia ki PubChem, e matapae ka nui te pānga o te wāwāhi mā te wai i te pH tata ki te 5 ki te 9. Engari he whakatau tata mō te taiao tēnei, ehara i te whakamanatanga ā-rongoā.

I kitea e tētahi rangahau tawhito he āhua pūmau te waikano kukū iti tata ki te 25 C i raro i te pH tata ki te 9.5. I puta te tangohanga rōpū alkyl tata ki te pH 9.5 ki te 9.8, ā, i tere te panoni i te pH 12 i roto i ētahi rā. Kei tētahi rangahau tōmua mō te pūmautanga o te puru metilīni i te wairewa kawakore taua hua. Me pānui hei taunakitanga mō te tikanga tauhohenga, kaua hei whakaritenga paerewa.

Ka taea hoki e te kawakore kaha te huri i te ara o ngā tauhohenga matū. I te wairewa kawakore 0.1 M, ko te hua matua i wehea ko te waiporoporo metilīni Bernthsen, he hua nō te wāwāhi mā te wai i te taiao kawakore. I tautuhia tēnei i tētahi rangahau mō te tauwehe kawakore o ngā waikano phenothiazine. He tauwehe tērā, ehara i te huringa tae o tētahi tohu pH.

Ka puta te puru metilīni leuco i te whakahekenga. He tata ki te kore tae, ā, ka ngāwari te whakahāora anō mā te hau; he tere ake i te pH teitei, he pōturi ake i te waikawa. I whakamāramatia te whakawhirinaki ki te hāora i tētahi rangahau mō te whakahekenga ā-mārama me te whakahāora anō o te puru metilīni. Nō reira, ko te ngaronga o te tae puru e whakaatu ana anake kua heke te nui o te āhua kua whakahāoratia. Kāore e whakaatu mēnā nā te whakahekenga, te whakahuihui, te whakangaromanga rānei.

Ngā whakarewa me te whakahuihui: ka taea te neke o te tūāwhiorangi me te kore ngaronga

Ka ngāwari te whakarewa o te tote pūhaumāota ki te wai. E whakahiato ana a PubChem i te uara tata ki te 43.6 g/L i te wai i te 25 C, me ngā whakaahuatanga ā-kounga mō te whakarewatanga ki te ewaro me te chloroform. Ka whakamahia e ngā kupu paerewa rongoā ngā kupu pēnei i te paku whakarewa, te iti whakarewa rānei mō ngā rawa kua tautuhia. Ka whakamāramatia tētahi wāhanga o te rerekētanga e te āhua wai-piri, te parakore, te kaha katote, me ngā kupu e whakamahia ana. E whakamārama ana te aratohu mō te whakarewatanga o te puru metilīni me te whakarite wairewa me pēhea te pūrongo i te pūtake rawa o tētahi uara.

Ka whakarerekē te kōwhiringa whakarewa i ngā momo matū kei roto, ehara i te whakarewatanga anake. I ngā ranunga wai me te mewaro, ka wehe te mātai tūāwhiorangi i te waeine kotahi, te waeine takirua, me te waeine takitoru i te wai, me te waeine kotahi i te mewaro. E whakaaturia ana tēnei i tētahi rangahau mō te whakahuihui o te puru metilīni i ngā whakarewa whakauru. Kāore te waipiro e whakakore i te whakahuihui: ka mau tonu ngā waeine takirua me ngā huinga nui ake i te mewaro, te ewaro, te propanol, me te butanol, e ai ki tētahi rangahau mō te whakahuihui e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakarewa.

I ngā mahi taiwhanga, ka taea e te whakarewa, te kaha katote, te pāmahana, me te kukū te neke i te wāhi o te tihi me te kaha ngongo, me te kore whakangaro i te waikano. Puritia te tauira me te paerewa ki te pūnaha whakarewa kotahi, ā, manatokohia te hononga rārangi. E whakaatu ana te whakamāramatanga IUPAC o te ture Beer-Lambert i ngā tikanga e whai ai te ngongo whatu i te kukū.

Te memeha ka taea te whakahoki me te tauwehe e kore e taea te whakahoki

Mā te tangohanga N-metilī e ahu whakamua ana ka puta te Azure B, kātahi ko ngā momo Azure he iti ake ō rātou rōpū metilī, me te thionine. Kāore te whakauru hau ki te pounamu e whakahoki i taua panoni. Ka rerekē hoki ngā peka tauhohenga, nō reira kaua e whakaahua hei mekameka kotahi pūmau. Kua maherehia te whatunga i tētahi rangahau mō ngā hua o te tangohanga metilī i te puru metilīni.

Kei tērā atu taha te puru metilīni leuco. Koia te āhua kua whakahekea mā ngā irahiko e rua, he tata ki te kore tae, ā, ka taea e te hāora, e tētahi atu kaiwhakahāora rānei, te whakahoki mai i te waikano puru. E hāngai ana te whakahaere i roto i ngā paerewa rongoā ki te taha e kore e taea te whakahoki: ka whakahaere te tuhinga paerewa USP o nāianei i te Azure B hei poke kua tautuhia. E hāngai ana tēnei ki te tangohanga metilī hei ara hanganga poke me āta mātaki.

Mā te whakahāora o muri mai ka puta ngā hua kua huakina ō rātou mowhiti, kua wāwāhia hoki. He whakangaromanga aua panoni. Kāore he take kia tautuhia e te taiwhanga ia kongakonga. Me karo kē te tapa i ia hekenga ngongo whatu ki te ingoa kotahi.

Te ripanga taunakitanga mō te pūmautanga i ia tikanga

Koinei te rauemi tohutoro o te whārangi. Ka whakaingoa ia rārangi i tētahi tikanga, te whanonga e kaha rawa ana te tautoko a ngā taunakitanga, me te whakahaere e ārai ana i te whakatau hē.

Ngā whakahaere mō ngā mahi ine ā-rahinga

Whakaritea hou ngā paerewa tātari, ā, whakapotohia te wā ka whiwhi mārama. Whakaritea kia ōrite te pāmahana, te pH, te whakarewa, te kaha katote, me te awhe kukū o ngā paerewa me ngā tauira. Whakaurua he tauira whakahaere pōuri ina rangahaua te tauwehe, me tētahi tauira whakahaere ka whiwhi mārama, kāore hoki he whakakōkī, i ngā whakamātau matū ā-mārama. Ina whai take te tūāwhiorangi, tuhia te tūāwhiorangi kitea katoa, kaua ko te roangaru kotahi anake, nā te mea ka ngongo ngā waikano kua tangohia ō rātou rōpū metilī me ngā huinga i ngā roangaru tata, engari kāore i te ōrite pū. Kua tuhia ngā tūāwhiorangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū, e tautoko ana i taua tohutohu, i tētahi rangahau mātai tūāwhiorangi mō te kukū me te whakahuihui.

Kaua e huri i tētahi hua o tēnei whārangi hei roa o te oranga rokiroki. E hāngai ana tētahi roa oranga kua whakamanatia ki tētahi hanga wairewa, ipu, kukū, mokowā hau i runga ake i te wairewa, whakahaere moroiti, me te tikanga rokiroki kua tautuhia. Kei ngā aratohu mō te roa o te oranga rokiroki mā ngā kaihoko te kawenga mō taua whakamanatanga. Ka tautoko tēnei whārangi i aua aratohu, engari kāore e whakakapi i aua aratohu.