Te memehatanga o te kikorangi metilīni me te whakarite wairewa: he aratohu taiwhanga

Ka whakarite ngā kaimahi hangarau tokorua i tētahi wairewa kikorangi metilīni 1 ōrau mai i te paura. Ka paunatia e tētahi te 1.00 karamu, ā, ka whakakīia te ipu ki te 100 mL. Ka paunatia e tērā atu te 1.00 karamu, ka tāpirihia ki te 100 mL wai, ā, ka kī kua oti. Ka paunatia e tētahi kaimahi hangarau tuatoru te 1.00 karamu o tētahi puranga kē, ā, ka puta he kukūtanga rerekē e taea ana te ine. He ōrite ngā tapanga o ngā pātara e toru. Kāore tētahi o aua pātara e tino mau ana i tā tōna tapanga e kī ai, ā, nā ngā ariā e toru e ngāwari ana te rangirua i puta ai ngā rerekētanga: te nui ka taea e te whakarewa te pupuri, te āhua tūturu o te paura i paunatia, me te mea e tohutohua ana e te ōrau.

E pā ana tēnei aratohu ki te whakarite wairewa taiwhanga anake: ngā waikano mō te whakatae tauira, ngā tūtohu, ngā wairewa pūtake mō te tātari, me ngā wairewa waimeha mō te whakamahi. Ehara tēnei i te tohutaka rongoā hei horomi, hei wero rānei, ā, kaua ngā kukūtanga i konei e whakaarotia he horopeta.

Ngā mea ka whakatauria e te memehatanga, me ngā mea kāore e whakatauria

He nui te memehatanga o te kikorangi metilīni ki te wai mō tētahi waikano. E ai ki te pūkete pūhui PubChem mō te kikorangi metilīni, e 43.6 karamu pea mō ia rita i te 25 C, e ōrite ana ki te 4.36 karamu mō ia 100 mL, arā, 4.36 ōrau w/v. I ine tētahi rangahau motuhake mō te taenga ki te taurite i te 43.21 g/L i taua pāmahana anō, ā, i whakaū i te uara tawhito i roto i ngā rohe o te hapa whakamātau.

He tepenga mōrahi taua tau, ehara i te whāinga. Ko te wairewa pūtake 1 ōrau he 10 g/L, he iti iho i te hauwhā o taua tepenga. Ko te wairewa pūtake 0.1 ōrau he 1 g/L, tata ki te kotahi hautoru tekau mā whā? He kotahi hautekau whā tekau kē o taua tepenga. Mēnā ka mau tonu he matū totoka i tētahi whakariteritenga 1 ōrau i muri i te whakaranu tika i te pāmahana rūma, he tino onge te take ko te tepenga memehatanga. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te kore e tino mākū o te paura, ko te wai makariri, ko ngā putunga paura me roa ake te wā e memeha ai, ko te matū memeha rānei i hē te tautuhi. Mā te wai mahana me te kōrori e whakatika te nuinga o ēnei. Mēnā i whakamahia te whakamahana, tukua te ipu kia hoki ki tōna pāmahana whakatika ine i mua i te whakakī ki te rōrahi whakamutunga.

He iti iho te memehatanga ki ētahi atu whakarewa, ā, he iti iho hoki te ōritetanga o ngā uara i ngā puna kōrero, nā te rerekē o te āhua whaiwai o te matū i whakamātauria, i tētahi wāhanga. Ko te wai tonu te whakarewa paerewa mō ngā wairewa pūtake taiwhanga o ia rā. Ka whakarewa te ewaro i te waikano, engari he tino iti iho te nui ka taea e ia te pupuri i tō te wai; ka whakarewa hoki te kororofōma i taua waikano, he iti noa te memeha ki te piridīni, ā, kāore rawa e memeha ki te etere dietila. He tino iti iho ngā uara o te ahetōne me te etila ahetāta i tō te wai i ngā huinga inenga. Mō ngā mahi kāore e whakamahi wai hei whakarewa, whakaarotia ngā tau o ngā pukapuka tohutoro hei whakatau tata tīmatanga, ā, whakaūngia mā te puranga tūturu, kaua hei tepenga mō te whakarite wairewa. He māmā te tikanga ā-mahi: mēnā ko te whāinga he kukūtanga kua tautuhia i roto i te wai, he 1 ōrau, he iti iho rānei, he nui tonu te āputa i raro i te tepenga memehatanga o te wai.

Ehara te paura i te matū kotahi pūmau

Ko te paura kikorangi metilīni e hokona ana mō te taiwhanga he tote pūhaumāota e mau ana i te wai i roto i tōna hanganga karaihe, ā, ka rerekē te nui o taua wai. Ko te papatipu rāpoi o te katote waikore he 319.85 g/mol. Ko tō te pūhui wai-toru e whakahuatia nuitia ana he 373.90 g/mol, ā, ko tō te pūhui wai-rima he 409.93 g/mol. Kua whakarārangitia ēnei uara ki ngā raraunga o te tuhinga paerewa USP kua whakarāpopototia ki te taha o te pūkete PubChem.

He maha ngā pātara hokohoko e tapaina ana he pūhui wai-toru, CAS 7220-79-3. Heoi, kua kitea i ngā rangahau āhua totoka he pūhui wai-rima pea te matū tūturu, he pūhui whaiwai wāhanga e tata ana ki te 2.2 rāpoi wai, he pūhui wai-rua, he pūhui wai-kotahi rānei. Kāore ētahi tātaritanga i kitea he āhua karaihe wai-toru motuhake. He matū ngongo haumākū hoki te waikano, nō reira ka rerekē haere te ihirangi wai o tētahi pātara kua huakina. Mō te whakatae tauira hei tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga, he iti noa te pānga o tēnei. Mō te mahi tātari ine rahinga, he tino nui te pānga. Koia te take e whakaarotia ai e te aratohu mō te pānui i te whakamātautau ihirangi me te ihirangi wai i runga i tētahi tiwhikete tātari ko te tuhinga mō te puranga te mana matua, i runga ake i te kupu wai-toru kei te tapanga o mua.

E rua ngā huarahi whakatikatika ka hua ake i tēnei, ā, kia kotahi anake e whakamahia i te wā kotahi. Mēnā ka hoatu e te tiwhikete te whakamātautau ihirangi me te wai, te ngaronga rānei i te whakamaroke, whakamahia tikatia aua tau. Mēnā kāore he raraunga tiwhikete, ā, me whakaatu te kukūtanga hei taurite waikore, whakamahia te tauwehe ariā mō te pūhui whaiwai: 373.90 wehea ki te 319.85, arā, 1.169, mō te pūhui e kīia ana he wai-toru; me te 409.93 wehea ki te 319.85, arā, 1.282, mō te pūhui e kīia ana he wai-rima. Kaua e whakamahi ngā whakatikatika e rua i te wā kotahi. Ka tatauria tuaruatia te wai i tērā mahi.

Te tikanga o te ōrau

Ko te ōrau w/v ko ngā karamu o te matū memeha kua tautuhia mō ia 100 mL o te wairewa whakamutunga, ehara mō ia 100 mL o te wai tīmatanga. Nō reira, ko te 1 ōrau w/v he 1.000 g mō ia 100 mL whakamutunga, e ōrite ana ki te 10 mg/mL, ki te 10 g/L rānei. Ko te wairewa 0.1 ōrau he 0.100 g mō ia 100 mL whakamutunga, e ōrite ana ki te 1 mg/mL. Ko te rangirua noa i waenga i te 1 ōrau me te 1 mg/mL he hapa tauwehe tekau, ā, me tirotiro ia tapanga mō taua hapa.

Ko te wāhanga tuarua o te whakamāramatanga ko te tautuhinga o te matū memeha. He rerekē te wairewa 1 ōrau o te paura wai-toru i runga i tōna papatipu i paunatia, i te wairewa 1 ōrau kua whakaaturia hei taurite waikore. Kei ngā tauira tātai i raro nei te rōrahi whakamutunga me te tūāpapa tātai i ia wā. Mā taua tikanga e karo ai te raruraru o ngā kaimahi hangarau tokotoru i runga ake nei.

Ngā tauira whakarite kua whakaotihia, me ngā whakapae mō te pūhui whaiwai kua tautuhia

E whakapae ana ngā tauira katoa he paura parakore o te momo pūhui whaiwai kua tohua, ā, ko te wai te whakarewa i te pāmahana rūma. Whakarahi, whakaiti rānei i ngā rahinga i runga i te ōwehenga ōrite mō ētahi atu rōrahi.

Tauira A: 100.0 mL o te 1 ōrau w/v, i runga i te papatipu o te pūhui wai-toru i paunatia. Paunatia te 1.000 g o te kikorangi metilīni wai-toru. Tāpirihia kia 70 mL pea o te wai kua purea, kōrorihia, āwhiowhiotia rānei kia tino memeha, whakawhitia katoatia ki tētahi ipu ine rōrahi 100.0 mL me ngā horoinga, kātahi ka tāpiri wai ki te tohu. Ko te matū memeha ko te pūhui wai-toru tonu, nō reira kāore he whakatikatika papatipu rāpoi e hāngai ana. Te hua: 1.000 g mō ia 100.0 mL whakamutunga, arā, 10 mg/mL o te paura i runga i tōna papatipu i paunatia.

Tauira B: 100.0 mL o te 1 mg/mL, i runga i te taurite waikore, mai i te pūhui e kīia ana he wai-toru. Ko te whāinga he 100.0 mg o te kikorangi metilīni waikore i roto i te 100.0 mL whakamutunga. Whakareatia ki te 1.169 hei whakatikatika mō ngā rāpoi wai e toru: 100.0 mg whakareatia ki te 1.169 ka hua ko te 116.9 mg. Paunatia te 116.9 mg o te pūhui e kīia ana he wai-toru, whakarewaina ki te 70 mL wai pea, ā, whakakīia ki te 100.0 mL whakamutunga i roto i tētahi ipu ine rōrahi. Mō te pūhui e kīia ana he wai-rima, ko te tauwehe he 1.282, nō reira me 128.2 mg mō taua whāinga anō. Tuhia ki te tapanga ko tēhea tauwehe i whakamahia.

Tauira C: te waimehatanga o te kikorangi metilīni mai i te wairewa pūtake 1 ōrau ki te 0.1 ōrau. Whakamahia te C1V1 e ōrite ana ki te C2V2. Hei hanga i te 100.0 mL o te 0.1 ōrau mai i te wairewa pūtake 1.0 ōrau, ko te rōrahi wairewa pūtake e hiahiatia ana ko te 0.1 whakareatia ki te 100.0, wehea ki te 1.0, arā, 10.0 mL. Whakamahia he pipete hei whakawhiti i te 10.0 mL o te wairewa pūtake 1 ōrau ki tētahi ipu 100.0 mL, ā, tāpirihia he wai ki te tohu. Mō ngā kaitātari e pai ake ana ki ngā wae papatipu: ko te 1 ōrau he 10 mg/mL, nō reira e mau ana te 10.0 mL i te 100 mg, ā, ko te 100 mg i roto i te 100.0 mL whakamutunga he 1 mg/mL, arā, 0.1 ōrau.

Tauira D: 1.000 L o te wairewa whakamahi 10 mg/L mai i tētahi wairewa pūtake 1 mg/mL. Ko te wairewa pūtake 1 mg/mL he 1000 mg/L. Ko te rōrahi e hiahiatia ana ko te 10 whakareatia ki te 1.000, wehea ki te 1000, arā, 0.0100 L, 10.0 mL rānei. Whakamahia he pipete hei tango i te 10.0 mL o te wairewa pūtake, ā, waimehatia ki te wai kia 1.000 L te rōrahi whakamutunga. Mai i tētahi wairewa pūtake 1 ōrau, he 10,000 mg/L, ko te 1.00 mL anake e hiahiatia ana mō taua whāinga anō, me whakakī ki te 1.000 L. He tika ake te waimeha ā-raupapa i ngā hikoinga e rua i te whakawhiti kotahi i tētahi rahinga moroiti-rita ina nui ake te ōwehenga i te kotahi rau pea.

He tautuhinga oti ia tauira nā te mea e mau ana ngā meka e toru: te papatipu i paunatia me tōna whakapae mō te pūhui whaiwai, te rōrahi whakamutunga o te wairewa, me te tūāpapa o te kukūtanga kua tohua. Kāore e taea te tārua tika i tētahi tuhinga pukapuka taiwhanga mēnā kua mahue tētahi o ēnei e toru.

He tukanga hei karo i ngā hapa noa

Whakarewaina tuatahitia te paura ki tētahi rōrahi iti iho i te rōrahi whakamutunga, kātahi ka whakakī ki taua rōrahi. Mā te tāpiri tika i te paura ki te rōrahi wai whakamutunga katoa ka puta he wairewa he nui ake tōna rōrahi katoa i te tohu i whakaritea, ā, ka iti iho te kukūtanga. Horoia te ipurau, ā, ringihia ngā horoinga ki te ipu ine kia kore ai he waikano e mahue. Nā te kaha o te tae ka kitea ngā ngaronga iti, he painga tēnei mēnā ka akiaki i te whakawhiti katoa i te matū.

Whakaranuhia kia kore rawa he korakora e toe i mua i te whakakī ki te rōrahi, ā, tirohia mā te pupuri ki mua i te rama. Tātarihia anake ina whakahau te tikanga mahi kia pēnā. Ka piri te kikorangi metilīni ki te mata o ētahi matū kiriuhi, nō reira ka whakaheke pea te tātaritanga i te kukūtanga o tētahi wairewa pūtake kātahi anō ka whakatauria tōna kukūtanga. Kua tuhia tēnei āhuatanga ki ngā rangahau mō te piringa ki ngā kiriuhi, ā, me maumahara ina whai wāhi te tātaritanga, te whakaū kukūtanga rānei ki te tikanga mahi. Mēnā me whai kukūtanga whaimana tētahi wairewa pūtake kua tātarihia, whakaūngia te kukūtanga i muri i te tātaritanga, kaua i mua.

Rokirokitia ngā wairewa kua whakaritea ki ngā pātara amipere, ārai-rama rānei, i te pāmahana rūma, kia tiakina i te rama kaha. Tapaina ki te matū memeha, te tūāpapa pūhui whaiwai, te kukūtanga, te whakarewa, te rā, me te tangata nāna i whakarite. He ara whakakino e mōhiotia ana te whakakōmā ā-rama i raro i te whitinga rama roa, nō reira kāore ngā pae matapihi me ngā pouaka mātao e rama ana e pai mō te rokiroki, ahakoa he pūmau te āhua o te waikano. Kei te aratohu mō te rokiroki me te pūmautanga o ngā wairewa kua whakaritea ngā tūmanako mō te pūmautanga me ngā wā whakamātau anō. Heoi, hei ture ā-mahi, me whakarite hou, me whakaū anō rānei i ngā wairewa pūtake mō te tātari, kaua e whakawhirinaki tonu mō ake tonu atu.

Whakamahia he karapu, he ārai karu, he koti taiwhanga, me tētahi uhi tēpu mahi i te whakahaere i te paura me ngā wairewa pūtake kukū. Whakaritea hoki he ipu pupuri tuarua mō ngā pātara. Ka tere te whakatae o te waikano i te kiri, ngā kākahu, ngā tēpu mahi, me ngā kirihou. E whakarōpūtia ana te paura e ngā pepa raraunga haumaru a ngā kaiwhakarato hei matū kino ina horomia, ā, hei matū whakapōrearea i ngā karu me te kiri, i runga i te kōeke. Kei ngā tikanga whakahaere me te rokiroki haumaru ngā tūpato katoa. Heoi, ko te whakahaere i te whakatae he tikanga kounga tonu: ko te waikano kōtiti kei runga i ngā taputapu karāhe me ngā pipete he puna poke whakawhiti mō te tātari i ngā rahinga tino iti.

He kōrero mō te kōeke

Mō ngā pati whakatae me ngā whakaaturanga, ka pai te mahi a tētahi kōeke taiwhanga mā mēnā ka whakaritea ki te kukūtanga tika. Mō ngā mahi ine rahinga, whakatairite rānei, he mea nui te kōeke nā te rerekē o ngā poke: te Azure B toenga me ngā taiahīni whai pānga, ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā whakarewa toenga, me te nui o ngā moroiti. Koia te take ko te kōwhiri kōeke e tautokona ana e tētahi tiwhikete tātari katoa he wāhanga o te whakarite wairewa, kaua he whakaaro tōmuri. Ka whakaatu tētahi tuhinga puranga katoa i te tuakiri, te whakamātautau ihirangi me tōna tūāpapa, te ihirangi wai, me te huinga poke i whakamātauria tūturu. Nā reira ka whakamahia e te whakatikatika mō te pūhui whaiwai i ngā tauira o runga ngā uara kua inea, hei whakakapi i te whakapae he pūhui wai-toru. Ina rerekē ngā kukūtanga o ngā puranga e rua mai i te papatipu ōrite i paunatia, mā te tiwhikete e whakamārama te take i te nuinga o te wā.