Tuhinga
Tātaitai kukū mōra mō te kikorangi metilīni: te āhua pūhui wai me te pūtake whakamātautau ihirangi
Ka rerekē pea te kukū mōra ka puta mai i te papatipu ōrite o te kikorangi metilīni, i runga i tōna āhua rāpoi me te āhua o te pūrongo i tōna whakamātautau ihirangi. He rerekē te tātai e whakamahi ana i te papatipu pūhaumāota waikore i tērā e whakamahi ana i te papatipu o tētahi pūhui wai. He rerekētanga anō kei te whakamātautau ihirangi i runga i te pūtake maroke: kāore te ōrau kua pūrongotia e whakaahua hāngai ana i te matū i tōna āhua i paunatia ai.
Whakatuwheratia te tātaitai kukū mōra mō te kikorangi metilīni hei tāuru i te papatipu, te rōrahi whakamutunga o te wairewa, te āhua rāpoi, me te pūtake tātai. Ka mahi i tō pūtirotiro, ka whakaatu i te whārite kua whakakīia ki ngā uara, ā, ka pūrongo i te mol/L, mmol/L, me te µmol/L. He tātai taiwhanga ngā tauira i raro iho nei, ehara i te kōwhiringa horopeta mā te tangata, mā te kararehe rānei.
He aha tā te hua e ine ai
Ko te kukū mōra te ingoa mōhio whānuitia mō te kukū rahinga matū. E ai ki te whakamāramatanga a IUPAC mō te kukū rahinga matū, ka whakawehea te rahinga o tētahi wāhanga matū ki te rōrahi o te ranunga:
c = n / V
I konei, ko n te rahinga kikorangi metilīni i roto i ngā mōra, ā, ko V te rōrahi whakamutunga o te wairewa i roto i ngā rita. Mō te matū parakore o tētahi āhua kua tautuhia, ko n = m / M, arā, ko m te papatipu i roto i ngā karamu, ā, ko M te papatipu mōra i roto i te g/mol. E hāngai ana ēnei hononga ki ngā whakamāramatanga a NIST mō te papatipu mōra me te kukū.
Ko te tauraro te rōrahi i muri i te rewatanga. He rerekē ngā tuhinga whakarite mō te “100 mL wairewa whakamutunga” me te “100 mL whakarewa kua tāpirihia”. Kāore e taea e tētahi tātai te whakatau i taua rangirua i muri i te whakarite.
Kōwhiria te matū i mua i te kōwhiri i tōna papatipu mōra
Mō te tātai pūhaumāota waikore, ka whakamahia e tēnei taputapu te 319.85 g/mol. Mō tētahi pūhui wai-toru kua tuhia tōna āhua, ka whakamahia te 373.90 g/mol. Ka tautuhi te whakatakotoranga pūhui wai-toru a Thermo Fisher i te tātai matū e toru nei ngā rāpoi wai, me taua papatipu mōra tuarua. Ka whai wāhi te wai ki te papatipu kua paunatia, engari kāore e tāpiri i tētahi atu wae kikorangi metilīni.
Whakaarohia ēnei whakarite e rua i runga i ngā uara whakaingoa, kei ia mea te 100 mg matū parakore i roto i te 100 mL wairewa whakamutunga:
| Matū e whakapaetia ana | Tātai | Kukū |
|---|---|---|
| Pūhaumāota waikore | 0.100 / (319.85 × 0.100) | 3.126 mmol/L |
| Pūhui wai-toru | 0.100 / (373.90 × 0.100) | 2.675 mmol/L |
He tauira kua tātaihia ēnei, ehara i te inenga. Mā te whakamahi i te tauraro waikore mō te pūhui wai-toru parakore ka nui rawa te kukū ka pūrongotia, mā te āhua 16.9%. Kāore ngā mati ā-ira tāpiri e whakatika i te whakapae hē mō te matū.
Kāore te pounamu e kīia ana he “pūhui wai” anake e whakaū i tētahi tau pūmau o ngā rāpoi wai. Nō reira, kāore te tātaitai e whakaae ki tētahi tātai whakaingoa mēnā kāore i tautuhia te āhua whai wai. Mō te pūtaiao matū kei muri i tēnei, tirohia ngā āhua rāpoi o te kikorangi metilīni me te whai wai.
Whakahāngaitia te whakamātautau ihirangi ki te papatipu e whakaahuatia ana
Ehara te pātai matua i te “He aha te ōrau kei runga i te tiwhikete?” anake. Ko te pātai kē, “He ōrau o te aha, ā, e whakaaturia ana hei tēhea pūhui?” Ka wehewehe te tātaitai i ēnei tikanga e whā:
| Pūtake tātai | Ngā mea me mōhio koe | Whārite |
|---|---|---|
| Āhua parakore whakaingoa | Te āhua rāpoi pū; he whakapae mārama he 100% te parakore | c = m / (M × V) |
| Āhua kua kōwhiria i tōna āhua i paunatia ai | Te hautanga papatipu o taua āhua tonu i roto i te matū i tōna āhua i paunatia ai | c = m × a / (M × V) |
| Ōritenga waikore i tōna āhua i paunatia ai | Te ōritenga pūhaumāota waikore mō ia papatipu o te matū i tōna āhua i paunatia ai | c = m × a / (319.85 × V) |
| Whakamātautau ihirangi waikore i runga i te pūtake maroke | Te whakamātautau ihirangi pūhaumāota waikore i runga i te pūtake maroke, me te ngaronga papatipu i te whakamaroketanga kua inea, e hāngai ana ki taua pūtake | c = m × (1 − d) × a / (319.85 × V) |
I ēnei whārite, ko a te ōrau whakamātautau ihirangi kua whakawehea ki te 100; ko d te ōrau ngaronga i te whakamaroketanga e hāngai ana, kua whakawehea ki te 100. Ko te whārite whakamutunga he tahuritanga taurite papatipu i waenga i ngā pūtake pūrongo kua āta whakahuatia. Ka tika anake ina hāngai te whakatikatika whakamaroke ki te whakamāramatanga o te whakamātautau ihirangi.
Ka whakaatu te arokite tuhinga motuhake a USP i tana whakamātautau ihirangi hei kikorangi metilīni waikore i runga i te pūtake maroke, ā, ka hoatu i te awhe whakaaetanga 97.0–103.0%. Ko te hua tātari i runga ake i te 100% ehara i te kī tūturu he nui ake te papatipu pūhui parakore o tētahi tauira i te papatipu o taua tauira ake. Ka whakaae te taputapu ki ngā whakatau tata whakamātautau ihirangi i runga i te pūtake maroke tae atu ki te 103%, ā, ka tapa i taua putanga he whakatau tata tātari.
Tauira kua tātaihia: he hua i runga i te pūtake maroke
Whakaarohia he tuhinga taiwhanga e whakaatu ana i te 100.0 mg matū, i te whakamātautau ihirangi ōritenga waikore 99.0% i runga i te pūtake maroke, i te ngaronga papatipu i te whakamaroketanga kua inea he 14.0% e hāngai ana, me te 100.0 mL wairewa whakamutunga. He uara whakapae ēnei.
- Tahurihia te papatipu kua paunatia: 100.0 mg = 0.1000 g.
- Whakamahia te hautanga papatipu maroke: 0.1000 × 0.860 = 0.0860 g.
- Whakamahia te whakamātautau ihirangi: 0.0860 × 0.990 = 0.08514 g ōritenga pūhaumāota waikore.
- Tahurihia ki te rahinga matū, ā, whakawehea ki te rōrahi: 0.08514 / (319.85 × 0.1000) = 2.662 mmol/L.
Kaua e whakawehe anō ki te papatipu mōra o te pūhui wai-toru. Kua whakaaturia kētia te taurunga hei ōritenga pūhaumāota waikore. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi whakatikatika pūhui wai ka tatau i te whakatikatika wai kia rua ngā wā.
Mehemea ko taua tuhinga tonu i whakaatu hāngai kē i te 85.14% ōritenga waikore i tōna āhua i tae mai ai, ka puta taua whakautu tonu i te aratau mō te āhua i paunatia ai, me te kore tāuru whakamaroke motuhake. He arowhai tātai whaihua te ōritetanga o ngā hua o aua ara e rua.
Ina kāore e ranea ngā raraunga e wātea ana
Ehara ngā whakatakotoranga i te inenga o ia puranga i ngā wā katoa. Hei tauira, ka hoatu te rārangi hua pūhui wai kikorangi metilīni a Merck i tētahi ihirangi iti rawa kua tātaihia i runga i te matū maroke, i tētahi ngaronga nui rawa i te whakamaroketanga, me tētahi taumaha rāpoi i runga i te pūtake waikore, ahakoa e whakaahua ana i tētahi pūhui wai. Mā te whakakapi i aua paenga me te mea nei he uara kua inea, ka waihanga i tētahi whakatau tata uara kotahi kāore e tautokona e te rārangi.
Waihoki, kāore tētahi ōrau whakamātautau ihirangi kāore i tautuhia tōna pūtake, tētahi ōrau horahanga kromatōkaramu rānei, e whakaū aunoa i te hautanga papatipu e hiahiatia ana i konei. Tīkina te tikanga pūrongo i te tiwhikete, i te kaiwhakarato rānei. Ka whakamārama te aratohu mō te pānui i tētahi tiwhikete tātari kikorangi metilīni i ngā arowhai tuhinga.
Ka puta he hapa, kaua he hua, mō ngā āpure pātea, te papatipu, te rōrahi rānei kāore i nui ake i te kore, ngā waeine kāore e tautokona, me ngā pūtake whakamātautau ihirangi e ngaro ana. Ina panonihia tētahi tāuru, ka whakakapia te hua o mua, ahakoa he muhu te uara hou. Ka whakakāhoretia ngā tau ka hipa i te rohe tātai. Kāore te taputapu e whakamātau mēnā ka taea te matū te rewa ki taua kukū, mēnā i oti katoa te rewatanga, mēnā rānei i mau tonu te pūmautanga o te whakarite.
Kia taea te whakaputa anō i te tātai
Tuhia te puranga, te āhua rāpoi, te hua me te pūtake o te whakamātautau ihirangi, ngā whakatikatika whakamaroke, te papatipu kua paunatia, te rōrahi whakamutunga, me ngā āhuatanga whakarite. Pūrongotia anake te taumata tika e tautokona ana e ō inenga; he mea whakangāwari noa ngā mati e whakaaturia ana e te tātaitai.
Mō tētahi wairewa pūtake kua tuhia kētia ōna taipitopito, whakamahia ngā tātai waimeha kikorangi metilīni motuhake. Mō ngā tapanga ōrau, tirohia tuatahitia ngā tahuritanga kukū kikorangi metilīni. Kāore te kukū mōra tika, te ōrau kua tika te tahuri rānei, e whakatau me pēhea te tuku i tētahi matū ki te tangata, ki te kararehe rānei.