Tuhinga
Te kahurangi metilīni me te paihana nitrite ki ngā ika
He wāhi tō te kahurangi metilīni hei āwhina mō te paihana nitrite ki ngā ika o te taika ika, e ai ki te hua motuhake. Ehara tēnei i te whakakapi mō te whakatika i te wai kua poke, ā, ehara i te mea kua pāngia e te paihana nitrite tētahi ika e kapokapo hā ana i te mata o te wai. Tīmata ki ngā inenga wai me ngā āhuatanga o te taika i ngā rā tata nei, kātahi ka kōwhiri i tētahi maimoatanga.
Ko te rerekētanga whai take kei waenga i te hāora e wātea ana i te wai me te hāora ka taea e te toto te kawe. Ka taea e te nitrite te whakakino i te tuarua ahakoa e āhua rawaka ana te tuatahi. Mā te whakapiki i te whakauru hau ki te wai e tautoko te ika, engari kāore tēnā e whakakore i te pānga o te nitrite.
Te pānga o te nitrite ki te toto o te ika
Ka uru te nitrite ki ngā ika mā ō rātou pihapiha. I roto i te toto, ka whakahāoratia e te nitrite te hemoglobin kia noho hei methemoglobin, kāore e taea te here hāora pēnei i te tikanga. Ko te āhuatanga ka puta, arā, te methemoglobinemia, e kīia nuitia ana ko te mate toto parauri, nā te mea ka parauri pea te toto kua pāngia.
Kei te whakamārama a USDA mō te whakamātau i te pānga o te nitrite ki te ika channel catfish te kōrero mō tēnei tukanga kawe hāora. Ka rere tonu pea tētahi pūtau toto whero, ahakoa kua kore tētahi wāhanga o tōna hemoglobin e kaha ki te mahi i tāna mahi noa. Ka ine te pānuitanga hāora i te wai e karapoti ana i te ika; kāore e ine i te nui o te hemoglobin e mahi tonu ana i roto i te ika.
Ka wehewehea e te whakaahua o runga aua wāhi e rua: ka uru te nitrite mā te pihapiha, engari kei roto i te toto te ngaronga o te kaha kawe hāora. He whakaaturanga tēnei o te tukanga, ehara i te whakamātautau toto, i te whakatau mate rānei mā te titiro ki tētahi ika motuhake.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka raru te nitrite ina kāore anō te pūnaha tātari koiora kia tino pakari, ina nui rawa te kawenga, ina whakararurarutia rānei. Ka hono te whakamārama whakatau mate kararehe a Purdue mō te mate toto parauri i ēnei āhuatanga ki te whakaeminga o ngā para whai hauota, ā, ka tohu ko te whakawhiti wai tētahi huarahi hei waimeha i te pānga. He mahi motuhake te whakatika i te kukū o taua wā, he mahi motuhake anō te whakahoki i te kaha o te pūnaha ki te tukatuka para.
Te wāhi o te kahurangi metilīni
E ai ki ngā tuhinga hua kahurangi metilīni a Kordon, he āwhina tāna hanganga wairewa 2.303% ki te whakahoki i ngā pānga o te paihana nitrite ki ngā ika taika wai māori me ngā ika taika wai moana. Ka hono te kaihanga i taua whakamahinga ki te huringa o te methemoglobin kia hoki hei hemoglobin. He kerēme tēnei mō tētahi hua taika ika motuhake, ehara i te taunakitanga ka taea te whakamahi i ngā wairewa kahurangi katoa hei maimoatanga ōrite.
Ka whakatūpato hoki aua tuhinga kia kaua e whakamahia ki ngā pūnaha whakahurihuri wai whai tātari koiora, nā te mea ka whakararu te hua i ngā huakita huri hauota. He mea nui tēnei ina nā te ngoikore o te tātari i puta ai te pānga. Kāore hoki e whakaaetia te whakamahi hei rongoā mō ngā ika hei kai. Nō reira, i mua i te whakamahinga, me whakaaro ki tētahi wāhi maimoatanga motuhake, ki te pai mō te momo ika, me ngā tohutohu katoa o te pounamu.
Pānuitia te aratohu whānui mō ngā whakamahinga me ngā here o te kahurangi metilīni i ngā taika ika kia mōhio ai ki te horopaki whānui o te maimoatanga. Kaua e whakawhiti i tētahi tikanga maimoatanga methemoglobinemia mō te tangata ki te wai rumaki ika: he rerekē te ara tuku, te hanganga o te hua, me te tangata, te kararehe rānei e maimoatia ana.
Pānuitia te tapanga hei tohutohu katoa
Whakamahia tēnei rārangi arowhai me te pounamu tūturu, me ngā tohutohu o nāianei a tōna kaihanga. Tuhia ngā whakautu i mua i te whakarite waimehatanga; ehara te kukū anake i te mahere maimoatanga.
| Arowhai | Ngā mōhiohio hei tuhi | Te hapa ka āraitia e tēnei |
|---|---|---|
| Te tuakiri o te hua | Te kaihanga, te matū hohe, te kaha o te hanganga, me te rā mōnehu | Te whakaaro he whakaahuatanga hua katoa te ingoa o te pūhui |
| Te whakamahinga kua whakaritea | Mēnā kei roto te paihana nitrite me te horopaki taika ika e hāngai ana | Te tango i tētahi tohutohu mō te maimoatanga hua ika, mō tētahi whakamahinga kē rānei |
| Ngā kararehe me te taiao | Te momo, te wāhanga o te huringa ora, ngā āhuatanga wai māori, wai moana rānei, te whakatipu hei whakapaipai, hei kai rānei | Te whakawhānui i te tapanga ki tua atu o te taiao kua tohua |
| Ngā tohutohu mō te pānga | Te rōrahi wai tūturu, te rahinga, te roanga, me ngā tohutohu whai muri | Te tārua i tētahi horopeta me te mahue o ngā āhuatanga e pā ai taua horopeta |
| Te hototahi ki te pūnaha | Te tātari koiora, ētahi atu maimoatanga, ngā tipu, me ngā whakaritenga tango | Te hanga i tētahi raruraru tuarua mō te kounga wai i te wā maimoatanga |
Ka whakamārama te kōrerorero motuhake mō te horopeta taika ika me te kukū hua he aha i rerekē ai te rahinga ka ringihia mai i te pounamu me te kukū ka puta i te wai. Tirohia ngā take hototahi me te haumaru mō ngā taika ika i mua i te whakakotahi maimoatanga.
He raruraru rerekē te nitrite, te nitrate, te ammonia, me te chlorine
Ehara te ōritenga o ngā ingoa i te tohu kia ōrite ngā maimoatanga. Ka wehewehea ēnei pānga e te whakataurite mōrearea taiao a te MSD Veterinary Manual, ā, ka whakanui i te tino rerekētanga o te whakaraeraetanga ki te nitrite i waenga i ngā momo ika me ngā āhuatanga wai.
| Te raruraru e whakapaetia ana | Ngā mea hei arowhai | Ngā mea kāore e whakatūturu ana tētahi tapanga whakamahinga mō te nitrite |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrite, NO₂⁻ | Te hua whakamātautau nitrite, ngā waeine pūrongo, te momo ika, me ngā āhuatanga matū o te wai | He mate toto parauri ngā wā katoa e tere ana te whakahā |
| Nitrate, NO₃⁻ | Tētahi inenga nitrate motuhake me te whakaeminga mō te wā roa | Ka tangohia te nitrate e te kahurangi metilīni |
| Ammonia | Te katoa o te hauota ammonia, te pH, me te pāmahana | Ka whakatikaina te pānga ammonia e te kahurangi metilīni |
| Chlorine, chloramine rānei | Te maimoatanga o te wai pūtake me te whakamātautau chlorine e tika ana | He matū whakakore chlorine whānui te waikano |
| He iti te hāora kua memeha | Te inenga hāora me te pai o te whakauru hau ki te wai | Ka tukuna e tētahi rongoā he hāora rawaka ki te wai |
Arowhaingia ngā waeine i mua i te whakataurite i tētahi hua whakamātautau ki tētahi uara tohutoro. Ko tētahi hua kua tuhia hei hauota nitrite, NO₂-N, e whakaatu ana i te papatipu hauota anake. Mā te whakarea ki te tata ki te 3.3 ka huri taua hua hei kukū papatipu o te katote nitrite katoa. Nō reira ko te 0.30 mg/L NO₂-N he tata ki te 0.99 mg/L NO₂⁻, ehara i te 0.30 mg/L NO₂⁻. Ehara tēnei tauira tātai i te paepae haumaru.
He aha i whai take ai te chloride me te hītori kawe ika
Ka whakataetae te chloride ki te nitrite mō te urunga mā ngā pihapiha o ngā ika wai māori. Ka whakamārama te aratohu tote mō te ahumoana a Te Whare Wānanga o Florida ka taea e te whakapiki chloride i te wai te whakaiti i te urunga nitrite. Ehara te chloride i te chlorine patu iroriki. He rerekē hoki tēnei tukanga whakamarumaru i te pānga ki te methemoglobin kua noho kē ki roto i te toto.
I whakamātauria e tētahi whakamātau 96 hāora ki ngā ika tilapia Nile taitamariki ngā kukū chloride e rua i waho i te ika. I raro i ngā āhuatanga o taua rangahau, nā te chloride teitei ake i iti iho ai te paitini o te nitrite me te hanganga methemoglobin. Kāore tēnei e whakatūturu i tētahi rahinga tote hei tāpiri ki ngā taika katoa he maha ngā momo ika o roto: ka whai take tonu ngā momo ika, te chloride kei reira kē, te pānga, me ērā atu mea ora o te taika. Kāore te whakamātau i whakamātautau i te kahurangi metilīni.
Ka tāpirihia e te kawe ika tētahi atu huinga take pea. I ngā whakamātau kawe ika i ngā pāmu a Te Whare Wānanga o Florida, i whakamātauria te kahurangi metilīni hei tāpiritanga patu moroiti, engari kāore i pai ake te putanga mō te āhua me te whanonga i pūrongotia. E pā ana taua kitenga ki te taiao kawe i whakamātauria, ehara i te maimoatanga o te paihana nitrite kua whakatūturutia. Ka whakamārama hoki taua aratohu i te pānga o te whakaeminga ammonia, te huringa pH, te pāmahana, me te hāora ki te ahotea kawe ika. Mā te pH teitei ake me te pāmahana teitei ake e nui ake ai te wāhanga ammonia paitini kāore i te āhua katote. Kāore te tae kahurangi o te wai kawe ika e whakaatu ana kei te whakahaeretia ēnei taurangi.
Wehea te urupare wawe i te mahere whakaora
Mō ngā ika e māuiui ana, tautokona te whakauru hau ki te wai, ā, kia tere te aromatawai i te ika me te wai. Me aromatawai tētahi rata kararehe wai, tētahi ratonga hauora ika rānei, i te tino uaua o te whakahā, te ngaronga o te taurite, te mate tonu rānei o ngā ika. Whakaritea ngā mōhiohio mō te momo ika, te rōrahi taika, ngā hua whakamātautau me ō rātou waeine, ngā mahi tiaki o nā tata nei, me ngā hua katoa kua whakamahia.
Whakamahia he wai whakakapi kua whakaritea tika, e hototahi ana hoki, ina waimehatia tētahi raruraru kounga wai kua tuhia. Arowhaingia anō ngā āhuatanga, kaua e whakapae nā te mahi kotahi i whakatau te pānga. Arotakehia te whāngai, te maha o ngā ika, me te kaha tātari kia kitea ai he aha i whakaemi ai te para. Ka tautuhi te aratohu pūnaha whakahurihuri wai a Te Whare Wānanga o Florida i ēnei hei tino take whakatau i te kounga wai.
Ki te whakahā noa ake tētahi ika, he taunakitanga whakatenatena tēnā mō tōna āhua. Ka whakautua e tētahi whakamātautau wai anō tētahi pātai rerekē: arā, kua haumaru rānei te taiao kia haere tonu ai te whakaora.