Te kahurangi metilīni mō te ich, te pirau pakihau, me te mate harore: he whakataurite i ngā taunakitanga

Ka puta he ira mā ki tētahi ika. Ka kahurangi te wai. Ka uaua te kite i ngā ira, ā, ka whakatau te kaipupuri kua whai hua te maimoatanga. Ētahi rā i muri mai, kua kino kē te ika. Kāore te waikano i whakarerekē i te pirinoa. Ko te tirohanga anake i rerekē.

Ka hoki anō taua hē nā te mea he ōrite ngā tohu ā-kanohi o ētahi mate: he ira mā, he kōpuremure koma, he pakihau tāwekoweko, he putunga rite ki te miro. Ka whakaaturia tonutia te waikano i ngā hua rapu hei whakautu kotahi mō ia pāpaka. He rerekē kē ngā rauropi. He iti noa ngā mea e ōrite ana i waenga i tētahi protozoa whai huruhuru, tētahi puruhekaheka wai, tētahi huakita Gram-tōraro, tētahi dinoflagellate, me tētahi noke papatahi, hāunga te kiri, ngā pakihau, ngā pihapiha rānei kua tūkinotia. Kāore e taea e tētahi waikano whai pānga tūturu, engari whāiti, te whakatutuki i ēnei mea e rima katoa. Ko te raupapa whai hua ko te tātaritanga i te tuatahi, kātahi ko te tukumate me tōna wāhanga oranga, kātahi ko te rongoā, kātahi ko te tapanga hua. E whai ana ngā kōrero katoa i raro nei i taua raupapa.

Te wāhi e kaha rawa ana ngā taunakitanga: ngā hua ika me te puruhekaheka wai

Ko te whakamahinga o te kahurangi metilīni i ngā puna ika e tino tautokona ana ko te tiaki i ngā hua ika i te puruhekaheka wai, otirā i te Saprolegnia me te Achlya. He oomycetes ēnei, arā, he puruhekaheka wai, ehara i te harore tūturu. Ka noho rātou ki ngā hua mate, ngā hua kua tūkinotia, me ngā wharanga, i mua i te horapa ki ngā mea pātata. I kitea i ngā rangahau whakahaere ko te 3 mg/L i whakapai ake i te paonga o ngā hua angelfish me ngā hua black-skirt tetra, engari kāore te zebrafish i whai painga. Nō reira, kei te momo ika te urupare ki te nui o te rongoā, kāore e ōrite mō ngā momo katoa. Kua whakarāpopototia te horopaki whānui ake i tētahi arotake o nā tata nei mō ngā maimoatanga mate o ngā ika whakapaipai.

He iti iho te kaha o ngā taunakitanga mō ngā pāpaka pāpaku, rite ki te miro, ki ngā ika pakeke. He pānga tūturu tō te kahurangi metilīni ki te patu i te puruhekaheka wai i ngā mata e tuwhera ana. Ka whakatakotoria e ngā tohutohu whānui mō te kahurangi metilīni mō ngā ika puna ika te whakamahinga mō ngā hua me ngā mata hei kaupapa matua. Ka toro atu taua whakaaro ki ngā mahi whare pao, e whakaahuatia ana i te kahurangi metilīni mō ngā hua ika me ngā mahi whare pao. Engari he pānga tuarua tonu te putunga rite ki te miro i te nuinga o te wā. Ka tipu ki te wāhi i whakatuwheratia tuatahitia ai te mata e tētahi wharanga, e te ngau pirinoa, e te kounga wai kino, e tētahi pāpaka huakita rānei. Ki te maimoatia te putunga, engari ka waiho te tūkinotanga i raro iho, ka hoki mai anō.

Te ich wai māori: he āwhina wāhanga noa, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wāhanga oranga

Nā te Ichthyophthirius multifiliis te mate ira mā o te wai māori. He rauropi whai huruhuru tēnei ka poka ki roto i te kiri, ngā pakihau, me ngā pihapiha. He nui ngā wāhanga pakeke e kai ana, tata ki te haurua mirimita ki te kotahi mirimita, nō reira ko te tohu e mōhiotia nuitia ana he rite ki ngā kākano tote takitahi. Ka whakaahua ngā rauemi tohutohu o te whare wānanga mō te koiora o te ich wai māori me ngā mātāpono maimoatanga i tōna hurihanga oranga, ā, ka whakanui i te tirohanga karu whārahi ki ngā tauira kiri, pihapiha rānei, kaua te matapae mā ngā ira anake.

He pānga patu protozoa tō te kahurangi metilīni i konei, ā, kei ngā tapanga kaihanga te Ichthyophthirius hei whakamahinga tuarua. E ai ki tētahi arotake o nā tata nei, i whai hua wāhanga noa te kahurangi metilīni i konatunatua ki te tote mō ngā catfish i tino pāngia. Heoi, i kitea i tētahi rangahau kuhu kāore te waikano i taea te patu i ngā trophont kai kua kōpaki ki roto i te kiri. Ko ēnei kitenga e rua e tohu ana i te rohe o tōna whaihua: tērā pea ka whai pānga ki ngā wāhanga herekore e tuwhera ana, engari he ngoikore te pānga ki te wāhanga kai kua tiakina, kua tanu ki roto i te paparanga kiri. Nō reira, me kapi te hurihanga oranga i te maimoatanga, kaua e mutu ina ngaro ngā ira i te tirohanga. Ka aro kē ngā tohutohu paerewa ki ngā rautaki whakamahi formalin, konukura, me te taumata tote, kaua ki te kahurangi metilīni anake.

He rauropi rerekē te take o te mate ira mā o te moana, arā, ko Cryptocaryon irritans, ā, he iti ake ngā taunakitanga. Ka whakahua ngā rārangi matū tawhito i te kahurangi metilīni, me te whaihua kāore i pūmau. Engari ko ngā tohutohu o nāianei mō te tātaritanga me te maimoatanga o te mate ira mā o te moana e aro ana ki ngā kawa konukura, whakaheke taumata tote, chloroquine, me te formalin, me te pupuri i te kukū katote konukura herekore ki tētahi taumata ka aroturukitia mō ngā wiki. Ehara te rumaki kahurangi metilīni i te mea ōrite ki te whakakore i te Cryptocaryon i tētahi pūnaha.

Te pirau pakihau: ehara te pakihau haehae i te pokenga i ngā wā katoa

He huinga tohu te pirau pakihau, ehara i te tukumate kotahi. Ka uru ngā huakita Gram-tōraro ka whai painga i te ngoikoretanga, tae atu ki ngā momo Pseudomonas me Aeromonas, ki ngā pakihau kua tūkinotia kētia e te kounga wai kino, te whakatumatuma, te whāwhā rānei. Ka whakarārangi ngā tohutohu tākuta kararehe mō ngā mate huakita o ngā ika i ēnei āhuatanga e whakarahi ana i te mōrea, ā, ka tūtohu kia whakatipuria he tauira huakita, kia whakamātauria hoki tōna whakaraerae ki ngā rongoā, ina tika te maimoatanga patu moroiti.

Kāore tētahi whakamātautau whakapono e whakaatu ana he rongoā patu huakita te kahurangi metilīni mō te pirau pakihau kua pūmau. I tētahi rangahau ika kōura e hē ana te pānui i ngā wā maha, i tukuna ngā ika ki te kahurangi metilīni mō ētahi wiki i mua i te whakatau atu i ngā huakita. I kitea he panoni i te ārai mate me te oranga i muri mai. He rangahau koiora tēnā mō te whakarite i mua, ehara i te whakamātautau whakaora pakihau pirau. Ki te tau tētahi haehae hou, mā, whai muri i te whakatikatika wai me te tango i te ika o te puna e ngau ana, he wharanga ā-tinana tēnā. Ko te paheketanga haere o te pakihau, me te rerekētanga o te tae, te mumura, te whewhe, te ngaronga kiko rānei, ka tohu ki te pokenga, ā, me whai tātaritanga me te maimoatanga hāngai.

Te ripanga whakataurite

Te wehewehe i ngā mate i mua i te tuku rongoā

E whā ngā āhuatanga ka tino rangiruatia. He āwhina te rahi. He kākano motuhake, he mea puku ngā ira ich, ka kitea takitahitia. He puehu angiangi, he kōataata kōura-parauri rānei te wereweti, ā, he tino iti ake ia matūriki. Ko te rahi toharite o ngā trophont wereweti moana he hautanga noa iho o te rahi o te ich. He āhua ahu-toru te puruhekaheka wai: he kaka rite ki te miro e toro atu ana i te mata. Ka hanga te columnaris i ngā kōpuremure mā-kōwhai, whai kaka, hāwareware rānei, he āhua harore tinihanga tō rātou, engari ka horapa hei whāriki huakita i runga i tētahi tauira mākū.

Ka tāpiri mōhiohio te wāhi me te whanonga. Ka pā te ich ki te kiri, ngā pakihau, me ngā pihapiha, ā, ka taea e te ich moana te huna ki ngā pihapiha me te kore rawa e kitea he ira. Ka kaha te wereweti ki te patu i ngā pihapiha, nō reira ki te tere te hā me te mirimiri a te ika i tōna tinana ki ngā mea, ka noho te wereweti ki runga ake i te rārangi whakapae. Ka tīmata te puruhekaheka wai ki ngā wharanga me ngā hua mate, nō reira ina kitea, me ui he aha i whara ai te mata. Ka whakaeke te columnaris i te kiri, ngā pihapiha, me ngā pakihau, ā, ka tere pea te horo i te kiko.

Ko te mea wehewehe e whakatau ana i te nuinga o ngā tautohe ko te tirohanga karu whārahi: he tauira mākū o te kiri, te pakihau, te pihapiha rānei e whakaatu ana i ngā rauropi whai huruhuru, ngā trophont dinoflagellate, ngā hanganga manga o te puruhekaheka wai, ngā putunga huakita whai kaka rānei o te columnaris. I mua i ēnā katoa, tirohia te haukini, te nitrite, te pāmahana, te pH, me te hāora memeha, me te taumata tote hoki i ngā pūnaha moana. Ka rite te kounga wai kino ki te mate, ā, ka whakatenatena hoki i ngā pokenga tuarua, kātahi ka whakahēngia te waikano mō tana kore e whakaora i aua pokenga.

E rima ngā āhuatanga ko te waikano te whakautu hē

Mā te konukura te wereweti, kaua mā te wai kahurangi. He pūrongo tawhito mō ngā rumaki wereweti wai māori, engari he tawhito, he iti hoki ngā taunakitanga, ā, he tino kaha ake te tautoko mō te konukura. Mō te wereweti moana, ka kōrero ngā tohutohu mātanga o nāianei mō te formalin, te perōkai, ngā rumaki poto, te konukura, me te chloroquine, me te whakahoki anō i te maimoatanga nā te mea ka ātete te wāhanga kua kōpaki.

Me whai rongoā patu noke ngā noke papatahi pirinoa. He noke papatahi pūtau-maha ngā monogenean, ā, kāore ngā pānga patu protozoa o te kahurangi metilīni e hāngai ki a rātou. Ka whakaingoatia e ngā tohutohu te praziquantel hei maimoatanga e manakohia ana mō ngā ika whakapaipai. I te nuinga o te wā, he rumaki roa tēnei, me te kukū kei te pito raro o ngā tau mati-kotahi mg/L, i raro i ngā tikanga tākuta kararehe me ngā ture e tika ana.

Me whai mātauranga huakita te columnaris, kaua he waikano. He huakita Gram-tōraro te Flavobacterium columnare e āhei ana ki te whakangaro tere i te kiko, otirā i ngā pihapiha. Kāore tētahi pānga patu moroiti ki te mata e ōrite ki te whakaora i tētahi pokenga huakita e kino haere ana. Ko ngā whakamahinga rongoā patu moroiti kua whakatūturutia mō te columnaris i te ahumoana e hāngai ana ki ngā rongoā i kōwhiria mā te tātaritanga me te whakamātautau whakaraerae, kaua ki te tuku rongoā noa iho i te kāinga.

Ehara te kōpukupuku i te mate hei whakarite noa ki tētahi rongoā. Ko te āhua rite ki te koeko paina e tohu ana i te kohinga wē, he maha pea ōna pūtakenga: te ngoikore o ngā whēkau, te pokenga puta noa i te tinana, te mate manawa, te tūkinotanga nui o te uhi tinana. Ka whakamārama tōtika tētahi tuhinga tākuta kararehe i te take kāore he rongoā whakaora kotahi mō te kōpukupuku. Ki te maimoatia te pupuhi me te kore e tautuhi i te pūnaha kua ngoikore, ka moumou te wā e taea ai te mahi whai hua.

He rite tonu taua hē whakarōpū ki ngā tohu tōngāmimi kauhoe, engari kotahi te okotahi whai akoranga. Ka puta te mānu rerekē i te hanganga tinana, te kai, te kōroke, te wharanga, te pokenga, te pēhanga a ngā whēkau, te matū o te wai rānei. Kāore te kahurangi metilīni e maimoa tōtika i tētahi o ēnā. Ko te okotahi ko te paitinitanga nitrite: ka whakahaoratia e te nitrite te hemoglobin hei methemoglobin, kāore e taea e tērā te kawe hāora, ā, ka rerekē pea te kauhoe o ngā ika kua pāngia. Ka whakaatu ngā rangahau pūtau toto whero o te taraute i tētahi ara e āwhinatia ana e te kahurangi metilīni mō te whakahekenga o te methemoglobin i te toto ika. I kitea hoki i ngā whakamātautau steelhead nā ngā kukū iti o te kahurangi metilīni i whakaiti te paitinitanga nitrite whakapeka. Ka maimoa tērā i te paitinitanga, e whakamāramatia ana i te kahurangi metilīni me te paitinitanga nitrite i ngā ika, kaua i tētahi tōngāmimi kauhoe kua tūkinotia.

Ngā mea e kīia tūturu ana e ngā tapanga

He nui ake ngā rerekētanga o ngā tapanga hua i tā ngā whakarāpopototanga hokohoko e tohu ai, ā, ko te tapanga tino whāiti te mea tino whai mōhiohio. Ka whakaingoatia e te tapanga kahurangi metilīni a Kordon te pokenga harore pāpaku, te harore hua ika, te whakamahinga tuarua ki ētahi protozoa o waho, tae atu ki te Ichthyophthirius, me te āwhina mō te paitinitanga cyanide me te nitrite. Kātahi ka kī mārama kāore te hua e tohua mō te Oodinium, ngā pokenga huakita, ngā noke papatahi pirinoa, ngā pokenga harore āhua taumaha ki te tino taumaha rānei. Ko aua aukatinga e whakakore pū ana i ngā whakamahinga hē e whakatūpatoria ana i tēnei tuhinga.

He whāiti anō te pepa mōhiohio kahurangi metilīni a Fritz: ko te ārai me te tiaki i te pokenga harore pāpaku, te tiaki hua ika, me te whakamahinga tuarua mō ngā protozoa, tae atu ki te ich wai māori. Kei reira hoki tētahi kawa kukū iti mō te wā roa me tētahi kawa rumaki poto kukū nui. He whānui ake ngā kerēme o te whārangi kahurangi metilīni a NT Labs, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga huakita pēnei i ngā pakihau pirau me ngā whewhe. Nā ngā kaihanga aua kerēme whānui ake. Kāore ngā taunakitanga motuhake e whakatūturu ana i te kahurangi metilīni hei maimoatanga pono mō te pirau pakihau huakita, mō te columnaris rānei, nō reira he pai ake te hāngai o ngā tapanga whāiti ki ngā tuhinga rangahau.

Ka tāpiri mai ngā hua whakakotahi i tētahi atu mahanga. Ko ngā ranunga e whakarārangi ana i te kahurangi metilīni me te acriflavine, te ethacridine, te methyl orange, ētahi atu rongoā patu pirinoa rānei, ka whai tohu whakamahinga mō te mate ira mā, mō te wereweti rānei. He tohu ēnei mō te ranunga, kaua mō te kahurangi metilīni anake. Mā te pānui i te rārangi matū hohe e kore ai e hoatu te mihi ki te waikano mō ngā mahi nā ōna hoa matū.

Te whakamahi me te kore e whakakino i te puna ika

Me whakamahi te kahurangi metilīni ki tētahi puna ika tahanga mō te tiaki ika māuiui, mō te maimoatanga rānei, kaua ki tētahi puna whakaatu kua pūmau. Ka whakatūpato te tapanga a Kordon ka whakararu tēnei i ngā huakita tātari e huri ana i te haukini hei nitrite, hei nitrate hoki, me te tipu o ngā tipu; ka uru ki te toka, te wheo, me te rākau; ka whakapoke tae i te silicone; ā, ka tangohia e te waro whakahohe. He ōrite ngā whakatūpato a ētahi atu kaihanga: tangohia te waro i te wā maimoatanga, kia tūpato ki te whakaraerae o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe tuaiwi-kore, ā, me manako kē ki te rumaki taratahi. Ko ngā tauira tuku rongoā kua whakaputaina he tauira tapanga, ehara i te whakahaunga mō ngā āhuatanga katoa, ā, he rerekē ngā kukū o ngā wairewa pūtake i tēnā waitohu, i tēnā waitohu: he kukū iti, roa, tata ki te 3 mg/L mō ētahi rā; he maimoatanga hua tata ki te 3 mg/L tae noa ki te paonga; he rumaki tino poto, kukū nui, tata ki te 50 mg/L mō ētahi hēkona. Ehara te pānga roa i te mea kore mōrearea; ko te noho ki te 2 mg/L mō ngā wiki maha i hua ai he pānga kino ki te tipu me te toto o ngā ika kōura.

He poto te tikanga whakatau e tū tonu ana i muri i ēnei kōrero katoa. Tautuhia te rauropi, whakaae rānei kāore anō kia wehewehea te take o te tohu. Whakaritea te rongoā ki taua rauropi: he waikano mō ngā hua me te puruhekaheka wai e tuwhera ana; he kawa whai whakaaro ki te hurihanga oranga mō te ich; he konukura mō te wereweti; he praziquantel mō ngā noke papatahi pirinoa; he rongoā patu moroiti i kōwhiria mā te tātaritanga mō te columnaris; he aromatawai i te pūnaha e ngoikore ana mō te kōpukupuku me ngā raruraru mānu. Whakamahia te kahurangi metilīni ki ngā wāhi e tautokona ana e ōna taunakitanga, ki tētahi puna tiaki ika māuiui, e ai ki te tapanga, me te whakatikatika i te kounga wai i te tuatahi.