Tuhinga
Te hanga me te whakamā i te kikorangi metilīni
Ka hangaia te kikorangi metilīni mā te kōtuitanga matū. Ka hanga ngā kaihanga i te rāpoi ngota o te waikano, ka wehe i taua rāpoi i ngā toenga tauhohenga, ka whakawehe i te matū e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka aromatawai i tōna kounga. He mahi motuhake ēnei: kāore te hanga i tētahi pūhui kikorangi e whakaū ana ka tutuki i tētahi puranga ngā paearu kua whakaritea.
Ka whakamārama ngā kōrero matū e wātea ana ki te iwi me pēhea tēnei e mahia ai. Kāore aua kōrero e tautuhi ana i te ara i whakamahia mō tētahi pātara ake. Ka whakaahua tētahi ārai i tētahi mea hou me ōna tauira; ka whakaahua tētahi pūkete puranga i ngā mea i mahia i te wā o te whakaputanga tūturu.
He aha ngā matū e hangaia ai te kikorangi metilīni?
Ko te whakaahuatanga a IARC mō te whakaputanga arumoni e whakaahua ana i tētahi ara e whakamahi ana i ngā amine kakara kua whai rōpū whakakapi, tae atu ki te N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine me te N,N-dimethylaniline, me te sodium thiosulfate me ngā matū tauhohe hāora. Ka hangaia e ngā tauhohenga te pūnaha mowhiti whai whanariki o te kikorangi metilīni. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tukuna te matū kua oti hei tote pūhaumāota, me te wai e hono ana ki te matū totoka.
He hurihanga tēnei o ngā matū tīmatanga hei matū hou. Ehara i te mea ka noho tonu tētahi kai whakauru i whakamahia i te kōtuitanga hei kai whakauru o te pātara kua oti. Waihoki, kāore te kī he matū tīmatanga taua mea e whakaū ana kua tangohia ōna toenga. Me whai taunakitanga tātari hei whakautu i ngā pātai mō te rahinga o ngā toenga.
I taua upoko anō a IARC, ka whakaahuatia te kikorangi metilīni maroke hei tioata kākāriki pōuri, hei paura tioata rānei, he pīataata parahi tōna, ahakoa he kikorangi hōhonu ōna wairewa. Kāore tētahi o ēnei āhua e whakaū ana i te parakore.
He rerekē ngā matū ka whakaurua e ngā ara kua whakaputaina
Ka hono te ara tuku iho i ngā wāhanga hanga kakara, ā, ka kati i te mowhiti waenga mā tētahi raupapa tauhohenga hāoratanga. He rerekē ōna putanga ā-ahumahi i ngā matū hāora, te whakahaere i ngā matū takawaenga, me te whakawehe.
Hei tauira, ka whakaahua a US4212971A i tētahi ara manganese-dioxide i hoahoatia hei karo i te dichromate i te raupapa hāoratanga. Ka whai wāhi hoki te copper sulfate ki te tukanga kua whakaaturia. He mea nui tēnei rerekētanga mō te whakamahere kounga: mā te karo i tētahi matū tauhohe chromium ka whakarerekētia tētahi puna poke pea, engari me whakaaro tonu ki te manganese me te copper. He kerēme rerekē te “tukanga kāore he dichromate” me te “kāore he poke huānga”.
Ko ētahi tono hou ake ka tīmata ki tētahi anga mowhiti kua oti kē te hanga. Ka whakaahua a WO2018167185A1 i tētahi whakarite e ahu mai ana i te phenothiazine, mā te tāpiri kōnakonako, kātahi ka tauhohe ki te dimethylamine kia puta ai te waikano whai rōpū whakakapi. He whakaaturanga tēnei o tētahi rautaki kōtuitanga rerekē, ehara i te taunakitanga kua whakakapi taua ara i te hanga tuku iho i ngā wāhi katoa.
I te nuinga o te wā, kāore e taea e te kaihoko te whakaraupapa i ēnei ara i runga i ō rātou ingoa anake. Ko te whakataurite whai hua, ko te tirotiro mēnā ka whakaputa auau ia tukanga e whakahaerehia ana i tētahi matū e tutuki ai ngā paearu e hiahiatia ana, tae atu ki ngā poke motuhake o taua ara.
Ka aro te whakamā ki ngā momo toenga rerekē
Ko ngā waikano pātata tētahi wero. He tata ngā hanganga o Azure A, Azure B me Azure C ki tō te kikorangi metilīni. Nō reira, ka uaua ake pea te whakawehe i te tango i tētahi korakora kore hononga, kāore e memeha. Ka taea e tētahi tātari pūare iti te pupuri korakora, engari ka rere tonu ngā poke waikano kua memeha mā roto.
Ko tētahi wero tuarua, ko ngā toenga whai konganuku. Ko te tuatoru, ko te whakarewa tukanga e toe ana i muri i te whakawehe. Ka whakaiti pea tētahi wāhanga whakamā i tētahi kāwai, engari ka waiho tētahi atu kia āhua kore e rerekē.
Ka whakaatu ēnei huarahi e rua kua whakaputaina i te rerekētanga:
- Te whakatō, te tangohanga me te whakatioata. Ka whakaahua a US12215234B2 i te tango konganuku mā te whakatō i te wā o te tangohanga mā te whakarewa, ka whai atu ko te whakamā anō me te whakawehe. Ka hono hoki te tuhinga i ngā āhuatanga pāpāhua ki te hanganga o ngā poke waikano, ā, ka matapaki i te whakahaere pH me tētahi huarahi whakatioata motuhake mō tētahi poke waro. Ka whakaatu tēnei i tētahi taupatupatu tukanga: me aromatawai hoki ngā āhuatanga e whai hua ana mō te whakawehe mō ngā huringa matū kāore e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā hua kua pūrongotia e pā ana ki ngā tauira kua whakaaturia, kaua ki te katoa o te kikorangi metilīni e hokona arumonitia ana.
- Te whakamā i tētahi āhua kua whakahekea mō te wā poto. Ka whakaahua a US20160200696A1 i tētahi matatini leucomethylene-blue kua tāpirihia he iraoho, kua whakaūngia hoki. Ka whakaheke matū te tukanga i te kikorangi metilīni, ka whakamā i taua matū takawaenga, ā, ka hāora anō kia hoki ai ki tōna āhua o mua. Ko te painga e marohitia ana, mā te whakarerekē i te āhua matū ka māmā ake te whakawehe i ngā waikano azure me ngā poke konganuku. Ka tohu a “Leuco” i te āhua kua whakahekea; ehara taua kupu ake i te kupu mō te “parakore”.
Ka whakamahi ēnei huarahi i ngā āhuatanga matū rerekē hei whakatutuki i te whakawehe. Nā te noho mai o ēnei huarahi ka mārama he nui ake ngā mōhiohio ka tukuna e tētahi whakaahuatanga tukanga tōtika i te kupu “kua tātarihia”, engari kāore tētahi o ēnei e whakakapi i ngā hua mō te puranga tūturu.
Hoahoa tukanga: ngā wāhi ka ara ake ngā pātai kounga
He whakakotahitanga ā-ariā o ngā tukanga kua whakaputaina me ngā mātāpono kounga e kōrerotia ana i konei. Ka whakaatu ngā pere rārangi tōtika i te rere o ngā matū; ka hono ngā pere rārangi tāhei i ngā wāhanga ki ngā pātai tātari. Ehara ēnei i ngā wā tango tauira kua whakahaua, ā, ka hāngai pea ngā whakamātautau ki ētahi wāhanga maha. Ka wehe atu ngā rerenga kua tangohia i te wā o te whakamā; ka ine ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga i ngā mea e toe ana.
Ka hono te ripanga i aua pātai ki ngā taunakitanga whai hua. Ko te HPLC te kromatōkarafi wai mahi-teitei; ko te IR te tūāwhiorangi pōkākā; ko te GC te kromatōkarafi hau; ko te ICP-MS te ine papatipu mā te wēhiko kua honoa ā-arataki.
| Wāhanga, take āwangawanga rānei | Ngā mea me whakahaere pea | Ngā taunakitanga hei whakautu |
|---|---|---|
| Ngā matū e tae mai ana | Te tuakiri hē, te kounga rerekē, ngā poke rānei e uru mai ana me ngā matū whakauru | Ngā paearu matū whakauru, ngā arowhai tuakiri me te whakaū i te āheinga o te kaiwhakarato |
| Kōtuitanga | Ngā waikano pātata, ngā matū tīmatanga me ngā matū takawaenga e toe ana | Ngā tikanga kromatōkarafi e tika ana, me ngā matū whāinga kua tautuhia, te tairongo me ngā paepae whakaae |
| Ngā matū tauhohe whai konganuku | Ngā toenga huānga ka kawea tonutia i roto i te tukanga | Te tātari motuhake mō ia huānga, pērā i te ICP-MS, e kapi ana i te huinga huānga kua whai take mō te kōwhiri |
| Te whakawehe mā te whakarewa me te whakamaroke | Ngā whakarewa tukanga e toe ana | He aromatawai whakarewa me ngā whakamātautau whakarewa toenga e tika ana, ko te GC te tikanga auau |
| Te kai whakauru kua whakawehea | Te tuakiri hē, te rahinga hē, te pūtake tātai wai hē rānei | Ngā tikanga tautuhi e tautoko ana i a rātou anō, te whakamātautau rahinga, me tētahi whakamātautau wai, ngaronga i te whakamaroke rānei e tika ana |
He rerekē ngā pātai ka whakautua e ēnei tikanga. Ko te whakamāramatanga a USP mō te whakamātautau whakarewa toenga e matapaki ana i ngā wā e hiahiatia ai te kromatōkarafi hau; ehara tēnei i te whakakapinga mō te tātari waikano pātata. Waihoki, kāore ngā inenga huānga e taea te tautuhi i ngā waikano azure. Me tika te tikanga mō te matū e whakamātauria ana. Ka whakamārama te aratohu mō ngā poke kikorangi metilīni me ngā tikanga whakamātautau i ēnei rerekētanga tātari me ētahi atu kōrero.
He aha i hiahiatia ai he horopaki mō te ōrau whakamutunga
Ka ine tētahi whakamātautau rahinga i te nui o tētahi matū kua tautuhia, i raro i tētahi tikanga me tētahi pūtake pūrongo kua whakaritea. Ka ine tētahi tikanga poke i tētahi huinga pūhui kē kua tautuhia. He hononga tō aua hua, engari kāore e taea te whakakapi tētahi ki tētahi.
Ka wehewehe te anga paearu ICH Q6A i te tautuhi tuakiri, te whakamātautau rahinga me te whakamātautau poke. Ka kōrero hoki mō te whakamātautau wai i ngā matū kukume haumākū me ngā matū whai wai here. Mō tētahi matū whai wai here, kāore e tika kia pānuitia tētahi hua kua pūrongotia i runga i te pūtake maroke hei ōrau o te paura i tōna taenga mai, ki te kore e whakaarohia taua pūtake tātai.
Ka tāpiri te hītori tukanga i tētahi atu paparanga. Ko te aratohu ICH Q7 mō ngā kai whakauru rongoā hohe e tono ana kia whai whakaahuatanga poke e hono ana ki te tukanga whakaputa e whakahaerehia ana, me ngā whakataurite e āhei ana ki te whakaatu i ngā huringa o ngā matū whakauru, o te hanga rānei. Ka whakarite hoki kia tuhia te tuakiri puranga, ngā paepae whakamātautau me ngā hua tau ki ngā tiwhikete tātari. Ka whakamārama ēnei tuhinga aratohu rongoā i ngā mātāpono kounga; kāore e whakawhiwhi i te mana rongoā ki tētahi hua hokohoko.
Ngā mea ka whakaūngia e tēnei mō Blupreme
Ko ngā mōhiohio kounga kua whakaputaina e Blupreme e whakaahua ana i ngā pūkete e hono ana i te puranga hua o tētahi pātara ki tētahi puranga kai whakauru kikorangi metilīni me tōna tiwhikete tātari. He kerēme tēnei mō te āhei ki te whai i te takenga. Kāore e whakaatu ana i te ara kōtuitanga a te kaihanga kai whakauru, i te raupapa whakamā, i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere wheketere rānei.
Nā reira, kaua tētahi o ngā ara ārai kei runga ake nei e whakaahuatia hei “te huarahi e hanga ai a Blupreme i te kikorangi metilīni” ki te kore he tuhinga hanga tāpiri. Kāore hoki tētahi COA kai whakauru, ko ia anake, e taea te whakaū i te kukū o te wairewa kua oti, i te pai o te mahi a te tākai, i te korenga o ngā moroiti rānei. Ka whakamāramatia taua rerekētanga i roto i te COA kai whakauru me te whakamātautau hua kua oti.
Mō tētahi whakatau hoko, tīmata ki te puranga tūturu me te whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana. Tonoa te pūrongo e hāngai ana, tirohia ngā tikanga me ngā paepae, ā, pātai atu me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā poke tukanga e whai pānga ana. Ka huri te rārangi arowhai whakataurite mā te kaihoko kikorangi metilīni i aua pātai hei whakataurite kaiwhakarato ōrite.