Tuhinga
Azure B: he poke o te methylene blue, he hua pākia, he pūhui rangahau
He pūhui matū motuhake a Azure B e whai pānga tata ana ki te methylene blue. Ka noho kē pea i roto i tētahi tauira methylene blue, ka puta i muri i te tukatuka a te tinana i te methylene blue, ka tukuna motuhaketia rānei mō tētahi whakamātau. Kāore ēnei whakamārama e taupatupatu. E whakaatu ana ēnei i te takenga mai o te pūhui me te pātai a te kairangahau mō taua pūhui.
He mea nui tēnei wehewehenga ina whakamāramatia he tiwhikete tātari, he kerēme rānei mō te ngohe koiora. Ko te kī he hua pākia hohe a Azure B, ehara i te tikanga he pai kia noho mai he rahinga kāore i te whakahaerehia i roto i tētahi pounamu. Ko te kī he poke, ehara hoki i te tikanga kāore ōna ngohe koiora.
He aha ngā panonitanga ā-matū?
Ko Azure B te hua monodemethylated o te methylene blue. Kua whakakapia tētahi rōpū methyl e piri ana ki te hauota ki te hauwai. Kua whakamāramatia tēnei hononga i roto i te matapakinga matū me te Figure 1 o te arotake a Schirmer me ōna hoa. He panonitanga hanganga motuhake tēnei, ehara i te ingoa kē mō te methylene blue.
He rerekē hoki tēnei i te whakaiti ki te leucomethylene blue. Ka whakarerekē te whakaiti i te āhua hāora; ka whakarerekē te N-demethylation i tētahi whakakapi hauota. Ki te whakaarohia ēnei tukanga e rua he “huri noa te methylene blue kia kore tae”, ka ngaro te wehewehenga e hiahiatia ana hei whakamārama i te pākia. Me pēnei anō te tūpato ki ngā ingoa waikano e hāngai tata ana: ehara a Azure A, Azure B, me te methylene blue i ngā ingoa ka taea te whakawhiti noa. Kei te aratohu mō ngā pūhui he ōrite ngā ingoa te whakamārama mō taua raruraru whakaingoa.
E toru ngā takenga, e toru ngā pātai rerekē
Ka wehewehea e te hoahoa uhi ngā ara e toru o tētahi rangahau. Ka whakamārama te ripanga i ngā taunakitanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia ara.
| Te wāhi e uru mai ai a Azure B ki te rangahau | Te pātai e uia ana | Ngā taunakitanga whaihua | Te whakatau kāore e tika kia puta |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kei roto kē i te rauemi tīmatanga | He aha kei roto i tēnei puranga? | He tikanga e wehe ana, e ine rahinga ana hoki i a Azure B, e herea ana ki te rota me te whakaritenga e hāngai ana | Mā te rahinga kua kitea e whakapai ake ngā pānga o te hua |
| Ka kitea i muri i te pānga ki te methylene blue | He aha ngā pūhui kei reira i roto i te wā? | He tātari i te rauemi tīmatanga me ngā inenga koiora raupapa kua whakamana | Me hanga katoa ngā rāpoi ngota kua kitea i roto i te tinana |
| Ka tāpirihia hei pūhui motuhake kua āta tautuhia | He aha tā Azure B ake mahi? | Te tuakiri, te parakore, te kukū, te kaiwhakataurite, me tētahi paearu mutunga whakamātau kua tautuhia | Ka puta taua pānga anō ki ngā tūroro e tango ana i te methylene blue |
He māmā te wareware ki te rarangi waenga. Mēnā i noho kē a Azure B i roto i te rauemi i tukuna, tērā pea kei roto i tētahi tauira koiora i muri mai te pūhui i noho kē me te pūhui kātahi anō ka hangaia. Me nui ake te taunakitanga i te kitenga noa i tētahi tihi i muri i te pānga kia whakatūturutia ai te hanganga.
Azure B i roto i te rauemi tīmatanga
He tauira whaihua tētahi rangahau tātari o mua mō te take ka whai tikanga ai tētahi wāhanga iti. I kitea e ngā kairangahau e rangahau ana i te iodination o te methylene blue mā te HPLC–mass spectrometry ko te hua iodinated matua i ahu mai i te poke Azure B. Tata ki te 7–8% Azure B i roto i ngā tauira methylene blue i rangahautia. I raro i ā rātou tikanga tauhohenga, he nui kē atu te iodinated Azure B i te iodinated methylene blue.
E whakaahua ana aua ōrau i te rauemi o taua rangahau 1999. Kāore ēnei e whakatau i te paenga poke e whakaaetia ana i ēnei rā, i te hanganga rānei o te hua a tētahi atu kaiwhakarato. He wāhi whāiti ake tā te whakamātau e whakaatu ana: ehara i te mea ko te pūhui tīmatanga tino nui tonu te kaihanga o te hua tauhohenga tino nui.
Mō tētahi tiwhikete tātari, tirohia te hua motuhake mō Azure B, ngā units, te tikanga whakamātautau, te paenga pūrongo, me te tuakiri o te rota. He rerekē ngā pātai ka whakautua e tētahi whakamātautau waikano katoa me tētahi whakamātautau matū whai pānga. Me whai paenga kitenga, paenga pūrongo rānei tētahi hua “kāore i kitea” kia taea ai te whakamārama. Tirohia me pēhea te pānui i tētahi tiwhikete tātari methylene blue mō ngā arowhai whānui ake o te tuhinga.
Azure B ka hangaia i te wā o te pākia
Me āhei te tātari ki te wehe i te pūhui matua me tōna hua pākia hei rangahau i te pākia. I whakawhanake a Kim me ōna hoa i tētahi tikanga LC–MS/MS hei ine i ngā pūhui e rua i roto i te plasma kiore. Ko tā rātou awhe whakatikatika ko 1–1,000 ng/mL mō ia pūhui, me te paenga ine rahinga raro o 1 ng/mL mā te whakamahi i te 20 microlitres o te plasma kiore. Kātahi ka whakamahia taua tikanga i roto i tētahi rangahau pharmacokinetic kiore.
He mea nui ngā taipitopito nā te mea he horopaki tauira tō tētahi tikanga ine. Ko te whakamana i roto i te plasma kiore kāore e whakatūturutia aunoatia te tika i roto i te plasma tangata, te mimi, tētahi wairewa arumoni kukū rānei. E whakaatu ana te tikanga me pēhea e whai motuhake ai ngā kairangahau i ngā pūhui e rua; kāore e whakarato ture horopeta mō te tangata.
E whakaatu ana hoki ngā raraunga pānga tangata he aha te take kāore e rawaka tētahi ōrau hua pākia pūmau kotahi. E pūrongo ana te wāhanga pharmacology haumanu o tētahi tapanga werohanga methylene blue i te pikinga o te pānga Azure B ki ngā kaiuru he ngoikore te mahi tākihi. Ko te pānga i roto i te wā e whakaata ana i te hanganga, te tohanga, me te whakakorenga, ehara i te hanganga o te pounamu anake. He mea nui katoa te ara tuku, te wā tango tauira, me te wāhanga i inea ina whakatauritea ēnei hua.
He aha tā ngā whakamātau tika e whakaatu ana
He ngohe pharmacological ka taea te ine tō Azure B. Ko te pātai whaihua ake, ko tēhea ūnga, i raro i ēhea tikanga.
I roto i tētahi rangahau 2012 i whakamahi i te monoamine oxidase tangata recombinant, i aukati a Azure B i te MAO-A me tētahi IC50 o 11 nM, ka whakatauritea ki te 70 nM mō te methylene blue i raro i ngā tikanga ōrite. Ko te IC50 te kukū e hono ana ki te 50% aukati i roto i taua whakamātautau. I aukati hoki a Azure B i te MAO-B, engari i tētahi kukū tino teitei ake: 968 nM. I pūrongo ngā kairangahau he aukati ka taea te whakahoki.
E tautoko ana ēnei hua i te tūponotanga ka whai wāhi a Azure B ki ngā pānga me ngā tauwhitinga koiora, tae atu ki ngā pātai mō te methylene blue me ngā neurotransmitters. Ehara ēnei i te tikanga he ono whakareanga te pai ake o Azure B hei rongoā. E whakaahua ana te ōwehenga i te aukatinga o tētahi whākōkī kotahi i roto i tētahi whakataurite whakamātau kotahi.
Ka whakaatu tētahi whakamātau cholinesterase tangata motuhake i te herenga o taua whakatau whānui. Ko ngā uara IC50 o Azure B ko 0.486 micromolar mō te acetylcholinesterase me te 1.99 micromolar mō te butyrylcholinesterase. He kaha ake te methylene blue i roto i aua whakamātautau ōrite, me ngā uara 0.214 me te 0.389 micromolar. I huri te raupapatanga i runga i te ūnga koiora. Kāore tētahi o ēnei hua e whakatū motuhake ana i te whakapikinga o te āheinga hinengaro, i te maimoatanga rānei o te mate Alzheimer.
Mai i te ngohe whakamātau ki te whakamārama haumanu
Ka tāpiri ngā whakamātau i roto i ngā kararehe katoa i tētahi atu taumata taunakitanga, engari kāore e whakatau i te whaihua haumanu. I roto i te rangahau kiore a Delport me ōna hoa, i whakaiti a Azure B i te kore-neke i roto i tētahi whakamātautau kauhoe-whakahau whakapeka, ā, ko te methylene blue me te imipramine ētahi o ngā kaiwhakataurite. Ka kī te pepa he pānga āhua antidepressant tēnei. He whakamātau whanonga ki ngā kiore, ehara i te whakamātautau i ine i te whakaoranga mai i te mate pōuri ki ngā tūroro.
Mō tētahi kerēme e pā ana ki a Azure B, tautuhia tuatahitia te rauemi i whakamātauria. Kātahi ka tautuhia te rauropi, te whakamātautau rānei, te pānga, me te paearu mutunga. Hei whakamutunga, tirohia mēnā e pā ana te whakatau ki te hanganga, te pākia, te ngohe whākōkī, te whanonga kararehe, te painga haumanu rānei. Mā ēnei hipanga e kore ai tētahi hua kounga puranga e pōhēhētia hei kerēme maimoatanga, ā, e kore hoki tētahi tikanga whakamātau e pōhēhētia hei hua tūroro kua whakatūturutia.