Rugujewar shuɗin methylene da hanzarin haske: fassara sakamakon cirewa

Wani dakin gwaje-gwaje ya gwada masu hanzarta halayen sinadarai guda biyu don rugujewar shuɗin methylene ta hanzarin haske. Mai hanzartawa A ya kawar da kashi 95 cikin ɗari na launin shuɗi cikin awa ɗaya. Mai hanzartawa B ya kawar da kashi 60 cikin ɗari kawai. Ƙungiyar ta ayyana A a matsayin wanda ya fi, ta rubuta hakan a rahoto, sannan ta yi odar ƙarin sa. Bayan watanni, wani binciken kabon ya nuna gaskiyar lamarin: yawancin rinin da A ya cire yana nan bai sauya ba a saman daskararren abin, yayin da B ya rarraba ƙarin ƙwayoyin rini. Jerin fifikon ya kasance a juye saboda ƙungiyar ta auna wani abu amma ta ba shi sunan wani dabam.

Wannan kuskure yana yawan faruwa saboda abubuwa huɗu daban-daban suna da alama guda da ake iya gani: ruwan shuɗi yana dusashewa. Mannewa a saman abu, gushewar launi, rugujewar sinadari, da juyawa zuwa sinadaran inorganik duk na iya haifar da wannan sakamakon, kuma kowanne yana nuna wani abu dabam game da abin da ya faru da rinin. Shuɗin methylene yana cikin wasu amfani a nazarin sinadarai da muhalli inda rinin ke da takamaiman aiki, kuma a nan aikinsa shi ne zama gurɓataccen sinadari na gwaji da ake cirewa ko sauyawa. Kafin kwatanta masu hanzartawa ko wallafa kaso na cirewa, ku tantance irin sakamakon da ma'aunanku za su iya tabbatarwa a zahiri.

Nau'ikan sakamako huɗu, ikirari huɗu daban-daban

Ku ɗauke su a matsayin abubuwa huɗu masu ƙa'idojin aiki daban-daban. Kowanne yana amsa wata tambaya dabam, kuma kowanne yana buƙatar shaidarsa.

Mannewa a saman abu yana nufin ƙwayoyin rini sun fita daga ruwan sinadari sun zauna a saman daskararren abu, ba tare da dole sai sun sauya a sinadarance ba. Ana gudanar da gwajin a duhu har ɗaukar rinin ya kai matakin da ya daina ƙaruwa da gaske, kuma cikakkiyar shaida ta haɗa da rinin da aka dawo da shi daga daskararren abin ta hanyar cire shi daga saman ko tsamo shi. Tsayayyen lokacin duhu na minti 30 ba hujjar samun daidaito ba ne ga kowane abu, kuma wani tattaunawar hanyoyin gwaji na baya-bayan nan ya nuna yadda tsallake wannan mataki ke haifar da jera masu hanzartawa bisa sakamakon ƙarya idan ɗaukar rini a duhu ya bambanta tsakanin abubuwa.

Gushewar launi tana nufin ɓacewar ɓangaren ƙwayar sinadari mai ba da launin da ake gani, wanda yawanci ake bibiyarsa kusa da babban zangon shan haske a kusan 664 nm. Mannewa a saman abu, samun electron, cire rukunin methyl daga nitrogen, da tsagewar ɓangaren mai ba da launi duk na iya rage wannan karatu, don haka ƙimar tsawon zango guda ɗaya ba za ta iya gano dalilin ba. Ku rubuta cikakken bakan haske maimakon lamba guda: matsawar ƙololuwa zuwa gajerun zangon haske ta dace da samuwar sinadaran dangin Azure da aka cire musu rukunin methyl. Sakamakon da aka bayyana a matsayin cire kashi 95 cikin ɗari a 664 nm ya kamata a kira shi gushewar launi da kashi 95 cikin ɗari, ba rugujewar sinadari da kashi 95 cikin ɗari ba.

Rugujewar sinadari tana nufin asalin ƙwayar shuɗin methylene ta sauya a sinadarance. Shaidar tana fitowa ne daga chromatografi: rinin da bai sauya ba yana ɓacewa a HPLC ko UPLC yayin da kayayyakin sauyawar suke bayyana sannan su ma su ruguje, kuma mafi kyau a gano su da LC-MS. Alamomi masu amfani sun haɗa da ion ɗin ƙwayar asalin sinadarin kusa da m/z 284 da jerin cire rukunin methyl mataki-mataki: Azure B kusa da 270, Azure A kusa da 256, Azure C kusa da 242, da thionine kusa da 228, waɗanda aka wallafa sauye-sauyen LC-MS/MS da aka tabbatar don rini a ruwa.

Juyawa zuwa sinadaran inorganik yana nufin an sauya kabon na sinadaran organik zuwa kayayyakin ƙarshe na inorganik, musamman carbon dioxide da kabon inorganik, tare da nitrogen da sulfur suna ƙarewa a sinadarai kamar ammonium, nitrate, da sulfate. Raguwar jimillar kabon organik (TOC) ita ce hanyar auna kabon da aka saba amfani da ita. Raguwar buƙatar oxygen ta sinadarai (COD) tana nuna raguwar yawan sinadaran da za a iya oksidawa, amma ba lissafin daidaiton taron kabon ba ce, kuma ita kaɗai ba ta tabbatar da cikakkiyar juyawa zuwa sinadaran inorganik. Chromatografi na ions don sulfate, nitrate, da ammonium yana ƙarfafa wannan ikirari.

Nau'ikan masu hanzartawa (titania da aka ƙara wa wasu sinadarai, abubuwan haɗaka, abubuwan da aka ɗora a kan kabon, da makamantansu) za a iya haɗa su a kwatanci guda ne kawai idan kowane nau'i ya bi irin matakan sakamako da gwaje-gwajen kwatanci iri ɗaya. Abu mai haɗaka da ke manne rini sosai zai riƙa bayyana kamar yana aiki da sauri a gwajin launi, kuma wannan ne ainihin dalilin da ya sa jerin dubawa da ke ƙasa ya raba ɗaukar rini da halayen sinadarai kafin a yi wani jerin fifiko.

Yadda rugujewar shuɗin methylene ta hanzarin haske ke aiki

An taƙaita rukunin hanyoyin da aka amince da su na tayar da abu mai rabin gudanar da lantarki da gaske a wani nazari na rugujewar rini ta hanzarin haske a kan abubuwan da suka dogara da titania da ake yawan ambato. Fotons da aka sha suna samar da electrons a zangon gudanarwa da guraben electron a zangon valence. Guraben suna oksida ruwan da ke saman ko hydroxide zuwa radicals na hydroxyl, yayin da electrons suke rage oxygen da ya narke zuwa superoxide; ƙarin halayen sinadarai ta hanyar radicals na hydroperoxyl da hydrogen peroxide suna samar da ƙarin radicals na hydroxyl. Waɗannan nau'ikan oxygen masu saurin yin halayen sinadarai da guraben da kansu sai su kai hari ga rinin.

Sauyawar shuɗin methylene yawanci tana farawa da cire rukunin methyl daga nitrogen a jere ta Azure B, Azure A, da Azure C zuwa thionine, tare da oksidar ɓangaren phenothiazine mai ba da launi. Ƙarin harin radicals yana karya haɗin kabon da sulfur da haɗin kabon da nitrogen, yana buɗe zoben aromatik, kuma yana haifar da sinadarai irin na phenol da aniline, aldehydes, da carboxylic acids masu ƙaramin nauyin ƙwaya kafin daga ƙarshe su koma sinadaran inorganik. Wani nazari na musamman kan halayen shuɗin methylene da hanyoyin rugujewarsa ta haske ya bayyana wannan rukunin hanyoyi dalla-dalla. Ainihin rabon kowane reshen hanya ya dogara da mai hanzartawa, pH, wadatar oxygen, da hasken da aka yi amfani da shi, don haka ku ɗauki tsarin a matsayin rukunin hanyoyi maimakon jerin matakai guda ɗaya da dole sai an bi.

Abubuwa biyu na gwaji suna buƙatar kulawa saboda suna sauya saurin da ake gani ba tare da sun sauya ainihin halayen mai hanzartawa ba. pH yana sauya cajin saman titania da yawan rukunin hydroxyl a samansa, wanda ke sauya mannewar rini mai caji tabbatacce, saboda haka yana sauya saurin da ake gani; ku kwatanta abubuwa a pH iri ɗaya kuma ku rubuta ƙimar farko da ta ƙarshe. Gishirai da sinadaran daidaita pH da suka narke suna aiki makamancin haka: chloride, phosphate, carbonate, da sulfate na iya mamaye wurare a saman kuma su sauya halayen radicals, kuma wani bincike na musamman kan gishiran inorganik a hanzarin haske na titania ya rubuta tasirin hakan a kan shuɗin methylene kai tsaye.

Tarkon hasken da ake gani

Titania da ba a gyara ba yana buƙatar tayarwa da hasken da ke kusa da UV, amma rahotanni da yawa suna nuna dusashewar shuɗin methylene a ƙarƙashin fitilun da ke fitar da hasken da ake gani kawai, sannan su danganta hakan da aikin mai hanzartawa a hasken da ake gani. Hanyar da ta fi yiwuwa ita ce tayarwar da rini ke haifarwa: rinin da haske ya tayar yana tura electron cikin abu mai rabin gudanar da lantarki, sannan wannan electron ya rage oxygen, ya gusar da launi ba tare da haske ya tayar da daskararren abin ta hanyar tazarar zangon makamashinsa da gaske ba. Aikin gwaji da aka adana na Ohtani da abokan aikinsa kan matsalar hasken da ake gani ya nuna wannan sakamakon ruɗi, kuma bayanin iyakar amfani na ISO 10678 ya fayyace iyakar ta hanyar taƙaita hanyar gwajinsa ta shuɗin methylene ga hasken UV da kuma ware ikirarin aiki a hasken da ake gani.

Gwajin aiki yana da sauƙi. Ku maimaita gwajin da wani sinadarin gwaji marar launi da ba ya shan hasken da ake gani, sannan ku kwatanta yadda saurin aiki ke sauyawa da tsawon zango da bakan shan haske na mai hanzartawa. Idan aikin yana bin shan haske na rinin maimakon shan haske na mai hanzartawa, sakamakon yana tabbatar da tayarwar da rini ke haifarwa, ba hanzarin haske na asalin mai hanzartawa a hasken da ake gani ba. Ku tuna da wannan gwaji yayin karanta ikirarin masu sayarwa game da nau'ikan masu hanzartawa masu aiki a hasken da ake gani.

Jerin dubawa na sakamako

Ku yi amfani da wannan jeri kafin jera masu hanzartawa bisa fifiko ko rubuta ikirarin cirewa. Shi ne kayan aikin wannan shafi da za a iya sake amfani da shi: kowane gwajin rugujewar shuɗin methylene ya kamata ya cika kowace ƙa'ida.

1. Gwajin kwatanci na mannewa a duhu: rini da mai hanzartawa, babu haske, ana gaurayawa har auna ɗaukar rini ya nuna ya daina ƙaruwa, tare da dawo da rini daga ɓangaren daskararre, ba zato na tsayayyen lokaci ba.
2. Gwajin kwatanci na rugujewa ta haske kaɗai: rini da haske, babu mai hanzartawa, don auna dusashewar kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin fitilarku da tsarin gwajinku.
3. Gwajin tushe na nazari: mai hanzartawa da haske, babu rini, don gano siginar tushe a TOC, ions, da bakan haske.
4. Tsayayyun yanayin halayen sinadarai: a riƙe bakan fitila, adadin fotons da ke wucewa, zafin jiki, gaurayawa, oxygen da ya narke, siffar na'urar gwaji, yawan rini na farko a kowane ƙarar ruwa, yawan mai hanzartawa, pH, da sauran sinadaran ruwan gwaji iri ɗaya a duk nau'ikan.
5. Raba daskararre kafin nazarin bakan haske: ku tace ko ku yi amfani da na'urar juyawa don rarrabewa, domin kada a karanta tarwatsewar haske a matsayin shan haske.
6. Cikakken bakan haske, ba tsawon zango guda ɗaya ba: ku ba da rahoton duk karatun domin matsawar ƙololuwa da sabbin zanguna su kasance a bayyane.
7. Tabbatarwa ta chromatografi ga kowane ikirarin rugujewar sinadari: raguwar asalin rinin da bai sauya ba tare da bibiyar kayayyakin sauyawar.
8. Lissafin kabon ga kowane ikirarin juyawa zuwa sinadaran inorganik: TOC tare da gwaje-gwajen tushe, da tabbatar da cewa kabon da aka ƙidaya a matsayin wanda ya tafi bai koma kan daskararren abin kawai ba.
9. Dubawar fita daga daskararre zuwa ruwa: ku cire daskararren abin gaba ɗaya (gwaji irin na tacewa da zafi), ku haskaka ruwan da aka tace, sannan ku bincika karafan da suka narke; ci gaba da halayen sinadarai yana nuna gudummawar sinadaran da suka narke a ruwa.
10. Sanya sunan da ya dace: ku kira sakamakon 664 nm gushewar launi, sakamakon chromatografi rugujewar sinadari, da sakamakon TOC juyawa zuwa sinadaran inorganik.

Wani binciken na'urar gwajin haske ta UV-LED na wannan zamani da ya haɗa gwaje-gwajen mannewa, raba mai hanzartawa, UV-vis, da TOC ya nuna yadda waɗannan matakai suke dacewa da juna a sashe guda na hanyoyin gwaji.

Misalin lissafin daidaiton taro da aka warware

A ce gwajin 100 mL ya fara da shuɗin methylene na 10 mg/L, don haka na'urar gwajin tana ɗauke da 1.0 mg na rini. Bayan an kai daidaito a duhu, karatun ruwan sinadari ya nuna 8.0 mg/L, ma'ana 0.2 mg yana kan daskararren abin kuma 0.8 mg yana nan a narkakke. Bayan awa ɗaya na haskakawa, nazarin ruwan da aka tace ya nuna 2.0 mg/L na rinin da bai sauya ba ta chromatografi (0.2 mg a ruwan sinadari), cirewa daga saman ya dawo da 0.1 mg na rinin da bai sauya ba daga daskararren abin, kuma TOC ya nuna cewa kashi 40 cikin ɗari na kabon organik na farko ya bar haɗaɗɗen tsarin ruwa-da-daskararre a matsayin kabon inorganik.

Lissafin daidaito bisa kabon shi ne: kabon na farko ya yi daidai da asalin rini a ruwan sinadari da asalin rini da ya manne a saman abu da sinadaran organik na tsaka-tsaki da kabon da ya koma inorganik. A nan kashi 20 cikin ɗari na taron rini na farko yana nan a matsayin asalin rinin da bai sauya ba (0.2 mg a duk ɓangarorin biyu), kashi 40 cikin ɗari ya koma inorganik, kuma sauran kashi 40 cikin ɗari kayayyakin sauyawar organik ne (sinadaran tsaka-tsaki a ruwan sinadari ko a kan daskararren abin, waɗanda ƙololuwar kayayyakin sauyawar ta tabbatar). Rahoton da ya dace shi ne rugujewar asalin rini da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tare da juyawa zuwa sinadaran inorganik da kashi 40 cikin ɗari, ba kashi 95 cikin ɗari na wani abu ba. Ku lura da tarkon: da an auna TOC a saman ruwan da aka tace kaɗai, da an ƙidaya sinadaran organik da suka manne a matsayin waɗanda aka lalata, kuma hakan zai ƙara adadin juyawa zuwa inorganik fiye da gaskiya. Ku auna kabon na dukan cakudar ruwa da daskararre inda zai yiwu, ko ku mayar da kason da ke manne da daskararren abin cikin lissafin a sarari.

Ƙa'idar bayar da rahoto

Ku bayyana sakamakon mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi da shaidarku ke tabbatarwa, sannan ku ƙara ikirari masu ƙarfi ne kawai yayin da kowane matakin auna ya cika sharuddansa. Aikin rugujewar shuɗin methylene yana samun amincewa kamar sauran hanyoyin da suka dogara da rini: ta hanyar daidaita sakamakon da halayyar da hanyar take aunawa da gaske. Wani jagora mai alaƙa kan karanta ikirarin binciken da ya dogara da rini yana faɗaɗa wannan tsari zuwa yadda ake tsara bincike, kuma wata hanyar aiki ta bincika yanayin gwaji tana bayyana dabarun daidaita kayan aunawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su kai tsaye a aikin na'urar gwajin haske.