Bayanin rinin methylene blue na Loeffler mai alkali da mai launuka da yawa

Ana iya ajiye kwalabe uku kusa da juna a kan teburin rina, kowacce tana ɗauke da lakabin wani nau'in methylene blue. Wata tana cewa methylene blue a ruwa 1%. Wata tana cewa methylene blue na Loeffler mai alkali. Wata kuma tana cewa methylene blue mai launuka da yawa. Ma'aikacin da yake cikin aiki sosai sai ya ɗauki duk wadda ta fi kusa. Sai samfurin da aka shafa ya ɗauki rini marar ƙarfi sosai, ko shuɗi iri ɗaya a ko'ina, ko tabarau na shunayya da ba a zata ba, sannan a ɗora wa samfurin laifin sakamakon.

Wannan matsala ce ta haɗin sinadarai, ba ta samfurin ba. Magungunan rinin ukun suna ɗauke da rinuka masu alaƙa, amma kowanne yana aiki bisa wata dabara ta rina dabam. Ɗaya rini ne mai cajin tabbatacce kawai a pH da yake kusa da tsaka-tsaki. Ɗaya shi ne wannan rinin da aka ƙarfafa aikinsa da alkali. Ɗaya kuma ba rini guda ɗaya ba ne kwata-kwata, sai dai gauraye da aka yi wa oxidation da gangan. Idan ka yi amfani da wanda bai dace ba, ƙa'idar rinar za ta canza a hannunka.

Amsa a taƙaice

Methylene blue na ruwa kawai shi ne ma'aunin farko: kusan 1% na rini a ruwa, rini mai cajin tabbatacce mai sauƙi don duba siffar ƙwayoyin bakteriya da amfani da madubin ƙara girma gaba ɗaya. Methylene blue na Loeffler mai alkali yana ƙara ƙaramin adadi da aka auna na alkali marar ƙarfi a cikin maganin rini na asali mai barasa wanda aka tsarma da ruwa. Wannan yana ɗaga pH kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin manne wa sassan bakteriya masu halayen asidi na rinin mai cajin tabbatacce. Methylene blue mai launuka da yawa shi ne methylene blue da aka sarrafa balagarsa da gangan ta hanyar oxidation a cikin alkali. Don haka kwalbar tana ɗauke da gaurayen homologues da aka cire wa rukunin methyl (azure A, azure B, azure C), thionin, da methylene violet tare da ragowar methylene blue, kuma wannan gaurayen yana rina sassa dabam-dabam da launuka dabam-dabam.

Idan za ka tuna jumla guda ɗaya kawai: ƙara alkali yana canza ƙarfin rina, yayin da samar da rini mai launuka da yawa yake canza launukan rina.

Methylene blue na ruwa na yau da kullum: ma'aunin kwatantawa

Haɗin da ya fi sauƙi shi ne methylene blue da aka narkar a ruwa, yawanci a 1% w/v, ba tare da alkali ko oxidation ba. Sinadarin da ke ba da launi shi ne methylthioninium mai cajin tabbatacce tare da ion chloride mai cajin kishiya. Shi ƙaramin rinin phenothiazine ne mai lebur, wanda bayanin methylene blue na PubChem ya bayyana a matsayin methylthioninium chloride. Saboda cajinsa tabbatacce ne, yana manne wa ginshiƙan phosphate na nucleic acids da rukunai masu halayen asidi a bangon ƙwayoyin bakteriya, yana ba ƙwayoyin launin shuɗi a kan fage mai haske.

Amfaninsa shi ne ana iya hasashen sakamakonsa. Cibiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da bakteriya suna bayyana da shuɗi. Bambancin launi ba ya da ƙarfi sosai. Ƙwayoyin da ba sa fitowa fili suna iya ɗaukar rini da rauni, kuma wannan shi ne ainihin ƙuntatawar da Loeffler ya nemi gyarawa. Don sanin babban rukunin rinuka masu sauƙi na bakteriya da wannan maganin rini yake cikinsa, duba taƙaitaccen bayani kan rina bakteriya da rini guda ɗaya. Tabbatar da ainihin sinadarin har yanzu yana da muhimmanci a nan: methyl blue wata kwayar sinadari ce dabam gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda bambanci tsakanin methyl blue da methylene blue ya bayyana. Don haka bincike a kundin kayayyaki bisa sunan launi kaɗai zai iya kai ka ga rukunin rini da bai dace ba.

Methylene blue na Loeffler mai alkali: rini ɗaya, amma an ƙarfafa aikinsa

Tsarin haɗin Loeffler na gargajiya yana haɗa maganin methylene blue na asali mai barasa da alkali marar ƙarfi a ruwa. Tsarukan littattafan koyarwa suna buƙatar 0.3 g na rini a cikin 30 mL na 95% ethanol tare da 100 mL na 0.01% potassium hydroxide a ruwa (ko kuma daidai da haka, 30 mL na cikakken maganin methylene blue mai barasa, 100 mL na ruwan da aka tsarkake ta hanyar turarawa, da 1 mL na 1% KOH). Wannan yana samar da maganin amfani mai kusan 0.3% na rini a pH mai alkali sosai. Nau'ikan kasuwanci suna bin ƙa'ida ɗaya, kuma kundin rinukan ilimin ƙananan halittu na Thermo Fisher ya lissafa methylene blue na Loeffler mai alkali tare da nau'in mai launuka da yawa da na ruwa a matsayin kayayyaki dabam-dabam, kowanne da amfanin da aka tanada masa.

Alkali shi ne ginshiƙin wannan dabara. Ɗaga pH yana cire proton daga rukunin carboxyl da phosphate a samfurin, yana ƙara yawan wuraren da suke da cajin korau. A lokaci guda, maganin asali mai ethanol yana sa rinin ya kasance a narkake gaba ɗaya, don haka yana isa waɗannan wurare a matsayin kwayoyin sinadari ɗaiɗaiku. Sakamakon shi ne rina bakteriya cikin sauri da ƙarfi fiye da abin da rinin ruwa mai pH tsaka-tsaki yake yi, tare da bakteriya masu siffar sanda da masu siffar ƙwallo masu launin shuɗi mai zurfi da aka saba gani a samfurin bakteriya da aka shafa na yau da kullum. Lokacin rina yawanci minti ɗaya zuwa uku ne, sannan a kurkure da ruwa.

Amfanin gargajiya shi ne ga Corynebacterium diphtheriae da aka reno a matsakaicin reno na serum na Loeffler: bakteriya masu siririn siffar sanda, sau da yawa da ƙarshen da ya yi kauri kamar kulki, masu ƙwayoyin hatsi na Babes-Ernst da ke ɗaukar rini sosai kuma suke nuna launin da ya bambanta da na rinin. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin hatsi suna adana polyphosphate. Haɗin wannan matsakaicin reno da rinin abu ne na tarihi; duka an danganta su ga masanin bakteriya ɗaya, kuma bayyana ƙwayoyin hatsin sosai shi ne amfaninsa wajen ganewar cuta. Bayan aikin diphtheria, ana amfani da rinin a matsayin rini na bakteriya gaba ɗaya don samfuran da aka shafa daga abin da aka reno, don duba siffar Neisseria a samfuran asibiti da aka shafa, da duk inda ba a buƙatar rinin Gram amma shuɗin ruwa kawai ya yi rauni sosai. Rini ne mai launi guda ɗaya. Duk abin da yake da halayen asidi yana ɗaukar wani tabarau na shuɗi. Idan tsarin aiki yana buƙatar bambancewa da launi, alkali kaɗai ba zai iya samar da hakan ba.

Gargaɗi guda ɗaya na aiki: magungunan rini masu alkali suna lalacewa kuma suna samar da daskararrun tarkace yayin ajiya da shan carbon dioxide. Dakunan gwaje-gwaje sukan shirya ƙananan adadi ko su sayi maganin rinin da ke cikin kundin kayayyaki su kuma kiyaye wa'adin ajiyarsa, maimakon ci gaba da riƙe tsohuwar kwalba wadda yanzu take zuba tarkace a kan kowane farantin gilashi.

Methylene blue mai launuka da yawa: suna ɗaya, rinuka da dama

Methylene blue mai launuka da yawa yana farawa da rini ɗaya, amma ana yi masa oxidation da aka sarrafa a cikin alkali; a tarihi ana kiran wannan balagar rini ko samar da launuka da yawa. Barinsa na tsawon lokaci a cikin alkali, dumama shi da carbonate, ko yi masa oxidation da sinadarai irin su dichromate yana cire rukunin methyl daga rukunin dimethylamino mataki-mataki. Abin da ake samu gauraye ne: ragowar methylene blue tare da azure B (an cire methyl ɗaya), azure A da azure C (ƙarin cire methyl), thionin (an cire dukkan methyl), da wasu kayayyakin oxidation na gefen aiki daga dangin methylene violet. Kowane sinadari yana da nasa launi da ƙarfin manne wa nama. Don haka gaurayen yana rina ta hanyar sauya launin rini: cibiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin hatsi, mucins, da guringuntsi kowanne suna ɗaukar tabarau dabam-dabam daga shuɗi zuwa ja-shunayya.

Wannan tsarin sinadarai shi ne wanda ke bayan shahararrun rinukan jini. Masu bincike na farko sun gano cewa methylene blue da aka ƙara wa alkali yana rina cibiyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cutar malaria da tabarau na shunayya, amma magungunan rinin da aka bar su su balaga a ruwa ba su da kwanciyar hankali kuma suna samar da daskararrun tarkace cikin kwanaki. Bitar yadda aka ƙirƙiri rinin jini mai shunayya ta bi yadda Malachowski da Romanowsky suka yi amfani da wannan tasiri kowanne da kansa a 1891, yadda aka shigar da methanol don tabbatar da daidaiton daskararren rinin da kuma tsayar da shimfiɗar samfurin ba tare da zafi ba, da yadda daga baya Giemsa ya daidaita gaurayen bisa adadin azure B da aka auna tare da eosin da glycerol don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankalinsa. Rinukan zamani irin na Giemsa sun samo asali kai tsaye daga methylene blue mai launuka da yawa tare da eosin, haɗin da ke samar da tasirin Romanowsky. Don cikakken bayani game da haɗin eosin da sinadarin azure B, duba rinuka irin na Romanowsky da mu'amalar azure B da eosin.

Saboda gauraye ne, methylene blue mai launuka da yawa shi ne wanda ya fi wahalar samun daidaitaccen haɗi a cikin ukun bisa yanayinsa. Ainihin ma'aunin launukansa ya dogara da hanyar oxidation da kuma matakin da ya kai. Saboda haka masu samar da kayayyakin nazarin nama suna sayar da shi a matsayin samfurin dabam wanda ake gwada aikinsa, ba a matsayin tsohon rinin Loeffler ba. Amfaninsa na yau da kullum ya haɗa da nuna ƙwayoyin hatsi na ƙwayoyin mast, mucins, da guringuntsi da launuka da suka bambanta da na rinin, nuna cikakkun bayanan ƙwayoyin plasma, da nuna Helicobacter pylori a sassan nama da aka yanka ta hanyoyin rini mai launuka da yawa irin na Goodpasture. Shi ne zaɓin da ya dace idan abin da ake nema shi ne bambancewa ta launi, kuma bai dace ba idan tsarin aikin yana tsammanin bayyananniyar siffar bakteriya mai launi guda ɗaya.

Kwatanta haɗin sinadarai da manufa

Karanta jadawalin a matsayin hanyar yanke shawara. Idan samfurin yana ɗaukar rini da rauni sosai, canza dabarar pH ka ɗauki na Loeffler. Idan komai yana ɗaukar rini amma babu abin da ya bambanta da wani, canza dabarar rini ka ɗauki mai launuka da yawa. Idan samfurin da aka shafa da rinin Loeffler ya nuna ƙwayoyin hatsi da kyau amma mai kula da aiki ya tambaya me ya sa cibiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da saitoflasm suke da shuɗi iri ɗaya, amsar ita ce babu wani rini mai alkali da launi guda ɗaya da zai iya yin wannan aikin. Wannan tambayar ta shafi rukunin rini mai launuka da yawa da rinukan jini da aka samo daga gare shi.

Guje wa ruɗanin da aka saba samu

Kurakurai biyu ne suke haifar da mafi yawan ruɗanin. Na farko shi ne ɗaukar cewa ana iya musanya rinin Loeffler da methylene blue na yau da kullum saboda dukansu suna kama da shuɗi a cikin kwalba. Sun bambanta a pH da ƙarfin rina, kuma maye gurbin Loeffler da rini mai pH tsaka-tsaki inda aka ƙayyade Loeffler yana rasa ainihin bambancin ƙwayoyin hatsin da aka tsara tsarin aikin domin shi. Na biyu shi ne ɗaukar duk wani tsohon shuɗi mai alkali ko wanda ya tsufa ba da gangan ba a matsayin mai launuka da yawa. Barin rini ya tsufa ba tare da sarrafawa ba yana samar da gaurayen da ba a san abin da ke cikinsa ko ƙarfinsa ba. Amma ana shirya ainihin magungunan rini masu launuka da yawa ta hanyoyin oxidation da aka fayyace, kuma a rukunin rinukan jini ana haɗa su da adadin eosin da aka auna. Tarihi yana da darasi a nan: magungunan rinin da aka bar su su balaga a ruwa a shekarun 1890s waɗanda ba su da kwanciyar hankali sun ba da hanya ga haɗin da aka tabbatar da kwanciyar hankalinsa da methanol, daidai saboda ba a iya sake samar da gaurayen da ba a sarrafa ba iri ɗaya. Wannan darasi ne da ya dace a tuna kafin rina farantin samfurin ganewar cuta da rini daga kwalbar da ba a san shekarunta ba.

Kiyaye sunaye daidai yana kammala wannan aikin. Tabbatar da samfurin da ke cikin kundin kayayyaki (na ruwa ko na Loeffler ko mai launuka da yawa), adadin rini, da amfanin da aka tanada masa a lakabin, maimakon yin zato daga launi. Haɗin sinadarai ukun sun samo asali daga tsarin sinadari mai samar da launi guda ɗaya. Amma manufarsu ba ɗaya ba ce.