Ukuhlolwa Kokunamathela Kwe-Methylene Blue: Umthamo Wekhhabhoni Ecushiwe

Ilabhorethri iqhathanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zekhhabhoni ecushiwe. Elinye ishidi ledatha lithi inani le-methylene blue liphindwe kathathu kunelolunye. Ilabhorethri ithenga leyo enenani elikhulu, isebenzise lona ukunquma inani lekhhabhoni elizofakwa, bese udayi uqala ukudlula ungakabanjwa kusenesikhathi. Akukho okwafakwa amanga. La manani amabili avela ekuhlolweni okuhlukene, kodwa umthengi wawahumusha njengalinganisa into efanayo.

Lesi sihloko silungisa lelo phutha lokuhumusha. Sichaza ukuthi ukuhlolwa kukala ini, senza ukubala kabili sisebenzisa amanani angempela, futhi sisho zonke izici eziguqula umphumela. Inkinga ehlobene nalokhu, yokuklelisa izinto ezihlukene ezibamba ezinye izinto ngokunamathela ebusweni bazo, ixoxwa ngokwehlukana; lapha kugxilwe esigabeni esisodwa sezinto nasendleleni eyodwa.

Kungani kusetshenziswa lo dayi ukuhlola

I-methylene blue ingudayi one-ion eneshaji ephozithivu, onengqamuzana eliyisicaba elinezindandatho ze-aromatic. Emanzini iba yi-ion eneshaji ephozithivu, futhi ubukhulu bengqamuzana layo bucishe bube ngu-1.43 ngo-0.61 ngo-0.40 nm. Lobo bukhulu yibo obubalulekile. I-iodine, enye into ejwayelekile esetshenziselwa ukuhlola, incane kakhulu futhi ingena ezimbotsheni ezincane eziwumngcingo, ngakho inani le-iodine lilandelela ukuthuthuka kwezimbotshana ezincane kakhulu. I-methylene blue idinga izindawo zokungena ezibanzi: ingena ezimbotsheni ezingaphezu cishe kuka-0.75 nm, kanti izimbotshana ezicishe zibe ngu-1.4 kuya ku-3 nm nazo zineqhaza elibalulekile. Lobo bukhulu buhlanganisa izimbotshana ezincane kakhulu ezinkudlwana kanye nezimbotshana eziphakathi nendawo ezincane, ngakho ukubiza lokhu njengokuhlola izimbotshana eziphakathi nendawo kuphela kwenza incazelo ibe lula ngokweqile. Lezi zinto ezimbili zokuhlola ziyaphelelisana. I-iodine ihlola ukuthi ziningi kangakanani izimbotshana ezincane kakhulu. I-methylene blue ihlola ukuthi singakanani isikhala sezimbotshana esivumela ukungena kwengqamuzana elikhulu le-organic, okuyinto ebalulekile ekususeni udayi. Alikho kulawa manani elingabikezela lodwa ukunamathela kwamanye amangqamuzana.

Ishaji ibaluleke njengobukhulu. Njengoba udayi une-ion eneshaji ephozithivu, udonselwa ezindaweni ezineshaji enegethivu futhi uxoshwe yilezo ezineshaji ephozithivu. Lokhu kwenza i-pH ibe yisici esibalulekile okufanele silawulwe, hhayi into ephawulwa nje eceleni, njengoba ukuhlolwa okungezansi kubonisa.

Indlela ukuhlolwa kwenqwaba okwenziwa ngayo

Indlela ejwayelekile yaselabhorethri iwukuvumela inqwaba ukuba ifinyelele esimweni sokulingana. Lungisa ikhabhoni, uyihlunge ngesisefo ukuze uthole iqoqo lezinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obulawulwayo, bese ukala isisindo esaziwayo m. Faka umthamo owaziwayo V wengxube kadayi enezinga lokugxila lokuqala C0. Gcina i-pH nezinga lokushisa kungaguquki, nyakazisa isikhathi esiqinisekisiwe, bese uhlukanisa ikhabhoni ngokuhlunga noma ngokusebenzisa umshini ojikelezisa ngesivinini. Thola izinga lokugxila elisele Ce ngokumuncwa kokukhanya kwe-UV-Vis, ngokuvamile eduze kuka-660 kuya ku-665 nm futhi kuvame ukuba ku-664 nm, uliqhathanise nochungechunge lokulinganisa olulungiswe kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elifanayo. Enye inqubo eshicilelwe yasebenzisa u-0.050 g wekhhabhoni no-50 mL wengxube emazingeni okugxila asukela ku-10 kuya ku-1000 mg/L, amahora angu-24 ku-25 C, kwafundwa ku-660 nm. Ayikho inqubo eyodwa esebenza kuyo yonke indawo, ngakho inani elibikwa ngaphandle kwenani lekhhabhoni elifakiwe, uhla lwamazinga okugxila, isikhathi, izinga lokushisa, i-pH, nobude begagasi akuwona umphumela. Lingamahlebezi.

Ukuthola amanani uqobo kudinga ukuqikelela okufanayo nalokho okuchazwa ekukaleni udayi ngokumuncwa kokukhanya: linganisa ithuluzi lakho ngokwalo, qinisekisa indawo lapho ukumuncwa kuphakeme kakhulu kunokuba uvele ucabange ukuthi iku-664 nm, futhi hlambulula uketshezi olusele ngaphezu kwekhhabhoni olugxile kakhulu ukuze lubuyele ebangeni elinobudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kokugxila nokumuncwa.

Isibonelo sokubala

Umthamo wokubamba utholwa ngokubala ibhalansi yesisindo. Udayi ongasasekho engxubeni usunamathele kwikhabhoni:

qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m

lapho qe kuyinani elinamathelile esimweni sokulingana ngo-mg/g, C0 no-Ce kungamazinga okugxila okuqala nawasesimweni sokulingana ngo-mg/L, V kuwumthamo ngamalitha, kanti m kuyisisindo sekhabhoni ngamagremu.

Iphuzu lokuqala. Qala ngo-C0 = 100 mg/L, V = 0.100 L, m = 0.0200 g. Ngemva kokufinyelela esimweni sokulingana ithuluzi libika u-Ce = 35 mg/L. Ngakho qe = (100 minus 35) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 65 times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 325 mg/g. Iphesenti lokususwa lithi (100 minus 35) divided by 100 times 100 = 65 amaphesenti.

Iphuzu lesibili, inani lekhhabhoni nomthamo wengxube kuyafana, kodwa udayi ofakiwe muningi. Qala ngo-C0 = 200 mg/L bese ukala u-Ce = 90 mg/L. Ngakho qe = (200 minus 90) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 550 mg/g, kuyilapho ukususwa kungu-(200 minus 90) divided by 200 times 100 = 55 amaphesenti.

La mapheya amabili, (Ce = 35, qe = 325) no-(Ce = 90, qe = 550), angamaphuzu amabili e-isotherm, ijika elichaza ukunamathela ezingeni lokushisa elingaguquki. Qaphela ukushintsha kwawo ngezindlela eziphikisanayo: umthamo wokubamba ukhuphuke usuka ku-325 uye ku-550 mg/g kuyilapho ukususwa kwehle kusuka ku-65 kuya ku-55 amaphesenti. Umthamo wokubamba nephesenti lokususwa kushintsha ngezindlela eziphikisanayo lapho izinga lokugxila likhuphuka. Noma ubani oklelisa izinhlobo zekhabhoni ngokwephesenti lokususwa elikalwe kusetshenziswa amanani ekhabhoni noma amazinga okugxila ahlukene uklelisa ukuhlolwa, hhayi ikhabhoni uqobo.

Izici okufanele uzilawule

Yonke into ebhalwe ngezansi iguqula inani. Gcina ngayinye ingaguquki noma uyirekhode.

Inani lekhhabhoni elifakiwe. Ikhabhoni eningi isho izindawo eziningi zokunamathela, ngakho iphesenti lokususwa liyakhuphuka kuyilapho inani elinamathelayo ngegremu livame ukwehla, ngoba udayi obanjiwe usatshalaliswa esisindweni esikhulu. Bika inani lekhhabhoni elifakiwe ngo-g/L kanye no-V no-m okusetshenziswe ekulibaleni.

Izinga lokugxila lokuqala. U-C0 ophakeme unikeza amandla amakhulu aqhuba ukunamathela, ngakho qe uyakhuphuka kuyilapho iphesenti lokususwa lehla njengoba izindawo zokunamathela zigcwala. Ama-isotherm afaniswe nedatha esukela ku-5 kuya ku-50 mg/L nalawo esukela ku-100 kuya ku-400 mg/L achaza izingxenye ezihlukene zejika. Qhathanisa imithamo yokubamba etholwe ngokufanisa nedatha kuphela emabangeni ahlanganayo.

pH. Kulo dayi one-ion eneshaji ephozithivu, ukunamathela kuvame ukwanda ngokukhuphuka kwe-pH, ikakhulukazi ngaphezu kwe-pH lapho ishaji yekhabhoni iba nguziro, lapho ubuso buba neshaji ephelele enegethivu. I-pH ephansi yengeza amaphrothoni ezindaweni ezingaphezulu futhi ivumele ama-ion e-hydrogen ukuba ancintisane ngokusebenzisa lezo zindawo. Ubukhulu balo mphumela buncike ohlotsheni lwekhhabhoni: kolunye ucwaningo lwekhhabhoni ecushiwe, inani likhuphuke lisuka cishe ku-51 mg/g ku-pH 2 laya cishe ku-92 mg/g ku-pH 8. Rekhoda i-pH yokuqala neyasesimweni sokulingana kanye nosawoti okhona engxubeni, ngoba amandla e-ionic anciphisa wona la mandla ashintshwa yi-pH.

Isikhathi sokuthintana. Inani elinamathelayo likhuphuka ngokushesha, bese liqala ukungaguquki. Inani lasengxenyeni engasakhuphuki kuphela elingu-qe; noma yiliphi elikalwe ngaphambi kwalokho lingu-qt. Izikhathi ezishicilelwe zokufinyelela esimweni sokulingana zisukela emizuzwini ziye emahoreni amaningi ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zekhabhoni, kanti ezinye izinqubo ezijwayelekile zisebenzisa ukuthintana kwamahora angu-24. Thola ingxenye engasakhuphuki ngokuhlola indlela ukunamathela okushintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwikhabhoni yakho, kunokuba ucabange ukuthi amahora amabili anele.

Izinga lokushisa. Alikho icala elilodwa lokushintsha elisebenza kuzo zonke izimo. Ukunamathela kuyanda ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa ezinqubweni ezimunca ukushisa, futhi kwehle kulezo ezikhipha ukushisa, ngakho kukale kunokuba uqagele.

Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya nokunyakazisa. Izinhlayiya ezincane zifinyeza izindlela zokuhamba kwamangqamuzana futhi ngokuvamile zisheshisa ukunamathela; ukunyakazisa ngamandla kwenza ungqimba loketshezi olunganyakazi oluzungeze izinhlayiya lube luncane, kube nomphumela ofanayo. Kokubili kushintsha isivinini, hhayi isimo sokulingana uqobo. Umthamo wokubamba oshintsha ngokushintsha kwesivinini sokugovuza uyisixwayiso sokuthi isimo sokulingana asikaze sifinyelelwe.

Ubunjalo bekhemikhali esetshenziswayo nabo kufanele bube serekhodini, yingakho ukuhlolwa kobumsulwa bukadayi nezicaciso zawo kubhalwa kanye nesisindo sekhabhoni: i-methylene blue ingathengiswa njengosawoti ongenawo amanzi ocishe ube ngu-319.9 g/mol noma njengosawoti onamangqamuzana amanzi amathathu ku-373.90 g/mol, futhi ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe komkhiqizo othengiswayo kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kuka-100 amaphesenti. U-C0 ocatshangelwayo obalwe kusetshenziswa isisindo sefomula esingalungile wenza wonke amanani e-qe abe nephutha elihlelekile.

Okushiwo ngamajika afaniswe nedatha nalokho angakusho

Ukufanisa kwe-Langmuir kubhala qe ngendlela ethi qmax times KL times Ce divided by (1 plus KL times Ce). Kunikeza umthamo wokubamba lapho kugcwala qmax, otholwe ngokufanisa nedatha, ngo-mg/g kanye nenani elingaguquki elichaza amandla okubambisana KL ngo-L/mg. Ukufanisa okuhle kusho ukuthi leli jika lokugcwala lichaza kahle uhla lwamazinga okugxila akaliwe. Akuqinisekisi ukuthi ikhabhoni ineqoqo elilodwa lezindawo zokunamathela ezifanayo, ukuthi udayi wakha ungqimba olulodwa kuphela, noma ukuthi kusebenza indlela ethile yamangqamuzana. Izinhlobo zekhabhoni ezinezimbotshana nezindawo ezingafani zivame ukukhiqiza amajika anesimo se-Langmuir emabangeni alinganiselwe.

Ukufanisa kwe-Freundlich kubhala qe ngendlela ethi KF times Ce to the power 1/n. U-KF unquma isikali somthamo wokubamba esisekelwe ekuhlolweni, kanti u-1/n unquma ukugoba kwejika. Njengoba le ndlela ingenalo izinga eliphelele lapho ijika liyeka ukukhuphuka, akufanele neze inwetshwe ngaphezu kwedatha ekaliwe ukuze kusungulwe u-qmax. Ukufanisa kwe-Freundlich okungcono kusho kuphela ukuthi isimo sayo esikhuphukayo sifana kangcono nebanga elikaliwe. Noma kusetshenziswa yiphi i-equation, khetha ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla okungewona umugqa oqondile kufomula yokuqala, ngoba ukuguqula amafomula abe imigqa eqondile kuhlanekezela amaphutha, futhi hlola umehluko osele phakathi kwedatha nemodeli kunokuba uthembele ku-R oyisikwele kuphela.

Okufundiswa ukuhlolwa okungu-914

Ukuhlaziywa ngokufunda komshini kokuhlolwa okungu-914 okuvela emaphepheni ocwaningo angu-75 kwakha imodeli yokunamathela kwe-methylene blue kubumba, emlotheni nasezintweni ezicushwe nge-alkali, kusetshenziswa izihlahla zokuhlehla ezithuthukiswe nge-gradient boosting. Umphumela wako oyinhloko: izinga lokugxila kukadayi lokuqala laliyisici esikhulu kunazo zonke ekubikezeleni inani lokunamathela elibikiwe, kanti i-pH, uhlobo lwento yokuqala, nohlobo lokuguqulwa kwayo nakho kwakubalulekile. Kwakukhona nokusebenzisana okunamandla phakathi kwezinga lokugxila cishe nazo zonke ezinye izici, kuhlanganise nenani lento elifakiwe, indawo engaphezulu, isikhathi sokuthintana, nokunyakazisa.

Izixwayiso ezimbili zigcina lokhu okutholakele kuwusizo. Okokuqala, lolo cwaningo aluzange luhlanganise ikhabhoni ecushiwe, ngakho alukwazi ukuklelisa ukubaluleka kwezici kwikhabhoni. Okwesibili, isifundo salo siphathelene nendlela yokuhlola futhi singasetshenziswa ngokuqondile lapha: izinga lokugxila lokuqala alilokothi libe yisici esiphazamisayo esinganakwa, futhi izimo zokusebenza zisebenzisana nezici zezinto ngamandla kangangokuba akukho kukleliswa ngamanani e-mg/g kuphela okungahlala kunencazelo uma izimo zako zingasaziwa. Leso yisiphetho esifanayo esifinyelelwa yisibonelo sokubala sisuka ezimisweni eziyisisekelo.

Amaphutha amabili okufanele uyeke ukuwenza

Okokuqala, yeka ukubika iphesenti lokususwa njengomthamo wokubamba. Inani elikhulu lekhhabhoni lingasusa umbala ongu-99 amaphesenti engxubeni engagxilile kakhulu libe libambe amamiligremu ambalwa ngegremu, kanti inani elincane lekhhabhoni engxubeni egxile kakhulu lingabamba amakhulu amamiligremu ngegremu libe lisashiya umbala obonakalayo. Njalo bika u-C0, Ce, V, m, inani lekhhabhoni elifakiwe ngo-g/L, iphesenti lokususwa, no-qe ndawonye, kungenjalo inani alinakuphinde lisetshenziswe.

Okwesibili, yeka ukubiza inani elikalwe ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe ngokuthi qe ngaphandle kokubonisa ingxenye lapho ukunamathela kungasakhuphuki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi yeka ukunquma izinga lokugxila likadayi ngesisindo esibhalwe kulebula. Qinisekisa isimo sokulingana ngokuthatha izilinganiso ngezikhathi ezilandelanayo, qinisekisa izinga lokugxila ngokukala ukumuncwa kokukhanya kunokuba uthembele esisindweni esikalwe ngokusekelwe kulebula ngenxa yenkinga yamanzi asefomini lekristalu nokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe, futhi ulawule i-pH, izinga lokushisa, ubukhulu bezinhlayiya, nokunyakazisa. Umthamo wokubamba i-methylene blue ohambisana nale mininingwane uyisilinganiso esingasetshenziswa nakwezinye izimo. Ngaphandle kwayo, uyindaba yesigameko esisodwa nje.