Ukudaya amaseli esihlathi nge-methylene blue: okufanele ukubheke

Umfundi ubeka iconsi loketshezi olunamaseli esihlathi esilayidini, abheke ngemakroskopu, abone cishe lutho. Kubonakala izimo ezimbalwa eziphaphathekile zintanta endaweni ekhanyayo. Ulungisa ukugxila, bese engeza ukukhanya, ekugcineni aphethe ngokuthi isilayidi asinalutho. Isilayidi asinalutho akunjalo. Amaseli akhona. Acishe abe sobala ngokuphelele, futhi lokho kuba sobala yiyo yonke inkinga lo dayi osetshenziselwa ukuyixazulula.

Lowo mehluko phakathi kwalokho okulindelwe nesithombe esibonakalayo kufanele uchazwe ngaphambi kokuqala inqubo. Abaqalayo balindele ukuthi imakroskopu iveze imininingwane ngendlela ukusondeza kwekhamera okuveza ngayo umbhalo osophawini olukude. Imakroskopu yenkundla ekhanyayo yenza into elinganiselwe kakhudlwana: ibonisa umehluko ekumuncweni kokukhanya. Iseli lesihlathi elingadayiwe alimunci cishe nakancane ukukhanya, ngakho alibonisi cishe mehluko. I-methylene blue yengeza lowo mehluko. Ibophezela ngaphakathi kweseli, kodwa hhayi ngokulinganayo, yenze izakhiwo zihluke ngokubonakalayo. Uma abafundi sebewuqonda lo mqondo, isinyathelo ngasinye esilandelayo sizwakala njengomphumela walokho kunokuba sibe imiyalelo nje yokulandela.

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lokuthi odayi abalula bawandisa kanjani umehluko obonakalayo elabhorethri yesikole luyasiza lapha, futhi ukubuyekeza ukulungiselela imakroskopu yenkundla ekhanyayo ngaphambi kokudaya kuvimbela ingxenye yezilayidi ezingaphumeleli. Ikhemistri ebangela umbala ichazwe esingenisweni se-methylene blue ekubhekeni ngemakroskopu, esichaza ukuthi kungani lo dayi uqhubeka usetshenziswa ebhentshini lelabhorethri.

Inqubo yasekilasini

Indlela yesampula emanzi engezansi iyindlela elula evame ukukhethwa emakilasini ajwayelekile. Ayidingi ilangabi noma isinyathelo sokunamathisela isampula esilayidini. Indlela yokwenza ungqimba olugcotshiwe bese lunamathiselwa, esetshenziswa kwezinye izincwadi zamakolishi, yengeza ukomiswa emoyeni nokunamathisela kafushane ngokushisa, njengasemsebenzini we-North Central Texas College wokugcoba isampula lesihlathi oshicilelwe ku-Biology LibreTexts. Kodwa ukunamathisela ngokushisa kuwumkhuba wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ezincane, hhayi imfuneko yokubona amaseli e-epithelium.

Okudingayo: izilayidi ezihlanzekile nezingilazi zokumboza, izinti zokuswayipha eziyinyumba ezisetshenziswa kanye kuphela (ezikhethwayo) noma izinti zamazinyo ezintsha eziyisicaba, ibhodlela elineconsi elinesixazululo se-methylene blue emanzini esingu-0.5 kuya ku-1 percent, amanzi acwengiwe ngokuhwamulisa noma akhishwe ama-ion, iphepha elimunca uketshezi, amagilavu, nemakroskopu enohlelo lwamalensi olunikeza ukukhuliswa okuphelele okungu-100x no-400x.

1. Hlanza umlomo ngamanzi kuphela. Lokhu kususa izinhlayiya zokudla ezingadayiwa kakhulu kamuva bese ziphazamisa ukubheka amaseli.
2. Umfundi ngamunye uthatha isampula esihlathini sakhe kuphela. Hlikihla ingaphakathi lesihlathi ngobumnene ngothi olusha lokuswayipha oluyinyumba. Cindezela, ungakhuhli. Yeka kusengakabi khona ukungakhululeki noma ukopha.
3. Gingqa uthi lokuswayipha phakathi nesilayidi esihlanzekile ukuze usakaze ungqimba oluncane. Ungqimba oluncane luyisici esibaluleke kunazo zonke ekutholeni isilayidi esifundeka kahle. Inqwaba ewugqinsi emhlophe izodayeka ibe yinqwaba eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engafundeki.
4. Faka iconsi elilodwa le-methylene blue phezu kongqimba olugcotshiwe. Lishiye imizuzu engu-1 kuya ku-3. Umzuzu owodwa uyanele ezinqubweni eziningi zamakolishi; incwadi ye-NCERT yelabhorethri yesayensi ye-Class IX isebenzisa cishe imizuzu engu-3 lapho kulungiselelwa isampula yesikhashana. Isikhathi eside asisho umphumela ongcono, futhi ukudaya ngokweqile kuyiphutha elivame kakhulu lokulinganisa isikhathi.
5. Hlanza ngobumnene ngamanzi acwengiwe ngokuhwamulisa noma umunce udayi oweqile ngephepha elimunca uketshezi, ulandele inqubo yendawo. Ingemuva kufanele libe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuphaphathekile, hhayi ngokumnyama kakhulu.
6. Yehlisa ingilazi yokumboza uyitshekisile ukuze kuthinte unqenqema olulodwa kuqala, bese uyivumela yehle kancane. Lokhu kuvimbela amabhamuza omoya.
7. Qala ngokukhulisa kancane ukuze uthole amaseli, uqinisekise ukugxila nokuthi aphakathi nendawo, bese udlulela ku-100x, ekugcineni ku-400x. Ku-400x sebenzisa kuphela isilungisi sokugxila esicokeme.

Ukugxila kwesixazululo sikadayi kudinga umusho owodwa ocacile. Izinqubo zezikole zivame ukusebenzisa isixazululo se-methylene blue emanzini esicishe sibe ngu-1 percent. Isixazululo esigxile kakhulu noma isikhathi eside sokuchayeka kwenza ingemuva libe mnyama ngokushesha kunenucleus, okuguqula umehluko obonakalayo lo msebenzi oncike kuwo.

Ukuphatha isampula lesihlathi ngokuphepha

Amasampula esihlathi afika namathe nezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezivamile emlonyeni, ngakho phatha lonke ungqimba lwesampula olusha njengento engase ithelele, nakuba abanikeze amasampula bengabafundi abaphilile. Imihlahlandlela ye-American Society for Microbiology yokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo emalabhorethri okufundisa ichaza imigomo ejwayelekile: hlola ubungozi ngaphambi kwesifundo, gqoka amagilavu, vikela amehlo lapho kungase kuchaphazeke khona, geza izandla ngemva kwalokho, bulala amagciwane emabhentshini, futhi ulahle izinto ezingcolisiwe ezisetshenziswa kanye kuphela ngendlela egunyaziwe yokulahla imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo.

Imithetho emine yasekilasini ibhekana nobungozi obuningi. Umuntu oyedwa onikeza isampula othini ngalunye lokuswayipha nasesilayidini ngasinye; akukaze kwabelwane ngazo. Thatha isampula kuwe kuphela, ungalinge ulithathe kumakhelwane. Izinti zokuswayipha nezinti zamazinyo ezisetshenziswa kanye kuphela ziya ngqo esitsheni semfucuza esibekiwe, zingabuyiselwa ebhentshini. I-methylene blue ngokwayo ishiya umbala esikhunjeni nasezimpahleni futhi icasula amehlo, ngakho kufanele kusetshenziswe amagilavu nokuhlanzeka okujwayelekile lapho kusetshenzwa ngodayi. Ungaweluli lo msebenzi ngokukhulisa noma yini evela kungqimba lwesampula, futhi ungazenzeli indlela yokunamathisela ngokushisa isampula elisha lomuntu ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuphepha yesikole.

Okufanele ukubheke, nokuthi kungani kubukeka kanjalo

Ku-100x, bheka amaseli abanzi ayisicaba, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuphaphathekile, anemiphetho engamaqanda angalingani noma enezinhlangothi eziningi. Ahlala ngawodwa noma abe izingqimba ezixegayo ezembozene. Iseli ngalinye ngokuvamile linechashaza elilodwa eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elimnyama kakhudlwana. Lelo chashaza yinucleus. Qaphela nokuhleleka kwawo: amaseli e-epithelium ayisicaba afana namathayili amancane, hhayi izindilinga ezigcwele. Yingakho imiphetho yawo ibukeka njengoqweqwe lwengilazi oluqhekekile kunamabhaluni ayindilinga.

Ku-400x, izici ezintathu ziyabonakala ngokucacile. Umngcele weseli ubonakala njengomugqa omncane omnyama kakhudlwana ozungeza iseli. Icytoplasm igcwalisa ingaphakathi ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okhanyayo nolinganayo. Inucleus imnyama kakhudlwana futhi iminyene, ivame ukuba nokuma kweqanda, ngokuvamile iseduze nendawo ephakathi kodwa hhayi njalo. Cela abafundi babhale zonke lezi zici ezintathu kanye nokuma nokukhuliswa, ngoba yikho kanye iphepha lokusebenza elikucelayo.

Iphuzu elilodwa lokunemba libalulekile lapha, futhi amaphepha amaningi okusebenza alichaza kabi. Umngcele obonakalayo uhambisana nendawo yolwelwesi lweseli, kodwa ulwelwesi ngokwalo, olunezingqimba ezimbili zama-lipid ezinobukhulu obucishe bube ngu-7 kuya ku-10 nanometers, luncane kakhulu kunalokho imakroskopu yesikole engakuhlukanisa ngokucacile. Lokho abafundi abakubonayo unqenqema lweseli oluvela ngendlela ukukhanya okudlula ngayo kanye nodayi oqoqene lapho. Kufanele kuqashelwe okufanayo nangezakhiwo ezincane zangaphakathi kweseli. Ama-mitochondria, i-endoplasmic reticulum, izakhiwo ze-Golgi, nama-ribosome akubonakali kulokhu kulungiselelwa. Imakroskopu yokukhanya evamile ingahlukanisa imininingwane encane efinyelela cishe ku-0.2 micrometers ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, njengoba kuchaza ulwazi lwe-NCBI lwesayensi yamaseli ngamathuluzi okubheka ngemakroskopu. Izakhiwo eziningi ezicoleke kakhulu zincane kunalowo mkhawulo noma zisondele kuwo. Ukukhulisa okwengeziwe okungavezi imininingwane emisha kwenza isithombe sibe sikhulu ngaphandle kokwengeza imininingwane.

Kungani inucleus idayeka ibe mnyama kakhulu? I-methylene blue ingudayi onama-ion ashajwe ngokuhle esixazululweni, futhi ihlangana nezinto ezishajwe ngokubi ngaphakathi kweseli, ikakhulukazi ama-nucleic acid. Ichromatin iqoqela i-DNA ku-nucleus, ngakho inucleus iqoqa udayi omningi kakhulu. Icytoplasm ine-RNA namanye ama-molecule ashajwe ngogesi, ngakho nayo iyadayeka, kodwa umbala usabalala kakhulu futhi ukhanya kakhudlwana. Umkhawulo obalulekile: i-methylene blue ayiwona udayi oqondene ne-DNA kuphela. Ucwaningo lokusabalala kwe-methylene blue ekuthathweni kwezithombe zenucleus luchaza ukuthi i-ion eshajwe ngokuhle ihlangana nezindawo ezinama-nucleic acid amaningi, kanti ucwaningo oludala lokulinganisa ukubophezela kwe-methylene blue kumasampula amaseli alungiselelwe lwathola ukuthi udayi omningi obophezela wawuhlangene nama-nucleic acid. Ngakho inucleus emnyama kanye necytoplasm ekhanyayo kuwukuhleleka komehluko obonakalayo, hhayi ukuhlolwa kwama-molecule.

Amaphutha abafundi abazowenza, nendlela yokuwachaza

Cishe zonke izilayidi ezingaphumeleli ziba phakathi kwezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamaphutha. Fundisa abafundi ukuhlonza inkinga esilayidini kunokuba baphinde basenze bengazi ukuthi konakelephi.

Ukudaya ngokweqile kwenza amaseli nengemuva kube mnyama ngokulinganayo, inucleus ingabe isahlukaniseka endaweni ebukwayo. Lungisa lokhu ngokunciphisa isikhathi sokudaya noma ngokuhlanza kangcono. Ukudaya okunganele kushiya izimo eziphaphathekile ezinyamalala lapho ukukhanya kwandiswa; yengeza isikhathi ngezikhawu zemizuzwana engamashumi amathathu. Izingqimba ezigcotshiwe eziwugqinsi zakha izinqwaba eziminyene ezembozene lapho kungalandelwa khona umngcele weseli; ukulungiswa kwazo kusendleleni yokusakaza isampula: ngokuzayo lisakaze libe lincane, ngoba akukho ukuhlanza okungasindisa inqwaba yamaseli. Amabhamuza omoya abonakala njengezindilinga eziphelele ezinemiphetho emnyama ecacile, futhi aphazamisa abaqalayo abawaphambanisa nezakhiwo zeseli; phinda ubeke ingilazi yokumboza kancane uyitshekisile. Amachashaza amancane amnyama asabalele phezu kwamaseli noma eduze kwawo ngokuvamile angamabhaktheriya avamile omlomo, njengoba kuphawula izinqubo zezikole ezifana nenqubo ye-Ingrid Science yamaseli esihlathi. Aqinisekisa ukuthi umlomo unezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuwo, okuyinto abafundi abangase bayikhumbule kahle, kodwa izinhlobo zawo eziqondile azikwazi ukuhlonzwa kulo msebenzi futhi akufanele zidwetshwe njengezingxenye zeseli. Izinsalela zokudla nemicu yamafinyila kudayeka ngokungalingani nangokugqamile; ukuhlanza umlomo kuqala kwenzelwa ukukunciphisa.

Lokho lo msebenzi ongeke ukwenze

Lokhu ukubuka ngenjongo yokufunda, hhayi ukuhlolwa kokuxilonga. Akukho okubukeka emaselini adaywe ekilasini okungaxilonga ukutheleleka, umdlavuza, noma esinye isifo, futhi lesi sihloko akufanele sifundwe njengesisikisela okuhlukile. Isampula elilungiselelwe libonisa ukuma, umngcele, icytoplasm, nenucleus emazingeni amabili okukhuliswa. Alibonisi ukwakheka okucokeme kolwelwesi, imininingwane yezakhiwo ezincane zangaphakathi kweseli, noma ukuthi yimaphi ama-molecule akhona. Ukusho lo mkhawulo ngokucacile kuvikela isayensi nabafundi: umphumela omuhle umdwebo onamalebula afanele, okubhalwe kuwo ukukhuliswa kanye nodayi osetshenzisiwe, hhayi isiphetho ngempilo yomuntu.

Iphepha lokusebenza lomfundi nezithombe zemakroskopu ezinamalebula

Izinsiza ezimbili zalo msebenzi ezikuleli khasi yisithombe semakroskopu esinamalebula esingenhla kanye nephepha lokusebenza elingezansi. Phrintela umfundi ngamunye iphepha lokusebenza noma uliveze ngephrojektha bese abafundi bekopisha amabhokisi ezincwadini zabo.

Indlela yokulisebenzisa esifundweni semizuzu engu-45: imizuzu eyishumi yokuchaza ukuphepha nokuthatha amasampula, imizuzu eyishumi yokudaya nokubeka isampula esilayidini, imizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu yokubheka nokudweba kuwo womabili amazinga okukhuliswa, nemizuzu eyishumi yohlu lokuhlola nokuqhathanisa nesithombe semakroskopu esinamalebula. Izinto ezisohlwini lokuhlola zenziwe ngenhloso ukuba zibe yizinyathelo eziqondile. Ungqimba olugcotshiwe oluncane, isikhathi sokudaya esifanele, inucleus emnyama kune-cytoplasm, nokukhuliswa okubhaliwe. Umfundi okwazi ukuqinisekisa zonke lezi zinto ezine uwuqondile umqondo isifundo esenzelwe ukuwufundisa: amamakroskopu abonisa umehluko, futhi odayi bakha umehluko okufanele uboniswe.