I-methylene blue nokuchayeka ekukhanyeni: ubude begagasi, amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo, nokuma kwendawo yokwelashwa

Amaphepha ocwaningo amabili abika ukuchaya i-methylene blue ekukhanyeni okungu-10 J nge-cm eyisikwele. Elinye libulala amagciwane. Elinye alenzi lutho olulinganisekayo. Umfundi oqhathanisa umthamo kuphela uphetha ngokuthi lo mkhakha awuhambisani. Lo mkhakha uyahambisana. Umthamo awukaze ube yikho konke okuphathelene nokuchayeka.

Ukuchayeka ekukhanyeni kuwuhlelo oluncane lwamapharamitha asebenza ndawonye: ubude begagasi, amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo, isikhathi, i-fluence ewumphumela, ukutholakala komoya-mpilo, ukugxila kukadayi nesimo sokuhlangana kwama-molecule awo, isikhathi phakathi kokufakwa kukadayi nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya, kanye nendlela ukukhanya okuyihambayo ngempela phakathi kwesampula. Shintsha elilodwa, bese kushintsha ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ukukhanya. Lesi sihloko sichaza ipharamitha ngayinye, bese sihlukanisa i-photobiomodulation esebenzisa ukukhanya okuseduze ne-infrared nokuvuswa okuqondile kukadayi ngokukhanya, ngoba lezi zindlela ezimbili yizona ezivame ukudidaniswa kakhulu.

Ubude begagasi bunquma ukuthi udayi uyahlanganyela yini

I-methylene blue esemanzini imunca ukukhanya okubomvu ngamandla lapho iyimonomer, ibe nesiqongo sokumunca eduze kuka-664 kuya ku-665 nm nengxenye eseceleni yesiqongo enobude begagasi obufushane eduze kuka-610 nm, ekhula njengoba udayi uhlangana ube ama-dimer namaqoqo amakhulu anqwabelene. I-coefficient yokuncipha kokukhanya nge-mole eduze kwesiqongo icishe ibe ngu-65,000 kuya ku-85,000 M-1 cm-1, ngakho izixazululo ezinamazinga angama-micromolar sezivele ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kakhulu. Ukubuyekezwa kokuqala kokusabela kwe-methylene blue ne-DNA nezinto eziphilayo okubangelwa ukukhanya kubhala ngale ndlela yokumunca nangokusabela kwamakhemikhali kwesimo esivusiwe okulandelayo: ukumunca kudala isimo se-singlet esihlala isikhashana, bese kuba nokudlulela esimweni se-triplet esihlala isikhathi eside, ngamazinga okukhiqizwa abikiwe acishe abe ngu-0.5; esixazululweni esinomoya, lesi simo siqedwa umoya-mpilo phakathi nesikhathi esingaba ama-microsecond angu-2.

Kuleso sinyathelo sokuqedwa kwesimo esivusiwe yilapho izindlela ezimbili zokusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ukukhanya zihlukana khona. Ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali koHlobo II, udayi osesimweni se-triplet udlulisela amandla kumoya-mpilo osesimweni esiyisisekelo bese ukhiqiza umoya-mpilo we-singlet, ngamazinga okukhiqizwa avame ukucashunwa acishe abe ngu-0.52. Ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali koHlobo I, i-triplet kunalokho idlulisela i-electron noma i-hydrogen entweni esabela nayo, ikhiqize ama-radical ahlanganisa izinhlobo ze-superoxide ne-hydroxyl. Zombili zingasebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi umphumela ovamile we-photodynamic uhlala uncike kakhulu emoyeni-mpilo ngisho nalapho uHlobo I lunengxenye.

Umphumela walokhu ekukhetheni ubude begagasi be-methylene blue uwumthetho olula. Ukukhanya okubomvu okusukela cishe ku-630 kuya ku-680 nm kuqondana nebhande lokumunca likadayi, kanti u-660 kuya ku-665 nm useduze nesiqongo sokumunca se-monomer, ngakho kungaqhuba ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwento eyandisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni noma kuphi lapho kunodayi owanele. Ukukhanya okuseduze ne-infrared ku-810 nm kungaphandle kakhulu kwebhande lokumunca lesimo esiyisisekelo, ngakho lobu bude begagasi abufaneleki kahle ukuvusa udayi ngokuqondile. Ukugxila kwenza lokhu kube yinkimbinkimbi ngendlela eyodwa ecacile: njengoba ukugxila kukhula, udayi omningi uba ama-dimer namaqoqo amakhulu amunca ngase-610 nm futhi andisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni ngendlela engasebenzi kahle kangako nge-molecule ngayinye; ngakho ukuphinda kabili udayi akuwuphindi kabili umphumela. Ukubuyekezwa okuhambisana nalesi sihloko kwe-methylene blue nokwelashwa ngokukhanya okubomvu kuthatha lo mthetho wokumunca njengombandela wokuqala wanoma yikuphi ukusabela okwenziwa into eyandisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni.

Amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo, isikhathi, ne-fluence kungamapharamitha amathathu, hhayi elilodwa

I-fluence, elinganiswa nge-J nge-cm eyisikwele, ingamandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo aphindwe ngesikhathi. Ukubika i-fluence kuphela kufihla isivinini amandla afike ngaso, futhi leso sivinini sibalulekile.

Amandla okukhanya aphezulu ngeyunithi yendawo asetshenziswa isikhashana namandla aphansi asetshenziswa isikhathi eside anganikeza i-fluence efanayo kodwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuhlukene. Amandla okukhanya aphezulu ngeyunithi yendawo asebenzisa umoya-mpilo oncibilikile ngokushesha kunokuba ukusabalala kwawo kuwugcwalise futhi, okunciphisa indlela yoHlobo II encike emoyeni-mpilo phakathi nokuchayeka. Aphinde afake ukushisa, futhi izicubu zisabela ekushisweni ngokushintsha ukugeleza kwegazi, okushintsha kokubili umoya-mpilo osezicutshini nokusatshalaliswa kukadayi. Amandla okukhanya aphansi ngeyunithi yendawo ngesikhathi eside sokuchayeka agcina umoya-mpilo utholakala, kodwa anikeza izinqubo zokulungisa nokubuyisela umoya-mpilo isikhathi sokusebenza ngesikhathi sokuchayeka uqobo. Izincwadi zokufunda zokusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ukukhanya zibiza umcabango wokuthi umthamo ophelele kuphela obalulekile ngokuthi umgomo wokulingana komphumela womthamo. Lo mgomo uyahluleka noma nini lapho umoya-mpilo, ukushisa, noma izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo kuhlanganyela, okusho cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ezicutshini.

Ukuchayeka nge-photodynamic okulwa namagciwane kubantu kusetshenziswa i-methylene blue kuvame ukusebenzisa u-6 kuya ku-18 J nge-cm eyisikwele, okungenela ebangeni lamanani asetshenziswa ku-photobiomodulation. Ngakho i-fluence kuphela ayikwazi ukukhomba indlela esetshenziswayo. Ukuchayeka okungu-10 J nge-cm eyisikwele ku-660 nm ezicutshini ezinodayi kuwukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ukukhanya okuqhutshwa into eyandisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni. I-fluence efanayo ku-810 nm ezicutshini ezinodayi omncane kakhulu iyinto ehluke ngokuphelele. Inombolo iyafana. Umqondo uhlukile.

Indlela yokuhamba kokukhanya nokuma kwesampula kunquma ukuthi ukukhanya kuhlangana nani

Ukuziphatha okuchazwa umthetho we-Beer Lambert kusho ukuthi ingaphambili lesampula lithola ukukhanya okuningi kakhulu kunengemuva. Esitsheni sokulinganisa ukumuncwa kokukhanya esinodayi osemashumini ama-micromolar, imilimitha yokuqala ingamunca iningi lokukhanya okubomvu okufikayo, ishiye izingqimba ezijulile zingachayekile ngokwanele. Uma leso sixazululo sincishiselwa emgodini ongajulile wepuleti lesampula ngevolumu encane, ukuchayeka kucishe kufane kuzo zonke izingxenye. Udayi ofanayo, isibani esifanayo, i-fluence efanayo ebusweni, kodwa umphumela ohlukile.

Izicubu zengeza ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya phezu kokumuncwa. Ukukhanya okubomvu okuseduze kuka-660 nm kungena ekujuleni okungamamilimitha, ukujula okuqondile kunqunywa inani legazi, umbala wezicubu, nohlobo lwezicubu. Imigodi yamapuleti ingeza ukuphazamiseka kwayo: indawo egobile yoketshezi esebenza njengelensi, ukubuyiswa kokukhanya yizindonga, ukufiphazwa kwemigodi esemaphethelweni, nokufudumala kwamavolumu amancane ngaphansi komthombo wokukhanya. Amalabhorethri amabili abika izilungiselelo zezibani ezifanayo kodwa izinhlobo zamapuleti, amavolumu, noma amabanga emithombo ahlukene enze izivivinyo ezihlukene.

Ibanga lidinga ukugcizelelwa ngoba liyisici esishintshayo esivame ukunganakwa kakhulu. Amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo ehla ngokushesha njengoba ibanga lisuka emthonjeni onemishayo engahambisani likhula; ngakho isibani esisuswa ku-2 cm siye ku-5 cm ngaphezu kwepuleti singanciphisa amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo izikhathi eziningana, kuyilapho isigaba sezindlela sisafundeka ngendlela efanayo. Uma amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo engalinganiswanga ebusweni besampula, ama-fluence ashicilelwe abalwa ngamazinga wamandla ashiwo ngumkhiqizi ayizilinganiso ezilinganiselwayo, hhayi izilinganiso ezithathwe ngqo.

Umhlahlandlela wamapharamitha onezichasiselo: yini eyenza ukuchayeka kuphindwe ngendlela efanayo

Into yokuqala eyenzelwe leli khasi wuhlu lokuhlola. Noma yikuphi ukuchayeka ekukhanyeni ocwaningweni okushiya le mininingwane akunakuqhathaniswa nokunye, noma ngabe umthamo obikwe ngokugqamile ubukeka ufana kangakanani.

1. Ubude begagasi nobubanzi bebhande. Isiqongo nobubanzi obugcwele, hhayi igama lombala. I-LED ebomvu ihlanganisa u-630 kuya ku-680 nm, lapho ukumuncwa kukadayi kuhluke kakhulu.
2. Amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo ebusweni besampula, alinganisiwe, nge-mW nge-cm eyisikwele. Amandla ashiwo ngumkhiqizi ngama-watt awawona amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo.
3. Isikhathi nokukhanyisa ngezikhawu. Ukukhanyisa okuqhubekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanyisa ngezikhawu, kuhlanganise nemvamisa yezikhawu nengxenye yesikhathi umthombo ovuliwe ngaso lapho kufanele khona.
4. I-fluence ebalwa kusetshenziswa amandla nesikhathi okulinganiswe ngenhla, nge-J nge-cm eyisikwele.
5. Ukugxila kukadayi, ukwakheka kwawo, nesimo sokuhlangana kwama-molecule awo. I-monomer eduze kuka-664 nm yandisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni ngokuhlukile kumaqoqo ama-molecule eduze kuka-610 nm.
6. Isikhawu phakathi kokufakwa komuthi nokukhanyisa. Imizuzu kuya emahoreni phakathi kokufakwa kukadayi nokuchayeka ekukhanyeni, okunquma ukuthi udayi ukuphi lapho ukukhanya kufika.
7. Ukutholakala komoya-mpilo. Isixazululo esinomoya uma siqhathaniswa nezicubu ezinomoya-mpilo omncane sishintsha ngokuqondile ibhalansi phakathi koHlobo I noHlobo II.
8. Ukuma. Ukujula kwesampula, ivolumu, uhlobo lwesitsha, ibanga ne-engeli yomthombo, kanye nokujula kwendawo ehlosiwe ezicutshini.

Umkhuba owusizo lapho ufunda amaphepha ocwaningo: hlola kuqala isikhawu phakathi kokufakwa komuthi nokukhanyisa. Siveza inhloso. Izindlela zocwaningo ze-photodynamic zichaya izicubu ezinodayi ekukhanyeni ngamabomu. Izindlela ezihlanganisayo zingase zihlukanise lezi zinto ezimbili ngamabomu, njengoba kuboniswa ngezansi.

I-photobiomodulation esebenzisa ukukhanya okuseduze ne-infrared ayikona ukuvusa udayi ngokukhanya

I-photobiomodulation, evame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi PBM, isebenzisa ukukhanya okubomvu noma okuseduze ne-infrared ukuguqula ukudluliselwa kwezimpawu okuvela ngaphakathi emzimbeni ngaphandle kokwengeza into eyandisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni. Ukwelashwa nge-photodynamic, okuvame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi PDT, kusebenzisa izingxenye ezintathu ndawonye: ukukhanya okumuncwa into eyandisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni, leyo nto uqobo, nomoya-mpilo ukudala ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo kwezinhlobo zamakhemikhali ezisabela ngamandla ezilimaza indawo ehlosiwe. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-mitochondria njengendawo ehlosiwe ekuvikeleni amangqamuzana ezinzwa kuhlanganisa i-methylene blue ne-PBM ngoba zombili zithinta ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ngezindlela ezihlukene: udayi usebenza njengento evuselela umjikelezo we-redox esekela ukuhamba kwama-electron, kanti kucatshangwa ukuthi i-PBM ikhuthaza ukuhlukana kwe-nitric oxide evimbelayo ne-cytochrome c oxidase ku-Complex IV. Leyo ndlela yokusebenza kwe-enzyme kufanele iqhubeke ibhalwe njengombono ongakaqinisekiswa.

Izifundo ezimbili ezicashunwa kakhulu zokuhlanganisa lezi zindlela kumagundane zombili zisebenzisa ukukhanya okungu-810 nm, okuyikho kanye okwenza zingabonisi ukuvusa udayi ngokukhanya. Ocwaningweni lokwelashwa kusengaphambili ngaphambi kokuncishwa ubuthongo, amagundane athola i-methylene blue nsuku zonke engu-0.5 mg nge-kg, i-laser engu-810 nm ekhanyisa ngezikhawu njalo ngemva kosuku olulodwa, noma kokubili ngaphambi kokuncishwa ubuthongo. Ukwelashwa kusengaphambili okuhlanganisiwe kwavikela ukuziphatha okuhlobene nenkumbulo namaphrotheni ama-synapse e-hippocampus, kuyilapho ukwelashwa ngakunye kukodwa kwehluleka kakhulu. Ocwaningweni lokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo olunokwelashwa okuhambisanayo, amagundane athola i-PBM engu-810 nm ku-8 J nge-cm eyisikwele kanye nodayi wansuku zonke ongu-0.5 mg nge-kg, i-laser isetshenziswa kuqala bese udayi ujovwa ngemva kwamahora amabili, ngenhloso ethile yokugwema ukuchaya izicubu ezinodayi ekukhanyeni. Womathathu amaqembu okwelashwa aqeda ukungasebenzi kahle kokufunda, inzuzo eyengeziwe yokuhlanganisa ibonakala ikakhulukazi ku-cortisol esesiramu nasezinhlotsheni zomoya-mpilo ezisabela ngamandla ezisebuchosheni. Le miphumela ihlola izindlela ezimbili ezithinta i-mitochondria ezisetshenziswa ndawonye, umehluko ogcinwa ubonakala eqoqweni lezifundo ze-photodynamic ngokubhala ubude begagasi benhloso ngayinye yokusetshenziswa.

Ubufakazi besikhumba bungakolunye uhlangothi. Idatha yabantu yesikhumba esisebenzisa i-methylene blue kanye nokukhanya igxile ku-630 kuya ku-680 nm, ngodayi ofakwa esikhunjeni noma ngaphakathi kwesilonda nangenhloso yokubhubhisa noma yokwakha kabusha izicubu, okuyi-PDT ngokwencazelo yayo. Ukucaphuna lokho kususwa njengobufakazi bokuthi udayi uthuthukisa i-PBM, noma ukucaphuna ukubuyiselwa kokusebenza kumagundane ngo-810 nm njengobufakazi bokuthi iphaneli engu-660 nm kanye nodayi kuyinqubo yokusebenza kwengqondo, kudida lezi zindlela. Incazelo eyinkomba yemithamo nesayensi yemithi kanye nomhlahlandlela wokuphepha nokusebenzisana kuchaza kabanzi izingxenye zale ndaba eziphathelene nokugxila nezimo ezinqabela ukusetshenziswa.

Yisho umqondo ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa izinombolo. Ubude begagasi bunquma ukuthi udayi uyamunca yini. Amandla okukhanya ngeyunithi yendawo nesikhathi kunquma ukuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzani ngalokho kumunca. Ukuma kunquma ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yesampula ehlangabezana nanoma yikuphi kwalokhu. Ukuchayeka okubili okufana ngepharamitha eyodwa kodwa kuhluke ngamanye kuyizivivinyo ezihlukene, futhi ukukuphatha njengokungashintshaniswa kuyiphutha lo mhlahlandlela owenzelwe ukulivimbela. Akukho nqubo yasekhaya evela kunoma yikuphi kwalokhu; ukukhanya okunobude begagasi obuhambisana nokumuncwa kukadayi kanye nodayi osebenza emzimbeni wonke kuguqula ukuchayeka obekungaguqula nje ukusebenza kwamangqamuzana kube ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ukukhanya okuqhutshwa into eyandisa ukusabela ekukhanyeni, okufanele kube sezandleni zochwepheshe bezokwelapha.