I-methylene blue njengenkomba yezimo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo neyomoya-mpilo: lokho okufakazelwa ukushintsha kombala

Uchwepheshe uvala imbiza yokukhulisa izinto ezincane eziphilayo ngaphandle komoya-mpilo, ahlole umdweshu wenkomba ye-methylene blue ngokubheka ngesivalo, abone lokho afuna ukukubona. Umdweshu usushintshile ekubeni luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka waba mhlophe. Ubhala ukuthi umsebenzi wenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo, bese eqhubeka. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, akukho okukhulayo kwelinye ipuleti, kuyilapho ishubhu elivaliwe elinomhluzi wokukhulisa elingaphakathi kwaleyo mbiza libonisa izimpawu zokuchayeka emoyeni-mpilo. Umdweshu wawukhuluma iqiniso. Yena wawubuza umbuzo ongafanele.

Lokhu kudideka kusekuqondeni imiqondo. Inkomba ye-methylene blue yezimo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo iphathelene ne-redox, hhayi nokungabi namagciwane aphilayo, futhi hhayi nokuqinisekisa lonke uhlelo. Lapho lowo mehluko usucacile, umdweshu uba yithuluzi elinembile nelithembekile elinomsebenzi olinganiselwe.

Umqondo: amafomu amabili e-redox angaguqukelana

I-methylene blue encibilikisiwe itholakala ezimweni ezimbili. Ifomu elenziwe i-oxidation yi-cation eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyaziwayo. Ifomu elenziwe i-reduction, elibizwa ngokuthi i-leucomethylene blue, alinambala. Lapho i-pH iseduze nokungathathi hlangothi, ingxenye yokusabela eyenziwe lula ihlanganisa i-cation eyodwa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-proton eyodwa nama-electron amabili, okukhiqiza i-molecule eyodwa ye-leuco engenambala. Ipotenshali ehlelekile iseduze nokuhlanganisa 11 millivolts uma iqhathaniswa ne-electrode ejwayelekile ye-hydrogen ku-pH 7. Lokhu kuyibeka ebangeni elingafinyelelwa amasistimu amaningi enza i-reduction, futhi umoya-mpilo ongakwazi ukulibuyisela emuva.

I-reduction idinga ipotenshali ephansi ye-redox endaweni ethile. Ukususa umoya-mpilo kuphela akukufezi lokhu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ucwaningo lwakudala ngezimo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo lwathola ukuthi i-methylene blue emanzini angenawo umoya-mpilo futhi angenazo ezinye izithako yayigcina umbala wayo ngaphandle uma kukhona into eyenza i-reduction. Lwathola nokuthi izingxube zomhluzi we-dextrose onodayi ongaba ngu-0.01 percent zazilahlekelwa umbala kalula ku-37 C, kuyilapho ingxube efanayo egcinwe ku-4 C yayihlala iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka usuku lonke, njengoba kubikwe ekuhlolweni kwezicubu ezintsha nezimo zokukhulisa ngaphandle komoya-mpilo. Izinga lokushisa, i-pH, i-glucose, i-ascorbate, i-thioglycollate, nomsebenzi wezinto ezincane eziphilayo owenza i-reduction konke kunquma ukuthi ama-electron ayatholakala yini.

Ukubuyela ku-oxidation kudinga umoya-mpilo kuphela. Lapho umoya ufinyelela efomini le-leuco, liphenduka libe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi. Izinkomba zanamuhla eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela zisebenzisa wona kanye lo mjikelezo: udayi kanye nento eyenza i-reduction kanye nohlaka oluzinzisayo, okuba ngaphandle kombala lapho umoya-mpilo uphansi bese kubuyela ekubeni luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho kuchayeka emoyeni, njengoba kuboniswe enkombeni yomoya-mpilo ye-methylene blue eyinhlanganisela esekelwe kudayi, entweni eyenza i-reduction, entweni esebenza ebusweni nasobumbani. Leyo nkomba yokuhlola yasebenzisa udayi ongu-0.01 millimolar ne-ascorbate noma i-glucose engu-2.0 millimolar ku-pH 11, yalahlekelwa umbala lapho umoya-mpilo ususondele ku-0.5 volume percent, futhi yahlukanisa umoya-mpilo ongaphansi kuka-0.1 percent nongaphezu kuka-0.5 percent egumbini layo lokuhlola.

Ngakho isimiso sokusebenza silula. Ukuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusho ukuthi indawo yenkomba yenziwe i-oxidation. Ukungabi nambala kusho ukuthi indawo yenkomba isifinyelele ezimweni ezenza i-reduction futhi ezinomoya-mpilo ophansi. Ushintsho luyabuyiseleka, lwenzeka endaweni ethile, futhi lungolwamakhemikhali. Lulodwa alusho lutho ngezinto ezincane eziphilayo.

Indlela umdweshu wenkomba ye-methylene blue osebenza ngayo embizeni engenawo umoya-mpilo

Umdweshu wenkomba ye-methylene blue wembiza engenawo umoya-mpilo uyindawo encane yokusabela efakwa emoyeni ongaphakathi embizeni lapho ungabonakala khona ngaphandle kokuvula isitsha. Imikhiqizo ethengiswayo iza ngezindlela ezihlukene: imidweshu yephepha, amaphilisi ancibilikiswayo noma amanziswayo lapho kulungiselelwa umsebenzi, namaphepha amasha ayinhlanganisela. Eminye idinga ithonsi elilodwa lamanzi ahlanzwe ngokuhwamuliswa ukuze indawo yokusabela iqale ukusebenza. Eminye iyizinkomba ezomile okufanele zihlale zomile. Kulandelwa iphepha lemiyalelo lomkhiqizo othile, ngoba ukumanziswa, ukubekwa nesikhathi sokufunda kuyingxenye yamakhemikhali asebenzayo.

Ekusebenziseni, inkomba ihloselwe ukufundwa njengenye yezimo ezimbili. Ukuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusho ukuthi umoya-mpilo noma izimo ezingenawo amandla anele okwenza i-reduction kusaqhubeka emdweshwini. Ukuba mhlophe noma ukungabi nambala kusho ukuthi izimo ze-redox ezingenawo umoya-mpilo sezikhona emdweshwini. Amanye amaphepha athengiswayo anezelwa isakhi sombala obomvu ngemuva, ngakho isimo sawo sokugcina ngemva kwe-reduction sibonakala sibomvana kunokuba sibe mhlophe. Yazi ukuthi umkhiqizo wakho uthembisa siphi isimo sokugcina ngaphambi kokuwahlulela.

Isikhathi siyahluka kuye ngohlelo. Kolunye uhlelo olufana ne-GasPak, ukufiphala kwaqala cishe kungakapheli ihora futhi kwaqedwa emahoreni ambalwa, kuyilapho ukuqhathanisa okulawulwayo ezingeni lokushisa lasegumbini kwadinga amahora angaphezu kwayisithupha ku-methylene blue. Ipotenshali ye-redox yezindawo zokukhulisa kulowo msebenzi yafinyelela cishe ekususeni 100 millivolts phakathi kuka-60 no-100 wemizuzu, kusasele isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba udayi uqede ukushintsha. Ngesikhathi umdweshu usungenambala ngokuphelele, yayisiphansi kakhulu kunokususa 200 millivolts. Inkomba isala ngemuva kwezinguquko zomoya osesitsheni. Umdweshu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngehora lokuqala awufakazeli ukwehluleka, futhi umdweshu omhlophe ngehora lesithupha uchaza isimo somdweshu ngehora lesithupha.

Ukubekwa kubalulekile ngesizathu esifanayo. Gcina umdweshu esikhaleni somoya esingaphezulu kwezinto ezisembizeni, ubonakale ngesivalo, futhi ube kude nezindawo ze-agar nezindawo zokukhulisa. Ubika isimo sendawo ewuzungezile ngqo. Uma uwubeka ucabalele odongeni olubandayo, uwufihle ngaphansi kwamapuleti, noma uvumela amanzi ajiye kuwo awucwilise, ubika isimo saleyo ndawo encane kunesesimbiza.

Lokho umdweshu okuvezayo nalokho ongakuvezi

Cabanga ngenkomba ye-methylene blue yasembizeni engenawo umoya-mpilo njengesinzwa esisodwa endaweni eyodwa. Iqinisekisa izimo ze-redox nezomoya-mpilo endaweni yayo yokusabela, ezimelela ngokubanzi isikhala somoya esingaphezulu uma ukuxubana nokufinyelela ekulinganeni kwezimo kwanele. Konke okungaphezu kwalokho kuyisiphetho esithathwa ngokucabangela, futhi leso siphetho sidinga ubufakazi obuhlukile.

Umdweshu ongenambala awuqinisekisi ukungabi namagciwane aphilayo. Ukungabi namagciwane aphilayo kusho ukungabi khona kwezinto eziphilayo ezisakwazi ukukhula, okufakazelwa inqubo eqinisekisiwe yokubulala amagciwane kanye nezilawuli zokuqinisekisa ukukhuliswa. Imbiza ingaba ngaphandle komoya-mpilo ngokuphelele kodwa isengcolile, noma ingabi namagciwane aphilayo ngokuphelele kodwa isenomoya-mpilo.

Awuqinisekisi zonke izingxenye zohlelo lokukhulisa. Umoya-mpilo oncibilikile ngaphakathi kweshubhu elivaliwe, umoya-mpilo obambeke ekujuleni kwe-agar, umehluko wezimo phakathi kwezindawo embizeni egcwele kakhulu, nokuvuza okuqala ngemva kokufunda konke akubonwa umdweshu owodwa. Ukuhlola izimo ezindaweni ezihlukene kwabonisa izindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezingenambala ezisondelene esitsheni esisodwa, lapho ukungena komoya-mpilo nomsebenzi owenza i-reduction kwakulingana ngezindlela ezihlukile. Iphuzu elilodwa alikwazi ukuqinisekisa yonke ivolumu.

Awufakazeli ukungabi nomoya-mpilo okungaphazamisekanga. Umdweshu ofundwa kanye lapho kuqalwa awusho lutho ngesimo ngehora lamashumi amabili. Umsebenzi wakamuva wekhwalithi yezimo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo uxwayisa ngokuthi izinkomba zamakhemikhali zichaza umoya osesitsheni ngesikhathi zifundwa futhi zingabonakala zanelisa nakuba kusekhona umoya-mpilo omncane. Ukubhala amarekhodi ngokuqhubekayo noma ezikhathini ezibekiwe zokuhlola, hhayi ukubheka kanye kuphela isimo sokugcina, yikho okuxhumanisa umdweshu nesikhathi sokukhulisa.

Ukuze uthole amakhemikhali ahambisana nokushintsha kombala, bheka indlela i-methylene blue ejikeleza ngayo phakathi kwezimo ezenziwe i-oxidation ne-reduction. Ukuze uthole indlela umoya-mpilo othinta ngayo ukuphathwa kwamasampula ngokubanzi, bheka ukulawulwa komoya-mpilo emsebenzini wokuhlola ngesibonakhulu nowokukhulisa izinto ezincane eziphilayo.

Umdwebo ongawugcina eceleni kwembiza

Umfanekiso ongezansi ufingqa lesi sihloko ube yireferensi eyodwa yasetafuleni lokusebenza. Ubonisa izimo ezintathu zomdweshu ofanayo, izindlela ezimbili zokuphenduka kokusabela, nomngcele phakathi kobufakazi benkomba nokuqinisekiswa kohlelo.

Izindlela zokwehluleka ezigcina umdweshu uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma ezinikeza isiqinisekiso esingelona iqiniso

Ukwehluleka okuningi kungena emaqenjini amahlanu. Ngamunye unezimpawu zawo ezihlukile.

Imbiza noma isikhwama esivuzayo siqhubeka sifaka umoya-mpilo endaweni yokusabela. Umdweshu uhlala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ubuye ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemva kokufiphala. Hlola isivalo, irabha yokuvala, izibambi nezindawo ezivalanayo ngaphambi kokusola amakhemikhali.

Into ekhiqiza igesi esiphelile noma engaqalisiwe kahle ayiwususi umoya-mpilo. Emasistimini amadala aqaliswa ngamanzi, ukungabonakali kokujiya kwamanzi cishe ngemizuzu engu-10 kuya ku-15 nokungafudumali kwesivalo cishe ngemizuzu engu-20 kuya ku-40 kwakuyizixwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi zalolo hlelo. Isikhwama samakhemikhali esincane kakhulu embizeni egcwele ngokweqile sehluleka ngendlela efanayo.

I-catalyst eyonakaliswe ukungcoliswa iphathelene kuphela namasistimu amadala e-hydrogen ne-palladium, lapho i-palladium ihlanganisa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo kube amanzi. Umswakama ne-hydrogen sulfide kuyayonakalisa. Izikhwama zamakhemikhali eziningi zanamuhla aziyisebenzisi nhlobo i-palladium, ngakho ungasebenzisi lesi sixazululo lapho singafanele khona.

Umdweshu owonakele noma ophathwe ngendlela engafanele wehluleka ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezicacile. Udayi nento eyenza i-reduction kulahlekelwa amandla okubuyela esimweni sangaphambili ngesikhathi kugcinwe. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kwakhiwe izingxube ezihlanganisiwe ezimelana nokufiphala okubangelwa ukukhanya nokulahlekelwa ukusebenza ngesikhathi zigciniwe. Yenqaba isitoko esiphelelwe isikhathi, isitoko esinombala ongajwayelekile ekuqaleni, nemidweshu emanziswe lapho kufanele yome noma eshiywe yomile lapho idinga ukumanziswa.

Umehluko wezimo phakathi kwezindawo noma ukubambezeleka kudukisa ofundayo kunamakhemikhali. Isikhala somoya esingaxubekile kahle, amashubhu avaliwe anomoya-mpilo oncibilikile, nezindawo zokukhulisa ezingaqinile ngokuphelele ngakunye kugcina izimo zako isikhathi eside kunaleso esisikisela umdweshu. Imidweshu ye-resazurin idlula esimweni esibomvana ngaphambi kokungabi nambala futhi ivame ukuthengiswa njengeyashesha kakhulu, kodwa imingcele yayo yokushintsha ihambisana nengxube yayo futhi ayidluliselwa ku-methylene blue.

Izilawuli nenqubo yokufunda okufanele ikopishwe

Izilawuli ezimbili ezingabizi zibamba iningi lokufunda okungalungile. Gcina umdweshu omusha wokulawula umoya emoyeni wasegumbini eduze komsebenzi. Umdweshu we-methylene blue osebenzayo uhlala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho. Ezinye izinkomba ezisemaphaketheni ziqala ziphaphathekile bese ziba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho zivulwa, okuyisivivinyo sokusebenza ngokwaso. Futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, faka umdweshu omusha ohlelweni olungenawo umoya-mpilo olwaqinisekiswa ngaphambilini. Kufanele ufinyelele esimweni sokugcina se-reduction esiqinisekisiwe phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo somkhiqizo. Uma noma yisiphi isilawuli singasebenzi ngendlela elindelekile, shintsha iqoqo lomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuthemba okufundwa embizeni.

Inqubo yokufunda ilandela indlela yokusebenza. Beka umdweshu lapho ungabonakala khona esikhaleni somoya esingaphezulu ngaphandle kokuvula imbiza, ulandela iphepha lomkhiqizo mayelana nokuthinta udonga nokumanziswa. Bhala umbala wokuqala, isikhathi imbiza evalwe ngaso, nombala ngesikhathi sokuhlola esishiwo somkhiqizo. Lapho isitsha sikuvumela, bhala ukuthi inkomba yahlala esimweni se-reduction ezikhathini ezichaziwe zokuhlola ngesikhathi sokukhulisa. Bhala umbala wokugcina ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuvula. Lowo mbala wangaphambi kokuvula uyisimo sokugcina salowo msebenzi. Ngemva kokuvula, lindela ukubuyela ekubeni luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi ungakuvumeli kushintshe umlando walokho okwenzekile.

Uma umdweshu uhlala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemva kwesikhathi sawo esishiwo, phatha ukungabi nomoya-mpilo njengokungaqinisekisiwe. Hlola uchungechunge ngokulandelana: ukuvaleka, isikhwama samakhemikhali, i-catalyst uma ikhona, ukumanziswa nokuphelelwa isikhathi kwenkomba, bese kuba ukusebenza kwenkomba uma kuqhathaniswa nesilawuli esisemoyeni. Ukukhula noma ukungakhuli kufanele kuhunyushwe kuphela lapho isimo somoya sesiqinisekisiwe, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokukhulisa ngaphandle komoya-mpilo nezilawuli zezinto eziphilayo ezifanelana nalokho okwenziwayo.

Umdweshu ufanelwe ukuba nezwi lokugcina endaweni yawo yomsebenzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma awunambala, uphendula umbuzo owodwa ngendawo eyodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Wubuze lowo mbuzo ngesikhathi esihleliwe, kunezilawuli eceleni kwawo, futhi uphendula ngokuthembekile. Wubuze ngokungabi namagciwane aphilayo, ngeshubhu ngalinye, noma ngesikhathi sonke sokukhulisa ngokuwubuka kanye kuphela, futhi awekho amakhemikhali enkomba angakusindisa lokho kufunda.