Uvavanyo Lokunamathela Kwe-Methylene Blue: Umthamo Wokubamba Wekhabhoni Esebenzayo

Ilabhoratri ithelekisa iintlobo ezimbini zekhabhoni esebenzayo. Uxwebhu lweenkcukacha lolunye uhlobo lubanga ixabiso le-methylene blue eliphindwe kathathu kunelolunye. Ilabhoratri ithenga uhlobo olunenani elikhulu, isebenzise elo nani ukumisela isixa esiza kufakwa, kodwa idayi iqala ukudlula kwikhabhoni ingekafiki ixesha elilindelweyo. Akukho nto yaxokiswayo. La manani mabini avela kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa umthengi wawatolika ngokungathi alinganisa into enye.

Eli nqaku lilungisa loo mpazamo yokutolika. Lichaza oko uvavanyo lukulinganisayo, lenze ubalo kabini ngamanani okwenene, lize lichaze yonke into eguqula isiphumo. Ingxaki enxulumene noku, yokuthelekisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezibamba iimolekyuli kumphezulu, ixoxwa ngokwahlukeneyo; apha kugxilwe kudidi olunye lwemathiriyeli nakwindlela enye.

Kutheni kusetyenziswa le dayi njengento yokuhlola

I-methylene blue yidayi eyi-cation, enemolekyuli ethe tyaba nenesakhiwo esinamakhonkco e-aromatic. Emanzini ikhona njenge-ion enentlawulo yombane evumayo, kwaye imilinganiselo yemolekyuli yayo imalunga ne-1.43 nge-0.61 nge-0.40 nm. Obo bukhulu ngundoqo. I-iodine, enye into eqhele ukusetyenziswa ukuhlola, incinci kakhulu kwaye ingena kwimingxuma emincinane emxinwa, ngoko inani le-iodine libonisa ukukhula kwaloo mingxuma mincinane. I-methylene blue ifuna iminyango ebanzi: ingena kwimingxuma engaphezu kwe-0.75 nm malunga noko, ibe imingxuma emalunga ne-1.4 ukuya kwi-3 nm inegalelo elibalulekileyo. Loo milinganiselo iquka imingxuma emikhulu phakathi kwemincinane kakhulu, kunye nemingxuma emincinane phakathi kwephakathi ngobukhulu; ngoko ukuthi uvavanyo luhlola kuphela imingxuma ephakathi ngobukhulu kukulwenza lube lula ngokugqithisileyo. Ezi zinto zimbini zokuhlola ziyancedisana. I-iodine ihlola ukuba mingaphi imingxuma emincinane kakhulu ekhoyo. I-methylene blue ihlola ukuba singakanani isithuba semingxuma esivumela imolekyuli enkulu ye-organic ukuba ingene, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekususweni kwedayi. Akukho nalinye kula manani elinokuqikelela lodwa ukubanjwa kwezinye iimolekyuli.

Intlawulo yombane ibaluleke njengobukhulu. Ekubeni idayi iyi-cation, itsaleleka kwimiphezulu enentlawulo yombane ethabathayo ize igxothwe yimiphezulu enentlawulo evumayo. Oku kwenza i-pH ibe yinto ephambili efuna ukuqwalaselwa, hayi inkcukacha esecaleni, njengoko iimvavanyo ezingezantsi zibonisa.

Indlela olwenziwa ngayo uvavanyo lwebhetshi

Indlela eqhelekileyo yaselabhoratri kukufikelela kulungelelwano kwibhetshi. Lungisa ikhabhoni, uyihluze ngesisefo ukuze ufumane isahlulo esinobukhulu bamasuntswana obulawulwayo, uze ulinganise ubunzima obaziwayo m. Yongeza umthamo owaziwayo V wesisombululo sedayi esinoxinaniso lokuqala C0. Gcina i-pH nobushushu zingaguquki, ushukumise kangangexesha eliqinisekisiweyo, uze wahlule ikhabhoni ngokuhluza okanye ngokusebenzisa i-centrifuge. Misela uxinaniso olushiyekileyo Ce ngokulinganisa ukufunxwa kokukhanya kwe-UV-Vis, ngokuqhelekileyo kufutshane ne-660 ukuya kwi-665 nm, kwaye rhoqo kwi-664 nm, usebenzisa uthotho lwezisombululo zokulinganisa ezilungiselelwe kwakweso sixhobo. Enye indlela epapashiweyo yasebenzisa i-0.050 g yekhabhoni ne-50 mL yesisombululo kuluhlu lwe-10 ukuya kwi-1000 mg/L, kangangeeyure ezingama-24 kwi-25 C, kwaza kwalinganiswa kwi-660 nm. Akukho mgaqo mnye osebenza kuyo yonke indawo, ngoko ixabiso elixelwa ngaphandle kwesixa sekhabhoni, uluhlu loxinaniso, ixesha, ubushushu, i-pH nobude bamaza asisosiphumo. Ngamarhe nje.

Ukulinganisa isixa ngokwako kufuna ulawulo olufanayo nolo luchazwe ekulinganiseni idayi ngokufunxwa kokukhanya: lungisa umlinganiselo kwisixhobo sakho, qinisekisa indawo yencopho endaweni yokucinga ukuba yi-664 nm, uze uxube ulwelo olungaphezulu olunoxinaniso oluphezulu nolunye ulwelo ukuze lubuyele kuluhlu apho impendulo yesixhobo itshintsha ngokuthe ngqo noxinaniso.

Umzekelo wokubala

Umthamo wokubamba uvela kulungelelwaniso lobunzima. Idayi engasekhoyo kwisisombululo ikwikhabhoni:

qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m

apho i-qe isisixa esibanjiweyo xa kufikelelwe kulungelelwano, nge-mg/g, i-C0 ne-Ce ziluxinaniso lokuqala noloxinaniso xa kulungelelwano, nge-mg/L, i-V ingumthamo ngeelitha, kwaye i-m ibubunzima bekhabhoni ngeegram.

Inqaku lokuqala. Qala nge-C0 = 100 mg/L, V = 0.100 L, m = 0.0200 g. Emva kokufikelela kulungelelwano isixhobo sixela i-Ce = 35 mg/L. Ngoko qe = (100 minus 35) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 65 times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 325 mg/g. Ipesenti yokususwa ithi (100 minus 35) divided by 100 times 100 = 65 ekhulwini.

Inqaku lesibini, isixa sekhabhoni nomthamo ziyafana, kodwa isixa sedayi siphezulu. Qala nge-C0 = 200 mg/L uze ulinganise i-Ce = 90 mg/L. Ngoko qe = (200 minus 90) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 550 mg/g, ngoxa ukususwa kungu-(200 minus 90) divided by 200 times 100 = 55 ekhulwini.

Ezi zibini zimbini, (Ce = 35, qe = 325) kunye no-(Ce = 90, qe = 550), ngamanqaku amabini e-isotherm. Qaphela indlela eziguquka ngayo ngokuchaseneyo: umthamo wokubamba unyuke ukusuka kwi-325 ukuya kwi-550 mg/g ngoxa ukususwa kwehle ukusuka kuma-65 ukuya kuma-55 ekhulwini. Umthamo wokubamba nepesenti yokususwa ziya kumacala achaseneyo njengoko uxinaniso lunyuka. Nabani na obeka iintlobo zekhabhoni ngokulandelelana esebenzisa ipesenti yokususwa elinganiswe kwizixa zekhabhoni okanye kuxinaniso olwahlukeneyo ubeka iimvavanyo ngokulandelelana, hayi imathiriyeli.

Izinto ekufuneka uzilawule

Yonke into engezantsi iyaliguqula inani. Gcina nganye ingaguquki okanye uyirekhode.

Isixa sekhabhoni. Ikhabhoni eninzi ithetha iindawo ezininzi zokubamba, ngoko ipesenti yokususwa iyanyuka ngoxa isixa esibanjiweyo ngegram nganye sidla ngokwehla, kuba idayi ebanjiweyo isasazeka kubunzima obuninzi. Xela isixa nge-g/L kunye ne-V ne-m ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Uxinaniso lokuqala. I-C0 ephezulu inika amandla amakhulu aqhuba ukubanjwa, ngoko i-qe iyanyuka ngoxa ipesenti yokususwa isihla njengoko iindawo zokubamba zigcwala. Ii-isotherm ezilungelelaniswe kuluhlu lwe-5 ukuya kwi-50 mg/L nakuluhlu lwe-100 ukuya kwi-400 mg/L zichaza iindawo ezahlukeneyo zegophe. Thelekisa imithamo yokubamba efunyenwe ngokulungelelanisa kuphela kuluhlu oludibanayo.

pH. Kule dayi iyi-cation, ukubanjwa kudla ngokunyuka xa i-pH inyuka, ingakumbi ngaphezu kwe-pH apho intlawulo epheleleyo yomphezulu wekhabhoni inguziro, nalapho umphezulu uqala ukuba nentlawulo ethabathayo xa iyonke. I-pH ephantsi yongeza iiproton kwiindawo zomphezulu kwaye ivumela ii-ion ze-hydrogen ukuba zikhuphisane ngazo. Ubukhulu beli futhe buxhomekeke kwikhabhoni ethile: kolunye uphando lwekhabhoni esebenzayo, isixa esibanjiweyo sanyuka ukusuka malunga ne-51 mg/g kwi-pH 2 ukuya malunga ne-92 mg/g kwi-pH 8. Rekhoda i-pH yokuqala ne-pH yakufikelelwa kulungelelwano, kunye neetyuwa ezikhoyo kwisisombululo, kuba amandla ee-ion anciphisa kwaamandla ombane alungiswa yi-pH.

Ixesha lokudibana. Isixa esibanjiweyo sinyuka ngokukhawuleza, size siyeke ukunyuka. Kuphela lixabiso elikule ndawo ingasanyukiyo eliyi-qe; naliphi na ixabiso langaphambili yi-qt. Amaxesha apapashiweyo okufikelela kulungelelwano asusela kwimizuzu ukuya kwiiyure ezininzi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zekhabhoni, ibe ezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo zisebenzisa ukudibana kweeyure ezingama-24. Misela ixesha apho ixabiso liyeka ukunyuka ngokufunda indlela ukubanjwa okutshintsha ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha kwikhabhoni yakho, endaweni yokucinga ukuba iiyure ezimbini zanele.

Ubushushu. Akukho ndlela enye yokutshintsha esebenza kuzo zonke iimeko. Isixa esibanjiweyo siyanyuka ngobushushu kwiinkqubo ezifunxa ubushushu size sehle kwezo zikhupha ubushushu, ngoko silinganise endaweni yokucinga nje.

Ubukhulu bamasuntswana nokushukumisa. Amasuntswana amancinane anciphisa imigama yokusasazeka kweemolekyuli kwaye adla ngokukhawulezisa ukubanjwa; ukushukumisa ngamandla kunciphisa ubukhulu bomaleko wolwelo olungashukumiyo ojikeleze amasuntswana, kwenze okufanayo. Zombini ziguqula isantya, hayi ulungelelwano ngokwalo. Umthamo wokubamba otshintsha ngesantya sokuxuba usisilumkiso sokuba ulungelelwano aluzange lufikelelwe.

Iinkcukacha zento esetyenziswa kuvavanyo nazo kufuneka zirekhodwe, yiyo loo nto ukuhlolwa kobunyulu bedayi neenkcukacha zayo kuhamba nobunzima bekhabhoni: i-methylene blue inokuthengiswa njengetyuwa engenamanzi emalunga ne-319.9 g/mol okanye njenge-trihydrate kwi-373.90 g/mol, kwaye isiqulatho esilinganiswayo kwimveliso yorhwebo sidla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-100 ekhulwini. I-C0 ebaliweyo kusetyenziswa ubunzima befomula obungachanekanga yenza ukuba yonke i-qe ibe nempazamo ecwangcisiweyo.

Oko kuthethwa ngamagophe alungelelanisiweyo noko angakuthethiyo

Ulungelelaniso lwe-Langmuir lubhala i-qe njenge-qmax times KL times Ce divided by (1 plus KL times Ce). Lunika umthamo wokugcwala olungelelanisiweyo qmax nge-mg/g kunye nesigxina sokutsaleleka KL nge-L/mg. Ulungelelaniso olulungileyo luthetha ukuba eli gophe lokugcwala lichaza kakuhle uluhlu loxinaniso olulinganisiweyo. Alungqini ukuba ikhabhoni ineqela elinye elifanayo leendawo zokubamba, ukuba idayi igubungela umphezulu ngomaleko omnye kuphela, okanye ukuba kukho indlela ethile yemolekyuli esebenzayo. Iintlobo zekhabhoni ezinemingxuma neendawo zokubamba ezingafaniyo zidla ngokuvelisa amagophe amile njenge-Langmuir kuluhlu olulinganiselweyo.

Ulungelelaniso lwe-Freundlich lubhala i-qe njenge-KF times Ce to the power 1/n. I-KF imisela isikali somthamo wokubamba esisekelwe kwimilinganiselo, kwaye i-1/n imisela ukugoba kwegophe. Ekubeni le ndlela ingenalo ixabiso lokugqibela apho igophe liyeka ukunyuka, mayingaze yandiswa ngaphaya koluhlu olulinganisiweyo ukuze kuyilwe i-qmax. Ulungelelaniso lwe-Freundlich olungcono luthetha kuphela ukuba indlela yalo yokunyuka ihambelana ngcono noluhlu olulinganisiweyo. Nokuba kusetyenziswa eyiphi na i-equation, khetha ulungelelaniso olungangqalanga kwifom yokuqala, kuba iinguqu ezenza ifom ibe ngqo ziyazigqwetha iimpazamo, kwaye hlola umahluko phakathi kwamaxabiso alinganisiweyo naqikelelweyo endaweni yokuthembela kwi-R ephindaphindwe ngesikwere yodwa.

Oko kufundiswa ziimvavanyo ezingama-914

Uhlalutyo lokufunda koomatshini lweemvavanyo ezingama-914 ezivela kumaphepha ophando angama-75 lwenze imodeli yokubanjwa kwe-methylene blue ludongwe, luthuthu, nangeemathiriyeli ezenziwe zasebenza ngealkali, lisebenzisa imithi yoqikelelo ephuculwa ngendlela ye-gradient boosting. Isiphumo salo esiphambili: uxinaniso lokuqala lwedayi lwaluyeyona nto iphambili ekuqikeleleni isixa esibanjiweyo esixeliweyo, ibe i-pH, uhlobo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada, nohlobo lotshintsho olwenziwe kuyo nazo zazibalulekile. Kwakhona, kwakukho unxibelelwano olunamandla phakathi koxinaniso phantse nayo yonke enye into eguqukayo, kuquka isixa esifakiweyo, indawo yomphezulu, ixesha lokudibana nokushukumisa.

Izilumkiso ezimbini zigcina esi siphumo siluncedo. Okokuqala, olo phando aluzange luquke ikhabhoni esebenzayo, ngoko alunakubeka izinto eziguqukayo kwikhabhoni ngokulandelelana kokubaluleka. Okwesibini, isifundo salo simalunga nendlela yokusebenza kwaye sisebenza ngokucacileyo nakwezinye iimeko: uxinaniso lokuqala aluyonto engabalulekanga, kwaye iimeko zokusebenza zinxibelelana neempawu zemathiriyeli ngamandla kangangokuba naluphi na uthelekiso olusekelwe kuphela kwinani le-mg/g alusenantsingiselo xa iimeko zalo zingasaxelwanga. Eso sisigqibo esinye neso sifikelelwa ngumzekelo wokubala kusetyenziswa imigaqo esisiseko.

Iimpazamo ezimbini ekufuneka uyeke ukuzenza

Okokuqala, yeka ukuxela ipesenti yokususwa njengomthamo wokubamba. Isixa esikhulu sekhabhoni sinokususa umbala kuma-99 ekhulwini esisombululo esinoxinaniso oluphantsi ngoxa sibambe iimiligram ezimbalwa ngegram nganye, kwaye isixa esincinane kwisisombululo esinoxinaniso oluphezulu sinokubamba amakhulu eemiligram ngegram nganye ngoxa kushiyeka umbala obonakalayo. Soloko uxela i-C0, i-Ce, i-V, i-m, isixa sekhabhoni nge-g/L, ipesenti yokususwa ne-qe kunye, kungenjalo inani alinakuphinda lisetyenziswe.

Okwesibini, yeka ukubiza ixabiso elilinganiswa ngexesha elimiselweyo ngokuba yi-qe ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuba isixa esibanjiweyo siyekile ukunyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye yeka ukumisela uxinaniso lwedayi ngokusebenzisa ubunzima obubhalwe kwileyibhile kuphela. Qinisekisa ulungelelwano ngothotho lwemilinganiselo eyenziwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, qinisekisa uxinaniso ngokulinganisa ukufunxwa kokukhanya endaweni yokuthembela kubunzima obusekelwe kwileyibhile ngenxa yengxaki ye-hydrate nesiqulatho esilinganiswayo, uze ulawule i-pH, ubushushu, ubukhulu bamasuntswana nokushukumisa. Umthamo wokubamba i-methylene blue okhatshwa zezo nkcukacha ngumlinganiselo onokusetyenziswa nakwezinye iimeko. Ngaphandle kwazo yingxelo yamava nje.