Ukudaya iiseli zesidlele ngemethylene blue: izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele

Umfundi ubeka ithontsi lolwelo oluneeseli zesidlele kwisilayidi, akhangele ngemakroskopu, aze angaboni phantse nto. Imilo embalwa ebuthathaka ihamba kwindawo eqaqambileyo. Ulungisa ukugxila komfanekiso, aze andise ukukhanya, emva koko agqibe kwelokuba isilayidi asinanto. Isilayidi asinanto nje ngenkangeleko. Iiseli zikhona. Ziphantse zibe ngaphaya kokubonakala kuba ukukhanya kudlula kuzo, kwaye oku kukhanya kudlulayo yeyona ngxaki idayi eyenzelwe ukuyisombulula.

Kubalulekile ukuyichaza le mahluko phakathi kwento elindelweyo nomfanekiso ngaphambi kokuqala inkqubo. Abaqalayo balindela ukuba imakroskopu iveze iinkcukacha ngendlela ukwandiswa komfanekiso ngekhamera okuveza ngayo umbhalo okwibhodi ekude. Imakroskopu enendawo eqaqambileyo yenza into enomda ngakumbi: ibonisa umahluko ekufunxweni kokukhanya. Iseli yesidlele engadaywanga ayifunxi phantse nakuphi na ukukhanya, ngoko ayivelisi phantse namahluko. Imethylene blue yongeza loo mahluko. Ibophelela ngaphakathi kwiseli, ingalingani kuzo zonke iindawo, ize yenze isakhiwo sibonakale ngokwahluka kombala. Xa abafundi beyibambile le ngcamango, inyathelo ngalinye elilandelayo libonakala njengesiphumo sayo kunokuba libe ngumyalelo nje.

Ulwazi olusisiseko ngendlela iidayi ezilula ezandisa ngayo umahluko wokubonakala kwilabhoratri yesikolo luyanceda apha, kwaye ukuhlaziya ulwazi ngokulungisa imakroskopu enendawo eqaqambileyo ngaphambi kokudaya kuthintela isiqingatha sezilayidi ezingaphumeleliyo. Ikhemistri ebangela umbala ichazwe kwintshayelelo yemethylene blue ekusetyenzisweni kwemakroskopu, echaza isizathu sokuba le dayi isoloko isetyenziswa etafileni yelabhoratri.

Inkqubo yaseklasini

Indlela yokulungiselela isampulu emanzi engezantsi yeyona ilula yokusetyenziswa kwiiklasi ngokubanzi. Ayifuni langatye okanye inyathelo lokumilisela iiseli. Indlela yesampulu ethiwe saa yaza yamiliselwa, esetyenziswa kwezinye iincwadi zeekholeji, yongeza ukuyomisa emoyeni nokuyimilisela ngobushushu okwethutyana, njengakumsebenzi weeseli zesidlele waseNorth Central Texas College opapashwe kwiBiology LibreTexts. Kodwa ukumilisela ngobushushu sisenzo esiqhelekileyo kwinzululwazi yeentsholongwane, kungekhona imfuneko yokubona iiseli ze-epithelium.

Izinto ozidingayo: izilayidi ezicocekileyo neeglasi zokuzigquma, iintonga ezinomqhaphu ezingenazintsholongwane ezisetyenziswa kube kanye kuphela (zezona zikhethwayo) okanye izinti ezintsha ezisicaba zokucoca amazinyo, ibhotile enesixhobo sokuthontsiza isisombululo semethylene blue esinamanzi esine-0.5 ukuya kwi-1 pesenti yedayi, amanzi adistiliweyo okanye asuswe ii-ion, iphepha elifunxayo, iiglavu, nemakroskopu eneelensi ezininzi enokwandisa umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo ngo-100x nango-400x.

1. Hlamba umlomo ngamanzi angenanto yongeziweyo. Oku kususa amasuntswana okutya adaya kakhulu kamva aze aphazamise ukubonwa kweeseli.
2. Umfundi ngamnye uthatha isampulu kwisidlele sakhe kuphela. Hlikihla ngaphakathi kwesidlele ngobunono ngentonga entsha enomqhaphu engenazintsholongwane. Cinezela, ungakrweli. Yeka kusekude ukuba uzive ungakhululekanga okanye wophe.
3. Qengqa intonga enomqhaphu kumbindi wesilayidi esicocekileyo ukuze ushiye umaleko obhityileyo. Umaleko obhityileyo yeyona nto ibonisa ukuba isilayidi siya kufundeka kakuhle. Umaleko omhlophe ongqindilili uya kudayeka ube sisigaqa esiluhlaza esingenakufundeka.
4. Yongeza ithontsi elinye lemethylene blue phezu kwesampulu ethiwe saa. Yiyeke kangangemizuzu e-1 ukuya kwe-3. Umzuzu omnye uyanele kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeekholeji; incwadi yelabhoratri yesayensi yeNCERT Class IX isebenzisa malunga nemizuzu e-3 kwisampulu elungiselelwe okwethutyana. Ukuyiyeka ixesha elide akuyenzi ibe ngcono, kwaye ukudaya ngokugqithisileyo yeyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo yexesha.
5. Hlamba ngobunono ngamanzi adistiliweyo okanye ufunxe idayi egqithisileyo ngephepha elifunxayo, ulandela inkqubo yendawo. Imvelaphi yomfanekiso kufuneka ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokukhanyayo, ingabi luhlaza nzulu.
6. Yehlisa iglasi yokugquma ithambekele ukuze umphetho omnye uchukumise kuqala, uze uyiyeke yehle kancinci. Oku kuthintela amaqamza omoya.
7. Qala ngokwandisa kancinane ukuze ufumane iiseli, uqinisekise ukuba umfanekiso ugxile kwaye uphakathi, emva koko uye ku-100x uze ekugqibeleni uye ku-400x. Ku-400x sebenzisa kuphela ulungiso oluncinane lokugxila.

Ugxininiso lwedayi lufuna ukuchazwa ngokuchanekileyo ngesivakalisi esinye. Iinkqubo zezikolo zidla ngokusebenzisa imethylene blue ekwisisombululo samanzi esimalunga ne-1 pesenti. Isisombululo esinamandla ngakumbi okanye ukuyiyeka ixesha elide kwenza imvelaphi ibe mnyama ngokukhawuleza kunenukliyasi, nto leyo ejika umahluko wokubonakala oxhomekeke kuwo lo msebenzi.

Ukuphatha iisampulu zesidlele ngokukhuselekileyo

Iisampulu zesidlele ziza namathe nezinto eziphilayo ezincinane eziqhelekileyo zomlomo, ngoko phatha isampulu nganye entsha ethiwe saa ngokungathi inokosulela, nangona abo bayinikeleyo bengabafundi abasempilweni. Izikhokelo zokhuseleko lwebhayoloji zeAmerican Society for Microbiology kwiilabhoratri zokufundisa zichaza imigaqo ngokubanzi: hlola umngcipheko ngaphambi kweseshoni, nxiba iiglavu, khusela amehlo apho ulwelo lunokutshiza khona, hlamba izandla emva koko, bulala iintsholongwane kwiitafile, uze ulahle izinto ezingcolisekileyo ezisetyenziswa kube kanye ngendlela evunyiweyo yokulahla inkunkuma yebhayoloji.

Imithetho emine yaseklasini ilawula uninzi lomngcipheko. Intonga nganye enomqhaphu nesilayidi ngasinye zisetyenziswa ngumntu omnye kuphela, azabelwana. Umntu uthatha isampulu yakhe kuphela, akaze athathe eyommelwane wakhe. Iintonga ezinomqhaphu nezinti zokucoca amazinyo ezisetyenziswa kube kanye ziya ngqo kwisikhongozeli senkunkuma esichongiweyo, aziphindi zibekwe etafileni. Imethylene blue ngokwayo idaya ulusu nempahla kwaye iyacaphukisa amehlo, ngoko kufuneka kusetyenziswe iiglavu nemigaqo eqhelekileyo yococeko xa kuphathwa idayi. Musa ukwandisa lo msebenzi ngokukhulisa nantoni na evela kwisampulu, kwaye musa ukuzama ukumilisela ngobushushu isampulu entsha yomntu ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokhuseleko yesikolo.

Izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele, nesizathu senkangeleko yazo

Ku-100x, khangela iiseli ezibanzi nezisicaba, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokukhanyayo, ezinemida emile okweqanda okanye eneekona ezininzi ezingalinganiyo. Zibekwe nganye yodwa okanye ngokwamaqela amacwecwe adibanayo ngokukhululekileyo. Iseli nganye idla ngokuba nechokoza elinye eliluhlaza ngakumbi. Elo chokoza yinukliyasi. Qaphela nolungelelwaniso: iiseli ze-epithelium ezisicaba zifana neethayile ezibhityileyo, azifani neebhola, yiyo loo nto imiphetho yazo ikhangeleka njengeglaze eqhekekileyo kunokuba ifane neebhaluni ezingqukuva.

Ku-400x, iimpawu ezintathu zibonakala ngokucacileyo. Umda weseli ubonakala njengomgca obhityileyo omnyama ngakumbi ojikeleze iseli. Isiytoplazma sizalisa ngaphakathi ngombala oluhlaza okhanyayo nolinganayo. Inukliyasi imnyama ngakumbi kwaye ixinene ngakumbi, idla ngokumila okweqanda, ibe idla ngokusondela embindini kodwa ayisoloko ilapho. Cela abafundi babhale zontathu ezi mpawu kunye nemilo nenqanaba lokwandiswa komfanekiso, kuba iphepha lomsebenzi lifuna kanye oko.

Inqaku elinye lokuchaneka libalulekile apha, kwaye amaphepha amaninzi omsebenzi ayaliphosa. Umda obonakalayo uhambelana nendawo yenwebu yeplazma, kodwa inwebu ngokwayo, engumaleko ophindwe kabini weelipidi omalunga ne-7 ukuya kwi-10 nanometers ubukhulu, incinane kakhulu ukuba imakroskopu yesikolo ingayibonisa ngokwahlukileyo. Oko abafundi bakubonayo ngumda weseli obonakala ngenxa yokukhanya kunye nedayi eqokelelene apho. Isilumkiso esifanayo siyasebenza nakumalungu amancinane eseli. Iimitokhondriya, i-endoplasmic reticulum, imizimba yeGolgi neeribhosom azibonakali kule sampulu. Imakroskopu yokukhanya eqhelekileyo iyakwazi ukwahlula iinkcukacha ukuya kutsho malunga ne-0.2 micrometers phantsi kweemeko ezintle, njengoko ulwazi olusisiseko lweNCBI ngebhayoloji yeeseli nezixhobo zemakroskopu luchaza, kwaye uninzi lwezakhiwo ezincinane kakhulu lungaphantsi okanye lusondele kuloo mda. Ukwandisa ngakumbi ngaphandle kokufumana iinkcukacha ezintsha kwenza umfanekiso ube mkhulu kodwa akongezi nkcukacha.

Kutheni inukliyasi idayeka ibe mnyama kakhulu? Imethylene blue yidayi ene-ion ezinechaji elungileyo kwisisombululo, kwaye inxulumana nezinto ezinechaji engalunganga kwiseli, ingakumbi iiasidi zenukliyiki. Ikhromatin iqokelela iDNA kwinukliyasi, ngoko inukliyasi iqokelela eyona dayi ininzi. Isiytoplazma sineRNA nezinye iimolekyuli ezinechaji, ngoko naso siyadayeka, kodwa idayi isasazeka ngakumbi kwaye umbala ukhanya ngakumbi. Into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka icaciswe: imethylene blue asiyodayi ekhethekileyo yeDNA kuphela. Uphando ngokusasazeka kwemethylene blue xa kufotwa iinukliyasi luchaza ukunxulumana kwe-ion ene chaji elungileyo neendawo ezityebileyo ngeeasidi zenukliyiki, kwaye uphando oludala lokulinganisa ukubophelela kwemethylene blue kwiisampulu zeeseli ezilungiselelweyo lwafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwedayi ebophelelekileyo lwalunxulumene neeasidi zenukliyiki. Ngoko inukliyasi emnyama nesiytoplazma esikhanyayo yipateni yomahluko wokubonakala, ayilovavanyo lweemolekyuli.

Iimpazamo abafundi abaya kuzenza, nendlela yokuzitolika

Phantse zonke izilayidi ezingaphumeleliyo zilandela enye yeepateni ezintlanu. Fundisa abafundi ukuba bachonge ingxaki yesilayidi kunokuba basiphinde ngaphandle kokuqonda.

Ukudaya ngokugqithisileyo kwenza iiseli nemvelaphi zibe mnyama ngokulinganayo, kuze inukliyasi ingasahluleki kwindawo ejikelezileyo. Lungisa oku ngokunciphisa ixesha lokudaya okanye ngokuhlamba ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi. Ukudaya kancinane kushiya iimilo ezibuthathaka ezinyamalalayo xa ukukhanya kwandiswa; yongeza ixesha ngezithuba zemizuzwana engamashumi amathathu. Iisampulu ezithiwe saa zangqindilili zivelisa izigaqa ezixineneyo nezidibanayo apho kungekho mda unokulandelwa; ukulungiswa koku kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuzithi saa, zenze zibhitye ngakumbi kwixesha elilandelayo, kuba akukho kuhlamba kunokulungisa imfumba yeeseli. Amaqamza omoya abonakala njengezangqa ezigqibeleleyo ezinemiphetho ebukhali nemnyama, aze aphazamise abaqalayo abawaphazama njengezakhiwo; phinda ubeke iglasi yokugquma kancinci, ithambekele. Amachokoza amancinane amnyama asasazeke phezu kweeseli okanye kufutshane nazo adla ngokuba ziibhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo zomlomo, njengoko iinkqubo zezikolo ezifana nenkqubo yeeseli zesidlele yeIngrid Science zichaza. Aqinisekisa ukuba umlomo unezinto eziphilayo, nto leyo abafundi abanokuyikhumbula, kodwa iintlobo zazo azinakuchongwa kulo msebenzi kwaye akufuneki zizotywe njengamalungu eseli. Iintsalela zokutya nemisonto yencindi zidayeka ngokungalinganiyo nangamandla; ukuhlamba umlomo kuqala kwenzelwa ukuzinciphisa.

Izinto ongenakuzenza lo msebenzi

Oku kukuqwalasela okwenzelwe imfundo, asilovavanyo lokuxilonga. Akukho nto kwinkangeleko yeeseli ezidaywe eklasini enokuxilonga usulelo, umhlaza okanye nasiphi na isifo, kwaye eli nqaku akufuneki lifundwe ngokungathi licebisa oko. Isampulu elungiselelweyo ibonisa imilo, umda, isiytoplazma nenukliyasi kumanqanaba amabini okwandiswa komfanekiso. Ayibonisi isakhiwo senwebu esincinane kakhulu, iinkcukacha zamalungu amancinane eseli okanye uchongo lweemolekyuli. Ukuchaza lo mda ngokucacileyo kukhusela inzululwazi nabafundi: isiphumo esihle ngumzobo obhalwe amagama achanekileyo, kunye nenqanaba lokwandiswa komfanekiso nedayi esetyenzisiweyo, asisosigqibo ngempilo.

Iphepha lomsebenzi wabafundi nemifanekiso yemakroskopu ebhalwe amagama

Izixhobo ezimbini zeprojekthi zeli phepha ngumfanekiso wemakroskopu obhalwe amagama ongasentla nephepha lomsebenzi elingezantsi. Printa iphepha lomsebenzi lomfundi ngamnye okanye ulibonise ngeprojektha uze ucele abafundi bakope iibhokisi kwiincwadi zabo.

Indlela yokulisebenzisa kwiseshoni yemizuzu engama-45: imizuzu elishumi yokuchaza ukhuseleko nokuthatha iisampulu, imizuzu elishumi yokudaya nokulungiselela izilayidi, imizuzu elishumi elinesihlanu yokuqwalasela nokuzoba kuwo omabini amanqanaba okwandiswa komfanekiso, nemizuzu elishumi yoluhlu lokuhlola nokuthelekisa nomfanekiso wemakroskopu obhalwe amagama. Izinto ezikuluhlu lokuhlola zenziwe ngabom ukuba zibe zizinto ezicacileyo nezilandelekayo. Isampulu ethiwe saa ibhityile, ixesha lokudaya lichanekile, inukliyasi imnyama ngakumbi kunesiytoplazma, nenqanaba lokwandiswa komfanekiso libhaliwe. Umfundi onokuqinisekisa zonke ezi zinto zine uyayiqonda ingcamango esifundiswa sesi sifundo: iimakroskopu zibonisa umahluko, kwaye iidayi zenza umahluko ofanele ukuboniswa.