Imethylene blue njengesalathisi semeko engenaoksijini neoksijini: oko kungqinwa kukutshintsha kombala

Ingcali yaselabhoratri ivala isikhongozeli esingenamoya, ihlole umcu wesalathisi semethylene blue ngesiciko, ize ibone oko ifuna ukukubona. Umcu utshintshile ukusuka kumbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya komhlophe. Ibhala ukuba olu vavanyo belungenayo ioksijini, ize iqhubeke. Kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva, enye ipleyiti ayibonisi kukhula kwanto, ngoxa ityhubhu evaliweyo enomhluzi wokukhulisa iintsholongwane, ekwisikhongozeli esinye, ibonisa iimpawu zokuchanabeka kwioksijini. Umcu ubuxela inyaniso. Ingcali ibiwubuza umbuzo ongafanelekanga.

Oku kubhideka kukubhideka kweengcamango. Isalathisi semethylene blue semeko engenaoksijini sisekelwe kwingcamango yeredox, kungekhona kwingcamango yokungabikho kweentsholongwane okanye yokuqinisekiswa kwayo yonke inkqubo. Xa loo mahluko ucacile, umcu uba sisixhobo esichanekileyo nesithembekileyo esinomsebenzi omncinane ocacileyo.

Ingcamango: isibini seredox esibuyela kwimeko yaso yangaphambili

Imethylene blue enyibilikisiweyo ikhona kwiimo ezimbini. Imo ene-oxidation yile cation iqhelekileyo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imo ene-reduction, ebizwa ngokuba yileucomethylene blue, ayinambala. Kufuphi ne-pH engathathi cala, isiqingatha sereakshini esenziwe lula sibandakanya ication enye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neproton enye kunye nee-electron ezimbini, ezivelisa imolekyuli enye yeleuco engenambala. Amandla asemthethweni aphantse abe ngu-plus 11 millivolts xa kuthelekiswa ne-electrode esemgangathweni yehydrogen kwi-pH 7. Oku kuyibeka kuluhlu olunokufikelelwa ziinkqubo ezininzi ezenza i-reduction, nolunokubuyiselwa umva yioksijini.

I-reduction ifuna amandla eredox asezantsi kuloo ndawo. Ukususa ioksijini kuphela akusoloko kwanele. Uphando lwangaphambili ngeemeko ezingenayo ioksijini lwafumanisa ukuba imethylene blue kumanzi aqhelekileyo angenaoksijini yayigcina umbala wayo ngaphandle kokuba kukho into eyenza i-reduction. Lwafumanisa nokuba imixube yomhluzi wedextrose enedayi emalunga ne-0.01 percent yayilahlekelwa ngumbala ngokulula kwi-37 C, ngoxa kwaloo mxube ugcinwe kwi-4 C wawuhlala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka usuku lonke, njengoko kuchazwe kuvavanyo lweethishu ezisandul’ ukufunyanwa neemeko zokukhulisa iintsholongwane ngaphandle kweoksijini. Ubushushu, i-pH, iglucose, iascorbate, ithioglycollate, nomsebenzi weentsholongwane owenza i-reduction zonke zilawula ukuba ii-electron ziyafumaneka na.

Ukubuyela kwimo ye-oxidation kufuna ioksijini kuphela. Xa umoya ufikelela kwimo yeleuco, iphinda ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izalathisi zale mihla eziyilwe ngobuchule zisebenzisa kanye lo mjikelo: idayi kunye nento eyenza i-reduction kunye nesakhiwo esiyigcinayo izinzile, engenambala xa ioksijini iphantsi ize iphinde ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka xa ichanabeke emoyeni. Oku kuboniswe ngesalathisi seoksijini semethylene blue esixubeneyo esisekelwe kwidayi, kwinto eyenza i-reduction, kwisurfactant nakudongwe. Loo mzekelo wokuqala wawusebenzisa idayi eyi-0.01 millimolar kunye neascorbate okanye iglucose eyi-2.0 millimolar kwi-pH 11, wawungenambala xa ioksijini isondele kwi-0.5 volume percent, yaye wawukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweoksijini engaphantsi kwe-0.1 percent nengaphezulu kwe-0.5 percent kwigumbi lawo lovavanyo.

Ngoko umgaqo wokusebenza ulula. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uthetha ukuba indawo yesalathisi ikwimo ye-oxidation. Ukungabi nambala kuthetha ukuba indawo yesalathisi ifikelele kwiimeko ze-reduction ezineoksijini ephantsi. Olu tshintsho lunokubuyela umva, lwenzeka kuloo ndawo kuphela, yaye lolweekhemikhali. Lulodwa aluxeli nto ngeentsholongwane.

Indlela osebenza ngayo umcu wesalathisi semethylene blue kwisikhongozeli esingenamoya

Umcu wesalathisi semethylene blue wesikhongozeli esingenamoya yindawo encinane yereakshini ebekwa kumoya ongaphakathi kwisikhongozeli, apho inokubonwa ngaphandle kokusivula. Iintlobo ezithengiswayo ziyahluka: imicu yephepha, iipilisi ezinyibilikiswayo okanye ezimanziswayo xa kulungiswa inkqubo, namaphepha amatsha axubeneyo. Ezinye zifuna ithontsi elinye lamanzi adistiliweyo ukuze kusebenze indawo yereakshini. Ezinye zizixhobo ezomileyo ekufuneka zihlale zomile. Kulandelwa iphepha lemiyalelo yemveliso ethile, kuba ukumanzisa, ukubeka, nexesha lokufunda ziyinxalenye yekhemistri.

Ngokusebenza, ufundo olujoliswe kulo luneziphumo ezimbini. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uthetha ukuba ioksijini okanye iimeko ezinganelanga ukwenza i-reduction zisekhona emcwini. Umbala omhlophe okanye ukungabi nambala kuthetha ukuba iimeko zeredox ezingenayo ioksijini zimiselwe emcwini. Amanye amaphepha athengiswayo afaka ibala elibomvu elingasemva, ngoko indawo yawo yokugqibela emva kwe-reduction ibonakala ipinki kunokuba ibe mhlophe. Yazi ukuba yeyiphi imo yokugqibela ethenjiswa yimveliso yakho ngaphambi kokuba uyigwebe.

Ixesha liyahluka ngokwenkqubo. Kolunye ulungiselelo olufana neGasPak, ukuphela kombala kwaqala malunga neyure enye kwaza kwagqitywa kwiiyure ezimbalwa, ngoxa kuthelekiso olulawulwayo kubushushu begumbi imethylene blue yafuna ngaphezu kweeyure ezintandathu. Amandla eredox ezinto zokukhulisa iintsholongwane kolu phando afikelela malunga no-minus 100 millivolts phakathi kwemizuzu engama-60 ukuya kwi-100, ngaphambi kokuba idayi igqibe ukutshintsha. Ngelixa umcu wawungenambala ngokupheleleyo, ayesele engaphantsi kakhulu kuka-minus 200 millivolts. Isalathisi sisabela emva kokuba umoya wangaphakathi utshintshile. Umcu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwiyure yokuqala awungqini ukusilela, yaye umcu omhlophe kwiyure yesithandathu uchaza imeko yomcu kwiyure yesithandathu.

Ukubekwa kwawo kubalulekile ngesizathu esifanayo. Gcina umcu kwindawo yomoya engaphezulu kwezinto ezikwisikhongozeli, ubonakala ngesiciko, kude nemiphezulu yeagar nezinto zokukhulisa iintsholongwane. Uxela imeko yendawo ekufuphi nawo. Ukuba uwubeka uncamathele eludongeni olubandayo, uwugquma ngeepleyiti, okanye uvumela amanzi ajiyileyo ukuba awumanzise, uxela loo meko yendawo incinane endaweni yemeko yesikhongozeli.

Oko kutyhilwa ngumcu noko ungakutyhiliyo

Cinga ngesalathisi semethylene blue sesikhongozeli esingenamoya njengesivamvo esinye kwindawo enye. Siqinisekisa iimeko zeredox neoksijini kwindawo yaso yereakshini, ezimele ngokubanzi indawo yomoya engaphezulu kwezinto ezikwisikhongozeli ukuba ukuxubana nokufikelela kulungelelwano kwanele. Yonke enye into engaphaya koko kukuthelekelela, yaye ukuthelekelela kufuna ubungqina obahlukileyo.

Umcu ongenambala awuqinisekisi ukungabikho kweentsholongwane eziphilayo. Ukungabikho kwazo kuqinisekiswa ziinkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo zokutshabalalisa iintsholongwane nezilingo zolawulo zokuqinisekisa iinkqubo zokuzikhulisa. Isikhongozeli sinokungabi nayo ioksijini ngokupheleleyo kodwa sibe singcoliswe ziintsholongwane, okanye singabi nazo iintsholongwane ngokupheleleyo kodwa sibe nayo ioksijini.

Awuqinisekisi zonke iindawo zenkqubo yokukhulisa iintsholongwane. Ioksijini enyibilikileyo ngaphakathi kwityhubhu evaliweyo, ioksijini evaleleke kwiagar enzulu, umahluko phakathi kweendawo kwisikhongozeli esixineneyo, nokuvuza okuqala emva kofundo zonke azinokubonwa ngumcu omnye. Uvavanyo lweendawo lwabonisa iindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezingenambala ezisecaleni kwenye kwisitya esinye, apho ukungena kweoksijini nomsebenzi owenza i-reduction kwakulungelelana ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Indawo enye ayinakuqinisekisa umthamo wonke.

Awungqini ukuba imeko engenaoksijini iqhubeke ingaphazamisekanga. Umcu ofundwe kube kanye xa kulungiswa inkqubo awuxeli nto ngeyure yamashumi amabini. Uphando lwakutshanje ngomgangatho weenkqubo ezingenayo ioksijini lulumkisa ukuba izalathisi zeekhemikhali zichaza umoya wangaphakathi ngexesha ezifundwa ngalo, yaye zinokubonakala zanelisa nangona kukho ioksijini encinane eseleyo. Ukubhala ingxelo ngokuqhubekayo okanye ngamaxesha okuhlola, kungekhona ukujonga kube kanye kwindawo yokugqibela, kuko okunxulumanisa umcu nexesha lokufukama.

Ngekhemistri ehambisana nokutshintsha kombala, jonga indlela imethylene blue ejikeleza ngayo phakathi kweemo ze-oxidation ne-reduction. Ukuze ubone indlela ioksijini ekuchaphazela ngayo ukuphathwa kweesampulu ngokubanzi, jonga ulawulo lweoksijini kumsebenzi wemakroskopu nowokukhulisa iintsholongwane.

Umzobo wokuwugcina ecaleni kwesikhongozeli

Umfanekiso ongezantsi ushwankathela eli nqaku ube sisalathiso esinye esisetyenziswa etafileni yelabhoratri. Ubonisa iimo ezintathu zomcu omnye, amacala amabini ereakshini, nomda phakathi kobungqina besalathisi nokuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo.

Iindlela zokusilela ezigcina umcu uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okanye ezinika isiqinisekiso esingachanekanga

Uninzi lokusilela lungena kumaqela amahlanu. Iqela ngalinye lineempawu zalo ezahlukileyo.

Isikhongozeli okanye isingxobo esivuzayo siqhubeka singenisa ioksijini kwindawo yereakshini. Umcu uhlala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye uphinda ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emva kokuphelelwa ngumbala. Hlola isiciko, igasket, izibambi, nemiphezulu yokuvala ngaphambi kokubeka ityala kwikhemistri.

Isixhobo sokuvelisa igesi esiphelelweyo okanye esivuselelwe ngendlela engachanekanga asiyisusi ioksijini. Kwiinkqubo ezindala ezazivuselelwa ngamanzi, ukungabikho kwamanzi ajiyileyo malunga nemizuzu eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 nokungafudumali kwesiciko malunga nemizuzu engama-20 ukuya kwengama-40 yayizizilumkiso zakwangoko zaloo nkqubo. Ingxowana encinane kakhulu kwisikhongozeli esizaliswe ngokugqithiseleyo isilela ngendlela efanayo.

Ukungasebenzi kwesikhawulezisi sereakshini ngenxa yezinto ezisityhefayo kusebenza kuphela kwiinkqubo ezindala zehydrogen nepalladium, apho ipalladium idibanisa ihydrogen neoksijini zibe ngamanzi. Ukufuma nehydrogen sulfide ziyasithoba isakhono saso. Iingxowana ezininzi zanamhlanje azisebenzisi palladium kwaphela, ngoko musa ukusebenzisa olu lungiso apho lungafanelekanga.

Umcu owonakeleyo okanye ophathwe kakubi usilela ngaphandle kweempawu ezicacileyo. Idayi nento eyenza i-reduction ziphulukana nokukwazi ukubuyela kwimeko yazo yangaphambili ngexesha lokugcinwa. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba kuqulunqwe imixube exubeneyo yokuxhathisa ukuphela kombala ngenxa yokukhanya nokulahleka kwesakhono ngexesha lokugcinwa. Lahla imicu ephelelwe lixesha, imicu enombala wokuqala ongaqhelekanga, nemicu emanziswe xa bekufanele ihlale yomile okanye eshiywe yomile xa ibifuna ukumanziswa.

Umahluko phakathi kweendawo okanye ukulibaziseka kulahlekisa umntu ofundayo, kungekhona ikhemistri. Umoya ongaxubananga kakuhle ngaphezulu kwezinto ezikwisikhongozeli, iityhubhu ezivaliweyo ezineoksijini enyibilikileyo, nezinto zokukhulisa iintsholongwane eziqinileyo kancinane zonke zigcina iimeko zazo ixesha elide kunokuba umcu ubonisa. Imicu yeresazurin idlula kwipinki ngaphambi kokuba ingabi nambala, yaye idla ngokuthengiswa njengekhawulezayo. Kodwa imida yayo yokusabela yeyomxube wayo kuphela yaye ayinakudluliselwa kwimethylene blue.

Izilingo zolawulo nenkqubo yokufunda efanele ukulandelwa

Izilingo zolawulo ezimbini ezingabizi kakhulu zibhaqa uninzi lofundo olungachanekanga. Gcina umcu omtsha wolawulo lomoya kumoya wegumbi ecaleni kovavanyo. Umcu wemethylene blue osebenzayo uhlala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka apho. Ezinye izalathisi ezipakishiweyo ziqala zibe nombala othambileyo zize zibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka xa zivulwa; oku ngokwako luvavanyo lokusebenza. Yaye ngamaxesha athile, faka umcu omtsha kulungiselelo olungenayo ioksijini olwalusele luqinisekisiwe ngaphambili. Kufanele ufikelele kwimo yokugqibela ye-reduction eqinisekisiweyo ngexesha elichazwe yimveliso. Ukuba esinye sezi zilingo zolawulo asiziphathi ngendlela elindelekileyo, tshintsha ibhetshi ngaphambi kokuthemba ufundo lwesikhongozeli.

Inkqubo yokufunda ilandela indlela esisebenza ngayo isalathisi. Beka umcu apho indawo yomoya engaphezulu kwezinto ezikwisikhongozeli inokubonwa ngaphandle kokuvula isikhongozeli, ulandela iphepha lemveliso ngokuphathelele ukudibana nodonga nokumanzisa. Bhala umbala wokuqala, ixesha lokuvalwa kwesikhongozeli, nombala ngexesha lokuhlola elichazwe yimveliso. Apho isitya sivumela khona, bhala ukuba isalathisi sahlala sikwimo ye-reduction ngamaxesha okuhlola achaziweyo ngexesha lokufukama. Bhala umbala wokugqibela kanye ngaphambi kokuvula. Loo mbala wangaphambi kokuvula sisiphumo sokugqibela saloo vavanyo. Emva kokuvula, lindela ukuba siphinde sibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, yaye musa ukuvumela oko kutshintshe ingxelo yoko kwenzekileyo.

Ukuba umcu uhlala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emva kwexesha lawo elichaziweyo, yithathe njengengaqinisekiswanga imeko engenaoksijini. Hlola izinto ngokulandelelana: ukuvaleka, ingxowana, isikhawulezisi sereakshini ukuba sikhona, ukumanziswa nokuphelelwa lixesha kwesalathisi, uze uhlolisise ukusebenza kwesalathisi ngokusithelekisa nesilingo solawulo lomoya. Kuphela xa umoya wangaphakathi uqinisekisiwe apho ukukhula okanye ukungakhuli kufanele kutolikwe, kusetyenziswa ulungiselelo lokukhulisa iintsholongwane ngaphandle kweoksijini nezilingo zolawulo zezinto eziphilayo ezifanele loo msebenzi.

Umcu ufanele ube nelizwi lokugqibela kummandla wawo. Nokuba uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye awunambala, uphendula umbuzo omnye ngendawo enye ngexesha elinye. Wubuze loo mbuzo ngexesha elimiselweyo, kukho izilingo zolawulo ecaleni kwawo, yaye uphendula ngokuthembekileyo. Wubuze ngokungabikho kweentsholongwane, ngetyhubhu nganye, okanye ngalo lonke ixesha lokufukama ngokuwujonga kube kanye, yaye akukho khemistri yesalathisi inokulungisa olo fundo.