Tsvakurudzo yekurwisa utachiona nefungi nemethylene blue: chiedza zvichienzaniswa nerima

Vaverengi vaviri vanoona mashoko ekuti methylene blue inorwisa utachiona vofungidzira zvinhu zvakasiyana. Mumwe anofungidzira mvura yebhuruu inoisa utachiona muchetura painohubata. Mumwe anofungidzira nzira iyo dhayi pamwe nechiedza chitsvuku zvinohuparadza. Zvose zviviri zvine chimwe chokwadi. Hapana chinopa mufananidzo wakazara, uye kuzvivhiringidza ndiko kunoita kuti zvizhinji zvinotaurwa paindaneti zvikanganise.

Musiyano iwoyo ndiwo uri kuongororwa pano. Methylene blue ine muchetura une mwero murima kana iri pauwandu hwakakwana. Nechiedza chitsvuku inova chinhu chinomutswa nechiedza: inotora photon, yosvika pachimiro chetriplet chinokwanisa kuita mareaction, yotanga mashandiro emakemikari eoxidation anokuvadza nzvimbo dzakawanda panguva imwe chete. Nzira iyoyo inomutswa nechiedza ine zita rayo, kurapwa kweutachiona nephotodynamic, uye mamiriro ayo anodiwa. Kuwanda kwedhayi chete hakuipe tsananguro yakakwana. Kureba kwemasaisai, huwandu hwechiedza, nguva yekusiya dhayi ichibatana neutachiona, oxygen, uye rudzi rweutachiona ndizvo zvinosarudza mugumisiro.

Nzira mbiri dzekuuraya

Tanga wafunga nezvenzira yemurima. Methylene blue idhayi yephenothiazinium ine chaji yemagetsi yakanaka. Inobatana nezvikamu zvekunze zveutachiona, inopinda mumasero kusvika pamwero unosiyana, uye inopinda mumashandiro emakemikari eredox nekusunga. Hapana maphoton anoshandiswa. Kuuraya kunoitika, asi chete pauwandu hunosiyana zvikuru nerudzi rweutachiona, uye mashandiro acho haanangi chinhu chimwe chete chakajeka.

Nzira yephotodynamic inowedzera chiedza. Maphoton matsvuku ari pakati pe630 ne680 nm anopindirana nechikamu chemasaisai chinotorwa nedhayi, monomer ichinyanya kutora chiedza pedyo ne664 nm. Kutora chiedza kunoisa dhayi muchimiro chesinglet chinogara nguva pfupi, yozopinda muchimiro chetriplet chinogara kwenguva yakareba. Kubva ipapo, mapoka maviri emareaction anotevera. Mumashandiro emakemikari eType I, triplet inoendesa electron kuchinhu chainoita nacho reaction yotanga nzira dzemaradical dzinosanganisira superoxide nemhando dzehydroxyl. Mumashandiro emakemikari eType II, inoendesa simba zvakananga kuoxygen iri pachimiro chayo chekutanga, yogadzira singlet oxygen. Zvose zvinogona kuitika panguva imwe chete, uye kungoti dhayi iyi inongoshanda nesinglet oxygen kunorerutsa zvakanyanya. Ongororo yehukama pakati pechimiro nemashandiro ezvinhu zvephenothiazinium zvinomutswa nechiedza inoratidza izvi zvakananga: pakati pedhayi dzine ukama, muchetura unobva pachiedza pamabhakitiriya hauna kungoenderana nehuwandu hwesinglet oxygen hwakagadzirwa, nokuti kupinda mumasero, nzvimbo yainoungana, uye kushandurwa nereduction kuva chimiro cheleuco chisingashandi zvaikosha zvakaenzana nemashandiro ayo epanyama nechiedza. Mashandiro emakemikari nechiedza ari seri kwemutemo wekureba kwemasaisai anotsanangurwa muongororo inoenderana neiyi yedhayi pamwe nechiedza chitsvuku.

Singlet oxygen ndiyo musimboti wechinhu chimwe chinobatsira. Inoita reaction nemamorekuru mazhinji ezvipenyu panguva imwe chete, saka kurwisa kwacho kunobata zvinhu zvakawanda panzvimbo pekunanga enzyme imwe chete kana protein inosunga. Tsananguro yakaisa hwaro hwekurwisa utachiona nemakemikari anomutswa nechiedza yakaratidza izvi sechikonzero chinoita kuti nzira dzakajairika dzekusamirira mishonga dzisanyanya kukosha: protein yakawedzerwa inosunga penicillin kana topoisomerase yakachinja chimiro hazvivharidzi kuputika kweoxygen inoita mareaction. Pfungwa iyoyo yakatsigirwa pakuedza Staphylococcus aureus isingakundwi nemethicillin uye enterococci dzisingakundwi nevancomycin, sezvinoratidzwa netafura iri pasi. Hazvirevi kuti kusamirira kurapwa hakugoni kuitika, asi kuti kunoshanda nenzira yakasiyana. Mapombi anobudisa zvinhu musero uye nzira dzekudzivirira oxidation zvinogona kuramba zvichichinja huwandu hunodiwa, kunyanya mufungi.

Tafura yemhando dzeutachiona nemamodheru etsvakurudzo

Tafura iyi ndiyo chikamu chikuru chechinyorwa chino. Ukoshi hwose hunobva panzira chaiyo yakashandiswa: dhayi imwe chete, asi huwandu hwechiedza kana nguva yekubatana zvakasiyana, zvinopa nhamba yakasiyana. Usaverenga MBC, MLC, neMIC sokunge zvinotsivana. Pano MBC neMLC zvinoreva kuti hapana chakasara chipenyu pakurimwa zvakare, nepo MIC ichireva kudziviswa kwekukura. Mamiriro echiedza anotsanangurwa pamutsara mumwe nomumwe.

Rudzi rweutachiona nemodheru	Mugumisiro murima	Mugumisiro nechiedza	Mamiriro
S. aureus NCTC 6571, musanganiswa une masero akayangarara akasununguka	MBC 5 uM	MBC 5 uM	Tafura yeongororo, chiedza chichena 12 J per cm2
S. aureus NCTC 6571, musanganiswa une masero akayangarara akasununguka	MLC 2.5 uM	MLC 1 uM	Nzira yekutanga ya1997, 1.7 mW per cm2 kwenguva ye1 hour, inenge 6.3 J per cm2, huwandu hweutachiona hwakatangwa nahwo pedyo ne10^6 CFU per mL, zvakataurwa mutsvakurudzo yekutanga yekuuraya mabhakitiriya nephenothiazinium nechiedza
MRSA EMRSA-15, masero akayangarara akasununguka	MBC 80 uM	MBC 20 uM	Tafura yeongororo, inenge 12 J per cm2, kuwedzera kunzwisisa kurapwa zvakapetwa kana
MRSA EMRSA-16, masero akayangarara akasununguka	MBC 40 uM	MBC 10 uM	Nzira imwe chete neiri pamusoro
E. coli NCTC 9001, masero akayangarara akasununguka	MBC 500 uM	MBC 100 uM	Nzira imwe chete, kuwedzera kunzwisisa kurapwa zvakapetwa kashanu
P. aeruginosa NCTC 10622, masero akayangarara akasununguka	MBC 500 uM	MBC 25 uM	Nzira imwe chete, kuwedzera kunzwisisa kurapwa zvakapetwa makumi maviri
E. faecalis NCTC 775, masero akayangarara akasununguka	MLC 100 uM	MLC 100 uM	Nzira ya1997 pa6.3 J per cm2, hapana kuvandudzika pamhando iyi nehuwandu uhwu
E. faecium isingakundwi nevancomycin, masero akayangarara akasununguka	MBC 400 uM	MBC 400 uM	Tafura yeongororo, hapana kuvandudzika nedhayi yekutanga, asi mhando dzakabva pairi dzakawedzerwa mapoka emethyl uye dzaisasangana nemvura zvakanyanya dzakavandudza mugumisiro, maererano netsvakurudzo yeenterococcus isingakundwi nevancomycin
Candida albicans, masero akayangarara akasununguka	MIC inopfuura 12.79 ug per mL	MIC 12.79, 6.39, ne1.59 ug per mL pa5, 10, ne15 J per cm2	Kusiiwa murima kwe30 minute kusati kwavhenekerwa, LED tsvuku 600 kusvika 650 nm ichinyanya kubudisa chiedza pa635 nm, maererano netsvakurudzo yehukama hwehuwandu nemugumisiro wekushanda kwemethylene blue nephotodynamic pakurwisa fungi
C. albicans YEM14 ichienzaniswa nemhando inogadzira mapombi ekubudisa zvinhu zvakawandisa, kuuraya kunoyerwa neCFU	Hazvishandi pano	Kuuraya kunenge 5 log mumhando yekutanga, kuuraya kuri pedyo nezero mumhando inogadzira CDR1/CDR2 zvakawandisa	Dhayi 100 uM, kusiiwa kwe30 minute, 660 nm pa60 J per cm2, maererano netsvakurudzo yezvinoitwa nemapombi ekubudisa zvinhu pakuuraya nemethylene blue nechiedza
Trichophyton rubrum, hyphae dzichienzaniswa nemaspores	Hazvishandi pano	MIC yehyphae inenge 6.3 ug per mL, yemaspores inenge 2.0 ug per mL; kumisa CFU zvachose kwaida 5 ug per mL pamwe ne100 J per cm2 pahyphae zvichienzaniswa ne1.25 ug per mL pamwe ne40 J per cm2 pamaspores	Nzira yephotodynamic ye635 nm, maererano netsvakurudzo yekunzwisisa kurapwa kwematanho ekukura kwedermatophyte
Biofilm yakura yemhando 33 pasi pemazino, mudziyo weCalgary, zuva 6	MB yoga yakaderedza huwandu hwose nezvinopfuura 80 percent	MB pamwe neLED ye660 nm zvakaderedza mashandiro emetabolism neinenge 55 percent, pasina kuchinja kwakakura kwekuumbwa kwemubatanidzwa weutachiona	Dhayi 0.01 percent (100 ug per mL), 660 nm painenge 330 mW per cm2 kwenguva ye5 minutes, kukura pasina oxygen, maererano netsvakurudzo yerabhoritari yebiofilm yemumuromo ine mhando dzakawanda

Pane maitiro matatu anobuda pachena. Chekutanga, staphylococci dzeGram positive dzinofa pauwandu hushoma hwemicromolar, nepo mabhakitiriya akaita setsvimbo eGram negative achida dhayi yakawanda zvakapetwa kanenge zana murima, nokuti membrane yekunze yeGram negative inodzivisa kupinda. Chiedza chinoderedza musiyano asi hachiubvisi. Chechipiri, kushanda kwemethylene blue pakurwisa fungi kuripo asi kunoenderana nemamiriro: kuuraya Candida nemethylene blue kunowedzera zvikuru nehuwandu hwechiedza, uye shanduko imwe chete yechimiro chinoratidzwa neutachiona, yakadai sekugadzirwa kwakawandisa kwemapombi ekubudisa zvinhu, inogona kubvisa kuuraya kwe5 log pahuwandu humwe chete. Chechitatu, biofilm yakura inoita zvakasiyana nemasero akayangarara akasununguka, uye mutsara webiofilm yemumuromo unoratidza izvi.

Mabhakitiriya: panonyanya kubatsira chiedza, nepachisingabatsiri

Staphylococci ndiwo anonyanya kunzwisisa nzira iyi. Kunyange ukoshi hweMRSA inokonzera kupararira kukuru huri mutafura yeongororo huri pachiyero chevancomycin yakashandiswa pakuenzanisa kana kuti pasi pacho kana chiedza chashandiswa, uye mhando dzakawedzerwa mapoka maviri emethyl dzakaita zviri nani zvakare nokuti kuwedzerwa kwemethyl kwakawedzera kugona kusangana nemafuta uye huwandu hwesinglet oxygen hwaigadzirwa, kuchidzivisawo kushandurwa nereduction kuva chimiro cheleuco. Ruzivo urwu rwemakemikari runokosha: runoratidza kuti kuuraya kunobva pakusvika kwedhayi panzvimbo pamwe nemashandiro ayo nechiedza, kwete mashandiro nechiedza chete.

Utachiona hweGram negative hunoratidza chikamu chekusvika kwedhayi. Pseudomonas yaida 500 uM murima uye 25 uM nechiedza, kuvandudzika kwakapetwa makumi maviri, asi ukoshi hwechiedza huchiri pamusoro zvikuru pehwestaphylococci. Chaji yakanaka inobatsira dhayi kuswedera kumembrane yekunze, asi kupinda kunoramba kuri chipingamupinyi. Magadzirirwo emusanganiswa, nguva yekubatana, uye kusarudzwa kwemhando yakabva padhayi yekutanga zvinochinja nhamba idzi kupfuura kungodzokorora dhayi imwe chete pauwandu hwakakwirira.

Enterococci dzinopa yambiro. Munzira dzekare, E. faecalis haina kuratidza kubatsirwa nechiedza zvachose, uye E. faecium isingakundwi nevancomycin yaida morekuru rakasiyana pane kungowedzera chiedza. Munhu wese anoshandisa MBC imwe chete yemethylene blue sokunge inhamba inoshanda pakurwisa mabhakitiriya ose anenge averenga zvinyorwa zvetsvakurudzo zvisizvo. Hapana nhamba yakadaro isingachinji. Kunongova neukoshi hunoenderana nemhando, chinoshandiswa kukudza utachiona, huwandu hweutachiona pakutanga, nguva yekubatana, kureba kwemasaisai, uye simba rechiedza rinopiwa pachikamu chenzvimbo. Kuverenga ukoshi ihwohwo usingazvinyengeri kunotsanangurwa mugwaro rekududzira magirafu ekuuraya utachiona.

Fungi: dzinokanganiswa, asi danho rekukura nemapombi ndizvo zvinosarudza

Madziro emasero efungi ane glucans, mannans, nechitin anopa dambudziko rekupinda rakasiyana neremabhakitiriya, uye fungi dzinewo nzira dzekuzvidzivirira dzinoshanda. Mugumisiro wemapombi ekubudisa zvinhu eCandida uri pamusoro ndiwo muenzaniso wakajeka zvikuru: dhayi imwe chete, chiedza chimwe chete, chinoshandiswa kukudza utachiona chimwe chete, asi mhando yaigadzira mapombi zvakawandisa yakapona nepo yekutanga yakarasikirwa neinenge 99.999 percent yezvikamu zvinokwanisa kuumba makoroni. Dermatophytes dzinowedzera nyaya yedanho rekukura. Maspores anofa zviri nyore zvikuru kupfuura hyphae, saka nzira inobvisa maspores inogona kuramba ichisiya zvidimbu zvehyphae zviri zvipenyu pahuwandu humwe chete.

Ndokusaka mishumo yekurwisa fungi nemethylene blue ichida kuyera nekutsanangura chiedza zvakanyatsofanana neyemabhakitiriya. Tsvakurudzo dzephotodynamic pazvipikiri neganda dzakabatanidza dhayi ye1 kusvika 2 percent nechiedza chitsvuku chakayerwa, simba rechiedza rakatsanangurwa, uye kuongorora kwaitevera; dzakapatsanurawo kutaridzika kwechirwere nekusawanikwa kwefungi pabvunzo. Miedzo iyoyo inoongororwa mupfupiso yeumbowo hwephotodynamic pafungi dzezvipikiri neganda. Kuzora zvishoma dhayi yakasanganiswa nemvura panzvimbo yakakuvadzwa muchiedza chemumba kunongodzokorora ruvara asi kuchisiya nzira yacho.

Kuongorora biofilm: modheru yemumuromo ine mhando 33

Tsvakurudzo ya2024 yebiofilm yemumuromo ine mhando dzakawanda inofanirwa kucherechedzwa nokuti inoedza mamiriro akaoma pane ari nyore. Mhando makumi matatu nenhatu dzemumuromo, kusanganisira Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium, nestreptococci dzemumuromo, dzakakura pasina oxygen dzikava biofilm yakura pazuva 6. Zvakashandiswa zvaiva dhayi ye0.01 percent neLED ye660 nm kwenguva ye5 minutes, chiedza chakanyanya kusimba pachikamu chenzvimbo. Dhayi yoga nechiedza chega zvakaderedza huwandu hwose zvikuru, uye kuzvibatanidza kwakaderedza mashandiro emetabolism neinenge hafu, asi kuumbwa kwemubatanidzwa weutachiona hakuna kuchinja uye biofilm haina kubviswa utachiona hwose.

Iwoyo mugumisiro chaiwo une muganhu unotaurwa pachena. Unotsigira kushandiswa kwephotodynamic sewedzero inoitwa panzvimbo muhomwe yemazino yakacheneswa, kwete semvura yekugeza muromo inorapa periodontitis yakaongororwa iri yoga. Izvi zvinotisvitsa pamusiyano mukuru.

Nei kuuraya murabhoritari kusingaenzani nekurapa

MBC yemasero akayangarara akasununguka inoisa masero akafanana mudhayi yakaenzana uye muchiedza chakaenzana, muchinhu chine oxygen chinokudza utachiona. Nzvimbo yakakuvadzwa haina mamiriro iwayo. Chinhu chinokomberedza masero chinononotsa kupinda, mamiriro akafanana neemasero anosara achirarama anotsungirira oxidation, ropa nemvura inobuda panzvimbo yakakuvadzwa zvinotora chiedza, maumbirwo enyama anosiya mimvuri, uye nzvimbo dzine oxygen shoma dzinoderedza mashandiro emakemikari eType II nokuti singlet oxygen inotoda oxygen yemamorekuru. Utachiona hwakasanganiswa hunowedzera mhando dzinosiyana pakutora dhayi nepakunzwisisa kurapwa, saka ukoshi hwemhando imwe chete inoshandiswa sereferensi hahugoni kumiririra nzvimbo yose.

Muenzaniso wemumuromo unoita kuti musiyano uyu uve pachena. Kuderedza Porphyromonas kana streptococci mundiro, kana kuderedza biofilm yakarimwa nehafu, hakuratidzi kuti mvura yebhuruu yekugeza muromo inorapa periodontitis, inopedza utachiona hwemukati mezino, kana kubvisa mabhakitiriya muropa. Kurapwa kwechirwere chematishu anotsigira mazino kunoenderana nekuputsa nokubvisa biofilm nemidziyo pamwe nekugadzirisa maumbirwo ehomwe yemazino, kurapwa kunoshandisa chiedza kuchiongororwa sewedzero inoshandiswa panzvimbo yakatarwa. Kuwanda kwedhayi kunouraya mugomba remudziyo werabhoritari hakuna hukama husingachinji nekuwanda kunosvika kumabhakitiriya pasi pemucheto wemazino, uye chiedza chemumba hachisi huwandu hwakayerwa hwechiedza che660 nm. Huwandu hwekushandisa, kuchengeteka, nemiganhu yekudyidzana nezvimwe zvinhu pakushandisa chero chinhu mumuromo zvinofanira kutungamirirwa nenyanzvi yezvekurapa, sezvinotsanangurwa mugwaro rekuchengeteka nekudyidzana.

Zvisingarehwi neumbowo uhwu

Hausi umbowo hwekuti chinhu ichi chinouraya utachiona hwepamba. Matafura ekuuraya mabhakitiriya anoshandisa mhando dzakatsanangurwa, zvinhu zvekukudza utachiona, nguva dzekubatana, mhando dzemasaisai echiedza, uye simba rechiedza rakayerwa pachikamu chenzvimbo. Haatauri nezvenzvimbo dzekicheni, nguva dzinodiwa pakubatana netsvina yezvinhu zvipenyu, kana mitemo inodiwa pakuuraya utachiona.

Hausiwo umbowo hwekutsiva mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mumuviri wose. Mashandiro akajairika ephotodynamic anoda dhayi, chiedza chakatorwa, uye oxygen panzvimbo imwe chete panguva imwe chete. Chiedza hachisviki kunzvimbo dzakadzika kana dzakapararira sezvinoita mushonga wakamedzwa unosvika muropa. Zvinyorwa zvetsvakurudzo zvinoisa nzira iyi pakurwisa utachiona hwenzvimbo dzinosvikika kana sewedzero, sezvakatsanangurwa naWainwright pakutanga nyaya yekuuraya utachiona panzvimbo.

Pfupiso yakarurama ine miganhu yakatetepa asi ichiri inofadza. Methylene blue ine kushanda kune mwero pakurwisa utachiona murima, uye chiedza chitsvuku chinobudisa kushanda kukuru zvikuru kwephotodynamic pamabhakitiriya nefungi dzakawanda, paine misiyano mikuru pakati pechiedza nerima yakadai se500 kusvika 25 uM paPseudomonas uye 80 kusvika 20 uM paMRSA inokonzera kupararira kukuru, pamwe nekutadza kunodzidzisa paenterococci neCandida ine mapombi ekubudisa zvinhu anoshanda. Kushandurwa kwezvawanikwa kuva kushandiswa kunotungamirirwa nekusvika kwedhayi, mashandiro ebiofilm, uye oxygen sezvakunoitwawo neuwandu hwedhayi hwakataurwa. Chengeta mamiriro iwayo achionekwa, uye nhamba dzacho dzinova nezvadzinoreva. Dzibvise pamamiriro iwayo, uye hadzina zvadzinoreva.