Chinyorwa
Nzira ye methylene blue yekuyera sulfide
Nzira ye methylene blue ye sulfide inoyera sulfide nokuishandura kuva dhayi yebhuruu, yozoyera kutorwa kwechiedza kunobva padhayi iyoyo. Methylene blue ndiyo inogadzirwa nekuita kwemakemikari uye ndiyo inopa chiratidzo chinoshandiswa pakuongorora. Kuwedzera bhodhoro re methylene blue mumvura hakusi kuita muedzo uyu.
Chinowanzonetsa ndechokuchengeta sampuli ichimiririra zvayanga iri pakutanga kusvikira kuita kwemakemikari uku kwaitika. Kuverenga kutorwa kwechiedza nomazvo hakugoni kudzosa sulfide yakabuda kana kuti yakaita oxidation pakutorwa kwesampuli. Uye hakugoni kusiyanisa hydrogen sulfide isina kusungwa nemamwe mapoka esarufa anoburitswa pakugadzirirwa kwesampuli.
Chii chinogadzira ruvara rwebhuruu?
MuNzira yeEPA 376.2, sulfide inoita pamwe ne dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine paine ferric chloride kuti igadzire methylene blue. Zvinowedzerwa zvine asidhi zvinogadzira mamiriro anodiwa kuti dhayi iumbwe. Chishandiso chinozoyera kutorwa kwechiedza nemushonga unenge wagadzirwa.
Kuita kwemakemikari uku kunogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
Sulfide + N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine + Fe(III), mumamiriro ane asidhi → methylene blue → kuyerwa kwekutorwa kwechiedza.
Uyu mufananidzo unotsanangura kuongorora, kwete equation yekuita kwemakemikari yakayeraniswa. Magadzirirwo uye uwandu hwezvinowedzerwa, nguva yokukura kweruvara, urefu hwemasaisai echiedza, uye urefu hwenzira yechiedza zvinofanira kubva panzira yakasarudzwa.
Mashoko iwayo haangotsinhaniswi. EPA 376.2 inoti kuyerwa kuitwe pa 625 nm. Maitiro eHach 8131 akanyorwa echishandiso chayo cheDR/5000 anoshandisa 665 nm. Chiyero chakanyorwa mumabhuku pamusoro pekutorwa kwechiedza ne methylene blue hachitsivi marongero nechiyero chekuenzanisa zvinoshandiswa pamuedzo chaiwo.
Tsanangura chikamu che sulfide chisati chatorwa
“Uwandu hwe hydrogen sulfide” hunogona kureva zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinoyera. Mumvura, H₂S yakanyunguduka ne HS⁻ zvakabatana kuburikidza nekuita kweasidhi nebhesi. Kuenzana kwazvo kunoenderana nemamiriro aripo, kusanganisira pH. Kuwedzera asidhi musampuli kunochinja kuenzana ikoko; hakuchengetedzi kuenzana kwepakutanga kuti kuzoongororwa gare gare.
EPA 376.2 inosanganisira sulfide yose nesulfide yakanyunguduka mumasampuli emvura nemarara akatsanangurwa, asi haisanganisiri sulfide isinganyunguduki muasidhi. Naizvozvo, “yose” mumushumo unoshandisa nzira iyi haifaniri kunzwisiswa sekompaundi imwe neimwe ine sarufa iri mubhodhoro. Sulfate chinhu chakasiyana chinoyerwa, uye sulfide yesimbi isinganyunguduki muasidhi inogona kusabatwa nemuedzo.
Usati waenzanisa zvabuda mumarabhoritari maviri, bvunza kuti maitiro ega ega akatora chikamu chipi. Ongororawo hwaro hwekupa zvabuda: mg/L sesarufa ne mg/L se H₂S inzira dzakasiyana dzekuratidza huremu. Nhamba dzakafanana asi mayuniti, kugadzirirwa kwesampuli, uye tsananguro yechinhu chinoyerwa zvisina kufanana hazvirevi kuti zvabuda zvinowirirana.
Kutevedzana kwebasa kunodzivirira chiyero
Shandisa kutevedzana kunotevera paunenge uchiongorora maitiro ebasa rerabhoritari ari kurongwa. Mufananidzo wepabutiro unoratidza kuita kwemakemikari uye kuverengwa kwechiedza; tafura iyi inoratidza zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuitwa izvi zvisati zvaitika.
| Danho | Zvinonyorwa usati waenderera | Zvinodzivirirwa nechinyorwa |
|---|---|---|
| Tsanangura | Sampuli yemvura, yemarara, kana yezvipenyu; chikamu chakanyunguduka kana chikamu chose sezvinotsanangurwa nenzira | Kuenzanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinoyerwa pasi pezita rimwe chete rokuti “H₂S” |
| Tora | Nguva yekutorwa, tembiricha, kusefa, mudziyo, uye kusangana nemhepo | Kubata sampuli yakachinja sokunge ichiri mvura yepakutanga |
| Chengetedza yakagadzikana | Maitiro chaiwo ekuchengetedza uye nguva inobvumirwa kupfuura | Kufungidzira kuti kutonhodza chete kunochengetedza sampuli dzose |
| Ita kuti makemikari ashande pamwe | Shanduro yenzira, boka rakagadzirwa rezvinowedzerwa, mavhoriyamu, uye nguva yokukura kweruvara | Kubatanidza zvikamu zvisingaenderani zvemaitiro akasiyana |
| Yera | Urefu hwemasaisai echiedza, urefu hwenzira yechiedza mucell, sampuli isina chinhu chinoyerwa, zviyero zvinozivikanwa, uye kuderedzwa kweuwandu nokuwedzera mvura kana chimwe chinonyungudutsa | Kushandura ruvara kuva uwandu pasina kuenzanisa zviyero kwakakodzera |
| Ongorora | Miedzo yekudzorerwa kwechinhu chinoyerwa, kuwirirana kwemasampuli akadzokororwa, muganhu wekupa zvabuda, uye mayuniti | Kupa nhamba yechishandiso pasina miganhu yayo yekuongorora |
Pfupiso yeNEMI yeStandard Methods 4500-S²⁻ D inoda kuti kusangana nemhepo kuve kushoma, uye kuti kuongorora kuitwe pakarepo kana kuti sampuli ichengetedzwe nezinc acetate maererano nemaitiro akatsanangurwa. Maitiro ayo ekuchengetedza sulfide yose anoshandisawo mamiriro ane alkaline uye bhodhoro rakazadzwa zvizere. Zvinodiwa izvi ndezvenzira yekubata sampuli, kwete zvokungoronga basa rerabhoritari chete.
Zvinokanganisa zvinogona kuita kuti sampuli iite seine uwandu hushoma kupfuura huripo
Pfupiso imwe cheteyo yeStandard Methods inotaura zvinhu zvinoderedza oxidation izvo zvinotadzisa kuumbwa kweruvara rwebhuruu, simbi dzinogadzira sulfide isinganyunguduki uye isinganyatsodzorerwi pakuyera, uye ferrocyanide iyo pachayo inogadzira ruvara rwebhuruu. Uwandu hwe sulfide hwakanyanya kukwirira hunogonawo kutadzisa kuita kwemakemikari.
Naizvozvo, chubhu ine ruvara rwakachenuruka inogona kutsanangurwa nezvinhu zvakawanda: sulfide shoma, kurasika kwayo kuongororwa kusati kwaitwa, kusadzorerwa kwayo zvizere pakuyera, kana kutadziswa kwekukura kweruvara. Chubhu ine ruvara rwakasviba inogona kuva neruvara runokanganisa muedzo. Ruvara nokusajeka kwemvura zvinoda kugadziriswa kwechiratidzo chekumashure kunotsanangurwa nenzira yacho; kungobvisa chiyero chemvura isina chinhu chinoyerwa chasarudzwa pasina hwaro kungasakwana.
Muedzo unobatsira ndewokuwedzera uwandu hunozivikanwa hwe sulfide musampuli inomiririra zviri kuongororwa, woipfuudza mumatanho ekugadzirira akakodzera. Kana kuwedzera kwaitarisirwa kusina kudzorerwa pakuyera, musanganiswa wesampuli kana maitiro ebasa zvinoda kuongororwa. Zvinodiwa zvekudzora kunaka muEPA 9030B zvinoratidza kuti nei sampuli yakawedzerwa uwandu hunozivikanwa ichipfuudzwa munzira yose, pamwe chete nemasampuli asina chinhu chinoyerwa uye zviyero zvekuongorora. Uwandu hunozivikanwa hunowedzerwa kuverenga kwava kuda kuitwa chete hahugoni kuongorora kurasika kwakaitika kare.
Muenzaniso wekunze kwerabhoritari: mvura inopisa inokanganisa maitiro akarongwa zvakanaka
Ongororo yeUSGS kuYellowstone yakaburitswa muOpen-File Report 2010-1192 yakaenzanisa maitiro maviri e methylene blue nenzira ye electrode inosarudza maion, ichishandisa sampuli dzemvura inopiswa nekupisa kwepasi dzakanga dzachengetedzwa.
Zvabuda pakuongorora ne electrode zvaigara zvakakwirira. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona oxidation uye kubuda kwe H₂S segasi sematambudziko emasampuli anopisa. Kutanga kusanganisa zvinowedzerwa zvinogadzira ruvara sampuli isati yawedzerwa kwakapa zviyero zveruvara zvakati kwirei zvishoma, asi kwakaunza rimwe dambudziko: musanganiswa wezvinowedzerwa waikurumidza kuparara, zvichiita kuti nguva ive chikonzero chekusanyatsojeka kwezviyero. Sampuli nomwe dzaivawo ne thiosulfate pauwandu hwakabatanidzwa nevanyori nemukana wekuti kuyerwa neruvara kwaipa zviyero zvakaderera pane zvaivepo.
Pamvura yavo inopiswa nekupisa kwepasi, vanyori vakasarudza kuigadzikisa pakarepo nezvinodzivirira oxidation mumamiriro ane alkaline, vozoyera ne electrode. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakanangana nokusarudzwa kwenzira yemvura inopisa, kwete uchapupu hwokuti kuyerwa kwose ne electrode kunopfuura muedzo wose wekuyera neruvara.
Sarudza nzira inoenderana nemubvunzo
| Mubvunzo wekuongorora | Nzira inofanira kuongororwa | Chinhu chikuru chinofanira kucherechedzwa |
|---|---|---|
| Sulfide inogona kutorwa pakuyera musampuli yemvura yakakodzera | Kuyera neruvara uchishandisa methylene blue maererano nemaitiro akanyorwa | Chengetedza chikamu chakatsanangurwa uye ratidza kudzorerwa kwechinhu chinoyerwa kubva mumusanganiswa wesampuli |
| Sulfide mumvura inopisa inobva mukupisa kwepasi | Kugadzikisa pakarepo nemaitiro anoshandisa electrode akaongororwa kuti anoshanda nomazvo | Simbisa kuti kutora nekuchengetedza sampuli kwakakodzera tembiricha nemusanganiswa wesampuli |
| Sulfide mumarara kana zvinhu zvakasimba zvine zvikamu zvisina kufanana | Kugadzirira kunonangana nechikamu chakatarwa, kwakadai seEPA 9030B, pamwe nenzira yayo yekuyera yakataurwa | Kudzorerwa kwechikamu chisinganyunguduki muasidhi kungaramba kusina kukwana; usafungidzira kuti kubudiswa kwacho kwakwana zvose |
| Sulfide isina kusungwa ichienzaniswa nemapoka anoburitswa neasidhi mumasampuli ezvipenyu | Kubata chinhu chinodiwa chete kana kuchishandura kuita imwe kompaundi, zvichiteverwa nekuparadzanisa | Ratidza kuti iboka ripi resarufa rinogadzira chiratidzo chinoyerwa |
Musiyano uyu mumasampuli ezvipenyu wakakosha zvikuru. Muongororo yaShen nevamwe ya2011 murabhoritari uye paplasma yemakonzo, kuyerwa ne methylene blue kwaiva nemiganhu yaikonzerwa neruvara rwekumashure, kugona kuona uwandu hushoma, uye sarufa inoburitswa neasidhi pakugadzirira sampuli. Nzira yavo ye monobromobimane/HPLC yakaparadzanisa kompaundi yakagadzirwa kubva ku sulfide uye yakaona uwandu hwakaderera mumamiriro akaedzwa. Iri raiva basa rekusimbisa kushanda kwenzira yekuongorora, kwete chiyero chekuona chirwere kana uchapupu hwemugumisiro wekurapa.
Kuenzanisa zviyero nemiedzo ine mazita akafanana
Enzanisa zviyero uchishandisa zviyero zve sulfide zvinotsanangurwa nemaitiro acho, uchichengeta kuita kwemakemikari nemamiriro echiedza zvakafanana nezvesampuli. Ongorora zvabuda pasampuli isina chinhu chinoyerwa nepazviyero zvekuongorora usati washandura kutorwa kwechiedza nesampuli kuva uwandu. Gonyo rakanaka rekuenzanisa zviyero rinoratidza hukama hwezviyero izvozvo; kudzorerwa kwechinhu chinoyerwa kubva musampuli kunoratidza kana hukama ihwohwo huchiramba huripo mumusanganiswa wesampuli.
Pakupedzisira, muedzo weMBAS wezvinhu zvinoderedza kukakavara kwepamusoro pemvura zvine chaji isina kunaka unoshandisa methylene blue neimwe nzira. MuEPA 425.1, dhayi yatovapo inosangana nezvinhu zvinoshanda pamusoro pemvura, yobudiswa ichiiswa muchikamu chezvinonyungudutsa zveorganic. Kuyera sulfide neruvara kunogadzira dhayi yacho. Hapana pakati pemaitiro maviri aya ekuongorora uri murayiridzo wekuchenesa mvura. Ziva chinhu chinoyerwa uye kuita kwemakemikari usati wasarudza chinowedzerwa kana kududzira ruvara rwebhuruu.