Ndiani akagadzira dhayi yepepuru yemasero eropa? Malachowski, Romanowsky, Giemsa

Eosin itsvuku. Methylene blue ibhuruu. Sanganisa zviviri izvi, isa musanganiswa paropa rakawaridzwa rikaiswa kuti riome, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvaro zvinova zvepepuru.

Hazvisi zvikamu zvose. Kana kugadzirira kwaitwa zvakanaka, manyukiriyasi emasero machena eropa anotora ruvara rutsvuku rwakasanganiswa nepepuru, uye mukati meparasaiti yemarariya kromatini inotora ruvara rumwe chete, uku masero matsvuku eropa akaipoteredza achiramba ari epingi uye saitoplazimu ichiramba iri yegireyi yakasanganiswa nebhuruu. Pepuru ndiyo inoita kuti marudzi emasero akwanise kusiyaniswa.

Hapana bhodhoro rine pepuru. Ruvara urwu runongobuda kana chimwe chinhu chinobva mukuparara kwemethylene blue chasangana neeosin pasiraidhi, uye mumakore e1880 nee1890 hapana aiziva kuti chinhu ichocho chaivapo, ndoda kuti chaiva chii. Vanhu vaitsvaga ruvara urwu vaishanda nemadhayi asina kuchena, mumwe nomumwe ari oga, vasina nzira yakavimbika yokuziva zvaiva mubhodhoro pashure pokunge ragara pasherufu kwemwedzi miviri.

Ndokusaka mubvunzo uri mumusoro wenyaya uine mhinduro dzinopfuura imwe dzinogona kutsigirwa, uye nei mhinduro yacho yakachinja muna 2011.

Zvaionekwa zvaichinja pamwe nemusanganiswa

Dhayi iyi haina kungogadzirwa kamwe chete. Yakavakwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuchinja kumwe nokumwe kwemusanganiswa kwaiwedzera chimwe chinhu chitsva chaigona kuonekwa, uye kutevedzana kwezvinhu izvi ndiyo nzira yakajeka zvikuru yokunzwisisa nhoroondo yacho.

Gore	Zvaiva mundiro	Zvaigona kuonekwa
1865	Picric acid, dhayi yokutanga yakagadzirwa nemakemikari yakaiswa paropa, naWilhelm Erb	Patani yakaita seresi mukati memamwe masero matsvuku eropa.
1876	Methylene blue, naHeinrich Caro naAdolf von Baeyer kuBASF	Mabhakitiriya etibhii, ichishandiswa naRobert Koch. Masero eropa ari mubhuruu imwe chete.
1880	Methylene blue pamwe neacid fuchsin, dhayi isina divi reacid kana realkali yaEhrlich	Masero matsvuku eropa nemagranule eeosinophil ari matsvuku, manyukiriyasi ari bhuruu yakadzika, saitoplazimu yelymphocyte iri bhuruu yakachenuruka, nemagranule evhayoleti yakasviba aitora madhayi ose ari maviri. Ndokusaka sero racho richinzi neutrophil. Kuverengwa kokutanga kwemasero machena eropa achisiyaniswa nemarudzi awo.
1888	Methylene blue pamwe neeosin. Czesław Chęciński	Parasaiti pachayo: zvimiro zvebhuruu zvakaita seruva redaisy (Plasmodium malariae) nezvimiro zvakaita sejeko (magametocyte eP. falciparum). Kwete nyukiriyasi yayo.
1890	Methylene blue yakawanda, doro shoma, pamwe nepotassium hydroxide. Albert Plehn	Mavara akawanda uye akadzika, kusanganisira masero matsvuku eropa nemagranule eeosinophil ane ruvara rweruva rerose. Asi paingova netsvuku nebhuruu chete.
1890	Eosin pamwe nemethylene blue yakaitwa alkaline neborax. Ernst Malachowski	Kromatini ine tsvuku yakasanganiswa nepepuru mukati meparasaiti, nyukiriyasi ichisiyaniswa nesaitoplazimu. Zvakaitwa nemaune, uye maererano nezvaakanyora zvaigona kudzokororwa.
1891	Eosin pamwe nemethylene blue yakabva mubhodhoro raiva nechakuvhe uye rapfuura mwedzi miviri. Dmitri Romanowsky	Pepuru imwe chete, kamwe chete, nenzira yaisakwanisa kudzokororwa nevamwe.
1898 kusvika 1902	Dhayi ine mavara akasiyana yakabviswa pachishandiswa chloroform (Nocht); methanol (Jenner); kunyungudutswazve kwedhayi yakanga yagwamba pachishandiswa doro (Leishman, Reuter, Wright); madhayi akayerwa pamwe neglycerol (Giemsa)	Pepuru pose payaidiwa, muchigadzirwa chaishanda zvakafanana murabhoritari yaitevera. Musanganiswa waJenner, usina dhayi yakachinjwa kuti ive nemavara akasiyana, hauna kubudisa pepuru.
1940 kusvika 1943	Lillie, Roe naWilcox vakaparadzanisa zvikamu zvacho ndokuzviedza chimwe nechimwe	Azure B, kwete musanganiswa wose, ndiyo chikamu chinobudisa pepuru.

Zviri kukosha ipatani iri muchikamu chokupedzisira chetafura. Kufambira mberi kumwe nokumwe kwakawedzera mavara aiwanikwa, uye kuwedzera kumwe nokumwe kwaiita kuti chimwe chimiro chionekwe. Pepuru haisi yokushongedza nzira iyi; ndiyo musiyano pakati pokuona kuti parasaiti iripo nokuona kuti yakaumbwa nei. Kufamba kwakaita dhayi iyi kubva kufekitari yemadhayi yeBASF ichipinda mune zvokurapa kune nhoroondo yakareba ine magwaro ayo. Kutevedzana kwose kuri pamusoro, pamwe nekwakabva mashoko echikamu chimwe nechimwe, kwakachengetwa senhoroondo yevakabatsira yakarongwa nenguva uye ine zvinongedzo kuzvinyorwa.

Mufananidzo: misanganiswa mitanhatu imwe chete yakadhirowewa ichiratidza zvaiva mundiro uye zvakabuda mairi. Madenderedzwa anoratidza madhayi; zvibhuroko zviri pasi pawo zvinoratidza mavara aigona kubudiswa nemadhayi iwayo paropa rakawaridzwa. Hapana usati wasvika muna 1890 unoratidza bhuroko retsvuku yakasanganiswa nepepuru, uye hapana pashure pacho unorisiya.

Murume akashandisa borax nemaune

Ernst Malachowski aiva chiremba muBreslau, yava kunzi Wrocław, akapedza basa rake achizvishandira uye ari mukiriniki diki yaaimhanyisa nomumwe wake, achiita basa rerabhoritari panguva yake yokuzorora. Akaberekerwa muStrzelno musi wa12 Kurume 1857, akadzidza zvekurapa paYunivhesiti yeBreslau, uye akashanda kubva muna 1882 kusvika muna 1887 somubatsiri muchikamu chokurapa zvirwere zvomukati paAll Saints Hospital, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva chipatara chechipiri pakukura muGermany.

Akatanga muna 1888 nedhayi mbiri dzaChęciński naPlehn. Mune zvaakagadzirira muna 1889 akaona kromatini yenyukiriyasi yeplasmodium ichitora ruvara rwakasiyana nesaitoplazimu, asi akazoona kuti aisakwanisa kuzvidzokorora. Akaedza kuwedzera acid mumethylene blue, izvo zvakawedzera kuipa kwezvinhu. Akaedza kuiita alkaline neborax, izvo zvaishanda nguva dzose. Akaratidza nzira iyi pachena musi wa15 Chikumi 1890 ndokubudisa tsananguro yakazara muna Nyamavhuvhu 1891, kusanganisira murayiro wokushandisa borax. Akanyora kuti kupenda kwacho kwaitora maawa makumi maviri nemana uye kuti zvakabuda zvaigona kudzokororwa zviri nyore.

Maawa makumi maviri nemana inguva refu murabhoritari inoshandiswa kuziva zvirwere, uye chinyorwa chake hachina kunyanya kutsanangura ruvara rwepepuru yakasanganiswa netsvuku rwenyukiriyasi yeparasaiti. Chero chaiva chikonzero chacho, hapana akashandisa zvakare nzira yokuita methylene blue alkaline nemaune kusvikira Nocht azviitazve muna 1898. Malachowski haana kuzonyora zvakare nezvekupenda masero eropa.

Chikonzero chokuti paizivikanwa zvishoma nezvake kusvikira munguva ichangopfuura chine chokuita nemagwaro akachengetwa, kwete chakavanzika. Hapana zvakawanda zvoupenyu hwake zvakasara muzvinyorwa zvezvokurapa, uye zvakasara zvakauya nomugwagwa mumwe chete. Mwanasikana wake Marie akabva kuGermany achienda kuLondon muna 1939, akashanda muBritish Army, ndokuzogara muCanada, uye magwaro emhuri aakaunganidza akazopedzisira ari kuLeo Baeck Institute muNew York. Mukoma kana munun'una wake Leo akaurayiwa muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga. Hanzvadzi yake Eva akadzingwa nechisimba kubva muBreslau achiendeswa kumusasa wokupfuudzira vanhu weIzbica muna Kubvumbi 1942 uye haana kuzodzoka. Amai vake Hedwig vakazviuraya musi wa22 Kubvumbi 1942 pane kumirira kudzingwa kwakadaro. Malachowski akanga afa muna 1934, zvose izvi zvisati zvaitika.

Nhoroondo yemhuri inoguma saizvozvo inenge iri nhoroondo yemhuri isingachataurwi muzvinyorwa. Zvinyorwa zviviri zvakadzosa Malachowski munhoroondo yokugadzirwa kwedhayi iyi, zvose zvakabudiswa muna 2011, zvakaunganidzwa kubva mumagwaro akachengetwa muPoznań neWrocław uye kubva mumagwaro aMarie muNew York.

Bhodhoro rine chakuvhe nomuRussia aiva nerombo rakanaka

Dmitri Romanowsky akadzidza zvekurapa paMilitary Medical Academy muSt Petersburg uye akashanda pamarariya kwechikamu chikuru chebasa rake. Muna 1890 akabudisa nzira iyo, maererano nezvaakanyora, yakanga yakada kufanana neyaChęciński: methylene blue isina kuchinjwa neeosin, paine eosin yakati wandei.

Muna Gunyana 1891 akabudisa nzira yakaita kuti zita rake rizivikanwe, uye chinhu chaikosha chakanga chakavigwa mumirayiridzo. Zvakabuda zvakanakisisa kwaari zvaibva mumushonga wemethylene blue waichengetwa kuti uzoshandiswa, wakanga wagara kwemwedzi inopfuura miviri uchimera chakuvhe. Chakuvhe nenguva yokugara zvakanga zvabvisa mamwe mapoka emethyl padhayi yacho. Romanowsky akanga asingazivi izvozvo uye aisakwanisa kuzvidzora, uye vamwe vashandi vakaedza nzira yake vaisakwanisa kuwana pepuru. Gwaro rake retsvakurudzo rakanga raendeswa kuSt Petersburg muna Chikumi 1891, ndokusaka nhoroondo inowanzotaurwa ichiti 1891 ndiro gore rokuwanikwa kwayo.

Malachowski akanga aratidza nzira yake muna Chikumi 1890, rinopfuura gore izvi zvisati zvaitika, uye nzira yake yaishanda nemaune.

Nei dhayi yakatumidzwa zita remunhu asiri iye

Uchapupu hunotsigira Malachowski hwakaunganidzwa naKristine Krafts, Ernst Hempelmann naBarbara Oleksyn, uye hwakavakirwa pazvinhu zvina. Zuva rokunge aratidza nzira yake pachena, Chikumi 1890 richienzaniswa naGunyana 1891. Shoko rokuti nemaune richienzaniswa nokuti nerombo risingatarisirwi. Kuti Malachowski akabudisa nzira yake, kusanganisira borax nezvose, uku yaRomanowsky ichitsamira pachinhu chaisadzorwa. Uye kucherechedza kuti tsananguro yenyukiriyasi yeplasmodium, pamwe nepepuru yaiita kuti ionekwe, zvakatoita sokunyangarika muzvinyorwa kwemakore manomwe, nokuti hapana aikwanisa kudzokorora nzira yakanga yashanda netsaona.

Vanotaura mhedziso yavo vasingapotereri. Muchinyorwa chenhoroondo youpenyu hwake vanoti kupiwa kwerumbidzo uku kwaiva “kukanganisa kunonyadzisa”, uye vanotora mashoko aRalph Lillie, uyo muna 1978 akanyora kuti “zvichida tinofanira kudana boka iri remadhayi kuti madhayi aMalachowski”.

Maonero aya anopikiswa, sezvinowanzoitika panyaya yokuti ndiani akatanga, uye zvinokosha kutsanangura chimiro chegakava racho pane kuripedza. Gakava pamusoro pokutanga kuwana chinhu rinofanira kutaura kuti chakawanikwa chaiva chii. Kana chakawanikwa chiri ruvara rwepepuru, Malachowski ndiye ane chiratidziro chepakutanga chakanyorwa. Kana chakawanikwa iri nzira yakabudiswa, varume vose vakabudisa nzira dzavo muna 1891 uye dhayi yakatumidzwa zita raRomanowsky. Kana chakawanikwa iri tsananguro, hapana angati ndiye akatanga, nokuti hapana aiziva kuti kuchembera kwedhayi kwaiva kubviswa kwemapoka emethyl uye hapana aikwanisa kutaura kuti nei ruvara rwacho rwaibuda. Pfungwa iyi yokupedzisira ndiyo inosiyiwa nenhoroondo dzinowanzotaurwa. Chinhu chaibudisa ruvara chaiva tsvina yakasanganiswa nedhayi yakanga isina kuzivikanwa nomunhu, uye munhu wokutanga kubudisa ruvara nemaune akazviita achishandisa nzira yakaedzwa yaigona kudzokororwa, kwete nokunzwisisa zvaiitwa nenzira yacho.

Zvinyorwa zviviri zva2011 ndizvo zvakazara zvikuru zvakabudiswa zvinotsigira Malachowski, uye zvose zvinogona kuverengwa pachena paPubMed: ongororo refu iri paPMID 21235291 nechinyorwa chenhoroondo youpenyu hwake chiri paPMID 21660627. Rondedzero yePubMed yeongororo iyi inonyorawo mashoko okuipindura, akabudiswa mumagazini imwe chete gare gare mugore iroro pa86(5):366, izvo zvinotiyeuchidza zvakakodzera kuti maonero aya akapikiswa muzvinyorwa paakangobuda.

Gakava iri harisi rokusawirirana panyaya yemakemikari. Vose vari mariri vanobvumirana kuti pepuru chii uye kuti zvikamu zvipi zvinoibudisa. Kusawirirana kuri pamusoro pokuti ndiani akatanga kusvika pairi, uye kuti tsaona yaisakwanisa kudzokororwa nomunhu inofanira kunzi kusvika pairi here.

Zvakawedzerwa nemazita akatevera

Kana Malachowski ari iye akatanga kubudisa pepuru, nei dhayi yacho iine mazita aRomanowsky, Wright naGiemsa?

Nokuti dhayi inoshanda kamwe chete mumaoko omunhu akaigadzira haisati iri chinhu chokushandisa murabhoritari chakavimbika. Basa rakazotevera rakachinja musanganiswa waisashanda zvakafanana nguva dzose kuita chinhu chaigona kushandiswa nomushandi werabhoritari mune imwe nyika musi weChipiri.

Nocht akasvika pairi nokufunga achitevedzera uchapupu. Pashure pokutadza kuwana mugumisiro wakavimbika kubva padhayi iri nyore isina divi reacid kana realkali, akagumisa kuti pepuru yaifanira kubva pane chimwe chinhu chaiva mumethylene blue asi chisiri methylene blue, ndokutanga kuchitsvaga. Unna akanga atoona kuti mishonga yemethylene blue yakanga yachembera yaipenda magranule emast cell tsvuku, uye akapa pfungwa yokuti chimwe chinhu chitsva chaiumbwa dhayi yacho payaichembera. Bernthsen akanga aratidza muna 1885 kuti mamiriro ealkaline anobvisa mapoka emethyl kubva mumethylene blue, uye kuti zvinobuda ndizvo zvatava kudana kuti maazure. Nocht akabvisa chikamu chaishanda achishandisa chloroform uye aigona kungochiti tsvuku inobva mumethylene blue; Michaelis akachitumidza kuti azure I muna 1901. Jenner akagadzirisa dambudziko rokuchigadzira nokuchishandisa. Kunyungudutsazve methylene blue neeosin zvakanga zvagwamba mumethanol isina mvura kwakapa mushonga mumwe chete wakadzikama waibata ropa rakawaridzwa pasiraidhi uchiripenda, zvikagumisa kushandisa kupisa kuti ropa ribatirire. Leishman naReuter vakasanganisa dhayi yakanga yachinjwa kuti ive nemavara akasiyana nechinyungudutsi chine doro, vakawana kudzikama nepepuru pamwe chete. Wright akatsiva kuchengetwa kwemaawa gumi nemaviri pa65 °C uye mazuva gumi yokugara neawa rimwe muutsi hwemvura hwaifamba. Giemsa akarega zvachose kutsamira pamushonga waichembera usingadzorwi, achishandisa uwandu hwakayerwa hwemadhayi aizivikanwa pamwe neglycerol mumethanol kuitira kuti chigadzirwa chikwanise kuramba chichishanda mukupisa kwenyika dzinopisa. Haana kumbobudisa kuti aigadzira sei methylene azure yakachena. Akaitengesa kurabhoritari yaDr Grübler muLeipzig, iyo yaiitengesa ichinzi azure I uye ichiti yavo chete ndiyo yaiva dhayi yeGiemsa chaiyo.

Kuti azure iyoyo yaiva chii zvichiri kupikiswa. Vamwe vanoti yaingova methylene blue yakachinjwa kuti ive nemavara akasiyana, vamwe vachiti yaiva neazure B yakawanda. Mhinduro yakabuda muhondo. Madhayi eGermany paakanga asisawaniki, boka reUnited States Public Health Service, Ralph Lillie pamwe naMaurice Roe naAimee Wilcox, rakaona kuti kupenda kwakanakisisa kwaibva pazvikamu zvitatu zvakaparadzaniswa: methylene blue isina kuchinjwa, chigadzirwa chayo chokuparara chakabviswa mapoka emethyl chinonzi azure B, uye eosin. Azure B yakatsiva azure I yakanga isingawaniki, uye zvikamu zvitatu izvi zvichiri hwaro hwedhayi inoshandiswa kuziva marariya nhasi.

Mashandiro emakemikari ezvikamu zvitatu izvi pazvinosangana pasiraidhi mumwe mubvunzo uri pane rimwe peji. Nyaya yemabasa emadhayi nemakemikari emadhayi erudzi rwaRomanowsky inotsanangura zvinoitwa neazure B neeosin chimwe nechimwe uye nei zviviri izvi zvichibudisa ruvara rusingabudiswi nechimwe chazvo chiri choga. Peji rekushandiswa mumikorosikopu nomurabhoritari rinotsanangura mashandisirwo acho: zvinoratidzwa neropa rakagadzirirwa neimwe nzira, uye kutonga kana chimwe chigadzirwa chakakodzera nzira yauri kuda kushandisa.

Chikamu chenhoroondo chichiri kushanda nhasi

Chimwe chinhu munyaya iyi hachina kurega kuva chokwadi muna 1902. Kwemakore anenge makumi mashanu, chikamu chainyanya kukosha chedhayi yamarariya yaishandiswa pasi rose chaiva tsvina yakasanganiswa nayo isina zita. Chaivapo netsaona, uwandu hwacho hwaisiyana kubva mubhodhoro kuenda mune rimwe, kuti chaiva chii kwakanga kuri chakavanzika chebhizimisi kwechikamu chenguva iyoyo, uye chiyero chacho chaipikiswa kusvikira mumakore e1940. Vanhu vaishandisa dhayi iyi vakanga vasingashayi hanya. Vakanga vasina nzira yokuziva zvaiva mubhodhoro.

Chimiro chemazuva ano chedambudziko rimwe chete irondedzero yezvinodiwa inotsanangura chikamu chimwe chete chezviri muchigadzirwa. Kutevedzera USP ndiyo nzira yokuwana kuchena kwepamusoro-soro kunowanikwa pamusika, nokuti muyero wakazara wakabudiswa pachena, kwete kuyerwa kwechinhu chimwe chete: kuzivikanwa kwechinhu, kuchena, tsvina yemakemikari eorganic kusanganisira madhayi eazure, zvisaririra zvezvinyungudutsi, tsvina yezvimwe zvinhu zvemakemikari, zvisaririra pashure pokupiswa, miganhu youtachiona uye endotoxin dzemabhakitiriya. Blupreme inowana methylene blue yayo kubva kumugadziri wezvigadzirwa zvemishonga uye inobudisa chitupa chakazara cheongororo, kuitira kuti mutsara wose werondedzero iyi ugone kuongororwa pane kungotaurwa. Chitupa chinongoratidza mugumisiro wesimbi dzinorema chozviti kutevedzera USP chakafanana mazuva ano nebhodhoro rine chinyorwa chokuti “methylene blue yakachembera”: chingangova chigadzirwa chakanaka chokushandisa murabhoritari, asi chinyorwa chacho hachikuudzi zviri mukati maro.