Methylene Blue yeChakuvhe paAxolotl: Humbowo neZvinofanira Kungwarirwa naChiremba weMhuka

Muchengeti anoona zvinhu zvichena zvakaita sedonje pagill yeaxolotl, otsvaga methylene blue yechakuvhe paaxolotl, uye anowana bhodhoro remushonga wehove ratova pasherufu. Mvura iri mumatangi maviri inotaridzika zvakafanana, zvinhu zvakaita sedonje zvinotaridzika zvakafanana, uye bhodhoro rinoti rinoshandiswa pachakuvhe. Kushandisa mushonga mumwe chete kunoita sekuri pachena.

Ndiko kukanganisa kukuru kuri kuda kudzivirirwa nechinyorwa chino. Axolotl haisi hove ine makumbo. Isalamander inochengeta zvimiro zvehudiki kunyange yakura, ine ganda rinopinda zvinhu, magill ekunze akaita seminhenga, inoda mvura inotonhora, uye haigoni kutsungirira zvakanyanya nzira dzekudimbudzira dzinogara dzichishandiswa nevachengeti vehove. Mirayiridzo yechakuvhe chehove haigoni kungoshandurirwa kune imwe mhuka nokuti zvinhu zvinotaridzika zvakafanana, uye humbowo hwemethylene blue pamhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika hahutsigiri kuita izvozvo.

Kusapindirana kwepfungwa: kurapa hove kana murwere ari mhuka inorarama mumvura nepanyika

Mugadziri wesoftware Daniel Jackson anoshandisa bvunzo iri nyore yepfungwa. Pfungwa chinhu chine basa racho, mamiriro acho nemitemo yacho. Mamiriro maviri anotaridzika zvakafanana pachidzitiro anogona kunge achishanda pasi pepfungwa dzakasiyana, uye zviito zvakachengeteka mune rimwe zvinogona kutadza mune rimwe.

Kurapa hove nekurapa mhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika zvinotaridzika zvakafanana. Zvose zvinosanganisira mhuka iri kurwara iri mumvura, dhayi inowedzerwa mumvura, uye tariro yekuti icharwisa chakuvhe. Asi varwere vacho vanosiyana munzira nhatu dzinoshandura chisarudzo chose.

Chekutanga, kupinda kwemushonga mumuviri kunosiyana. Ganda remhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika rinopinda zvinhu zvakakwana zvokuti vanachiremba vemhuka vanogara vachipa mishonga nokunyudza mhuka mumvura ine mushonga. Mirayiridzo yakajairika inoudza vanachiremba kuti vafunge nezvekupinda kwemushonga nomuganda rine chirwere uye kusiyana kwemarudzi, sezvinotsanangurwa mumirayiridzo yeMerck pamusoro pemaitiro ekurapa mhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika. Hove dzinotora mishonga yakawanda iri mumvura zvikurukuru nemumagill, ganda richipa chikamu chidiki chete muhove huru, maererano neongororo ya2023 yekupinda kwemishonga mumuviri wehove. Saka huwandu hwemushonga mumvura hunotsungirirwa nehove hunotaura zvishoma nezvinotorwa neaxolotl. Imwe tsananguro yakawedzeredzwa inofanira kusiiwa. Magill eaxolotl ane masero anoshandisa simba kutamisa zvinhu, sezvakaratidzwa neongororo yezvimiro zvidikidiki zvemagill eaxolotl, asi hapana ongororo inoratidza kuti methylene blue inopinda zvakanyanya nemumagill eaxolotl kupfuura nemumagill ehove. Uye ongororo dzekare dzekufamba kwezvinhu mumasalamander ane ukama nayo dzakaona ganda richichinjanisa zvinhu zvakawanda kunyange magill akanga akasungwa, sezvakashumwa naBaldwin naBentley.

Chechipiri, nzvimbo yazvinogara inosiyana. Kuchengetwa kweaxolotl kunotsamira pamvura inotonhorera nesefa yezvipenyu inoshanda. Maitiro ekuchengeta boka akatsanangurwa mugwaro reAmbystoma Genetic Stock Center rekuchengeta axolotl anochengeta dzakura pedyo ne15 kusvika 18 degrees uye anoyambira kuti dzisachengetwe pamusoro peanenge 22 degrees, dzichishandisa mvura yakabviswa chlorine nekusefa nezvipenyu kunoshandura ammonia nenitrite. Chinhu chipi nechipi chinokuvadza mabhakitiriya anoshandura nitrogen chinokuvadza murwere zvisina kunanga, nokuti tsvina inoramba ichiungana panguva yekurapa.

Chechitatu, kuongororwa kwechirwere kunosiyana. Zvinhu zvichena zvakaita sedonje paaxolotl zvinowanzonzi chakuvhe, asi shoko rinowanzoshandiswa navanachiremba vemhuka nderekuti saprolegniasis: kutapukirwa neganda kana magill akakuvadzwa nechakuvhe chemumvura. Izvi zvinobudisa zvinhu zvichena zvakaita sedonje uye zvinowanzoitika kumhuka dzine rukoko rwerutsvedzerere rwakakuvadzwa neammonia kana kubatwa. Tsananguro yeMSD Veterinary Manual yezvirwere zvinotapukira zvemhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika inokurudzira kuzvisimbisa nokukwenya ganda kuti paonekwe tambo dzechakuvhe kana zoospores, nokuti kungofungidzira nezvinoonekwa kunovhiringidza chakuvhe chemumvura nemaronda emabhakitiriya, ganda riri kubuda, kana marara.

Humbowo huripo chaizvo pamhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika

Pfupiso yakatendeseka ipfupi. Pane kushandiswa kwakaitwa kare, kutaurwa mumabhuku emishonga, uye kumwe kuyedza pamasalamander kunonyatsobatana nenyaya iyi kwakakundikana. Hapana muyedzo unodzorwa unoratidza kuti methylene blue inoporesa kutapukirwa neSaprolegnia kwatovapo kumaaxolotl akatochochonya.

Kushandiswa kwekare kwakaitika, asi hakuna simba seumbowo. Tsamba yenhau yekare yeIndiana University Axolotl Colony yakachengetwa neUniversity of Kentucky inotsanangura kuiswa kwemethylene blue pazvinhu zvechakuvhe zvaimera pamagill nepazvigunwe, mutsamba yenhau yeboka yakachengetwa. Izvi zvinonyora kuti boka rakaiedza makumi emakore apfuura. Hazvisimbisi huwandu hwakachengeteka hwemushonga mumvura kana chikamu chemhuka dzakapora. Kutaurwa mumabhuku emishonga kunewo humbowo hushoma zvakafanana. Bhuku remishonga raSmith muILAR Journal, rinowanzotaurwa nevamwe, rinoisa methylene blue pakati pemishonga yechakuvhe yemhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika richivakira pane zvinyorwa zvekare. Tafura yemishonga inonyora zvakashumwa, kwete mhedzisiro yemuyedzo, uye huwandu hwemushonga hunonyorwa imomo hwekunyudza mhuka hahufaniri kutorwa senzira dzepamba dzakasimbiswa.

Muyedzo wakananga wesalamander unoratidza zvakasiyana. Muongororo yemasaga ane mazai esalamander Hynobius dunni aiva nekutapukirwa kwakafanana neSaprolegnia, yakabudiswa muThe Herpetological Bulletin, kunyudza mumethylene blue kwakatsanangurwa sekusina kubudirira, asi kubvisa mazai akatapukirwa uye aisagona kurarama nemaoko kana nemidziyo kwakashanda zviri nani. Masaga ane mazai haasi maaxolotl madiki kana akura, uye nhamba yemasampuli akadzokororwa yakanga iri diki, asi uyu ndiwo muyedzo uri pedyo zvikuru nenyaya iyi uye hauna kutsigira dhayi.

Zvinyorwa zvinounganidza ongororo zvinobvumirana pamusoro pekushaikwa kweumbowo. Ongororo ya2022 yesaprolegniosis inoisa methylene blue pakati pemishonga yakashumwa pamhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika, asi inoyambira kuti nzira zhinji dzekurapa mhuka idzi dzakatorwa mukurapa hove pasina kuyedzwa kwakakwana kwekushanda kana kuchengeteka kwadzo pamhuka idzi pachadzo. Yambiro iyoyo ndiyo nzira yakakodzera yekutarisa bhodhoro rose remushonga wehove rinokurukurwa pasi apa.

Mashoko ekuchengeteka haanawo kukwana. Hapana ongororo yeaxolotl ine nhamba yakakwana yemhuka inotsanangura muganhu uri pakati pehuwandu hunorapa nehunokuvadza hwemethylene blue. Chinyorwa chekurapa axolotl pazvipukanana zvekunze chinotaura kunetseka pamusoro pehuturu hwemethylene blue mumhuka yerudzi urwu. Zvinokuvadza zvisingaurayi zvinogona kuitika kunyange mhuka ikararama, sezvakaratidzwa apo kuisa mavara nemethylene blue kwakachinja maitiro evana vematatya nengozi yavo yekubatwa. Kurarama hakusi humbowo hwekuti chinhu hachina zvachinoita mumuviri.

Zvinokurudzirwa nemirayiridzo yevanachiremba vemhuka panzvimbo pazvo

Zvinyorwa zvevanachiremba vemhuka zvinobvumirana pamatanho anotevedzana, uye methylene blue yemhuka yakatochochonya haisi iyo musimboti wawo. Kutevedzana kwacho kunokosha kupfuura chigadzirwa chipi nechipi chimwe chete.

Tanga nemvura. Yera ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, uye tembiricha, bvisa chlorine kana chloramine, uye simbisa kuti sefa iri kushanda. Gwaro reLafeber rekuchengeta axolotl rakaongororwa navanachiremba vemhuka rinoti ammonia nenitrite zvinofanira kuva pazero, nitrate iri pasi pe10 ppm, uye rinoisa kusefa, kuchinja mvura, netembiricha dzinotonhorera muzvinhu zvenguva dzose zvekudzivirira chirwere. Danho iri chikamu chekurapa, kwete chinhu chepadivi, nokuti kukuvadzwa kwerukoko rwerutsvedzerere neammonia kunowedzera mukana wechakuvhe chemumvura.

Tsvaka kuongororwa kwechirwere kana dambudziko richidarika kakwapa kadiki-diki. Chiremba wemhuka anogona kukwenya ronda, kusimbisa kuti chakuvhe chemumvura chiripo, kubvisa nyama yakakuvadzwa panzvimbo yakaganhurirwa pazvinenge zvakakodzera, uye kusiyanisa izvi nekutapukirwa nemabhakitiriya kunoda kutarisirwa kwakasiyana. Zvinyorwa zvemazai ehove inyaya yakasiyana inokurukurwa mugwaro remethylene blue yemazai ehove, uye pfungwa dzakajairika dzematangi ehove dzinokurukurwa mugwaro rezvisarudzo zvekurapa hove dzemuaquarium. Hapana chimwe chezviviri izvi chinongoshanda panyaya yemhuka inorarama mumvura nepanyika.

Shandisa kurapa kwakakodzera axolotl uchitungamirirwa nachiremba wemhuka. MSD inotaura kurapa nemunyu, kubvisa nyama yakakuvadzwa pamaronda akaganhurirwa, uye mishonga yechakuvhe yemhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika sezvingasarudzwa zvichienderana nenyaya. Methylene blue inotaurwa yemazai, kwete seyo inonyanya kukurudzirwa pachirwere cheganda kana chemagill chatovapo. Mirayiridzo yakajairika yemunyu kana kupisa yemhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika inoda kugadziridzwa kuti ienderane nerudzi. Ongororo yekuchengeteka iyo mhuka dzakapiwa nzira dzakasiyana dzichichinjaniswa yakaona kuti kuiswa kwenguva pfupi musodium chloride ye5 ppt hakuna zviratidzo zvakaipa zvakaonekwa, asi 20 ppt yakakonzera zviratidzo zvakaipa pakarepo, sezvakashumwa muzvinyorwa zvemusangano weARAV pamusoro pekutsungirira munyu kweaxolotl. Ongororo iyoyo yakaedza kutsungirira, kwete kupora, asi inoratidza kuti nzira dzine munyu wakawanda hadzifaniri kukopwa zvakananga. Kupisa kune miganhu yakafanana pamhuka inofarira 16 kusvika 18 degrees. Mishonga yechakuvhe inonyorerwa nachiremba iboka rakasiyana nedhayi dzemuaquarium. Kushandiswa kwakananga kweitraconazole kumaaxolotl kurwisa chytrid, kwakashumwa muongororo yekubvisa chirwere muboka remurabhoritari, kwakabvisa kutapukirwa nepurogiramu yakaderedzwa yemushonga asi kwakaramba kuchinyora kufa kwemhuka. Izvi zvinotsigira kuti huwandu hunofanira kutemwa nachiremba wemhuka panzvimbo pekungozvifungira kubva pamutsetse webhuku remishonga.

Tsvaka kuongororwa nachiremba wemhuka nokukurumidza kana zvinhu zvakaita sedonje zvichipararira, zvichibata chikamu chikuru chemadzinde emagill, zvichidzokazve mushure mekugadzirisa kuchengetwa kwemhuka, kana zvichiuya pamwe nekusava nesimba, kusada kudya, kuderera kweuremu, maronda akavhurika, kufamba kwemagill kwakaoma, kana kuramba iri pamusoro pemvura. Mamiriro iwayo anoratidza chirwere chakapararira kana rimwe dambudziko, uye anoda kuongororwa nemaikorosikopu nehurongwa hwakanangana nerudzi rwemhuka, kwete mvura ine mushonga wakasimba kupfuura kare.

Rondedzero yekutarisa kuenderana kwechigadzirwa: enda nayo kuna chiremba wako wemhuka

Rondedzero iyi ndiyo chinhu chekutanga chakagadzirirwa chinyorwa chino. Haikurudziri nzira yekurapa. Inokuudza mibvunzo inofanira kunge yapindurwa nzira ipi neipi isati yasarudzwa. Huya nebhodhoro, mufananidzo wezvakanyorwa pariri, nemhinduro idzi pamusangano nachiremba.

Chekutarisa	Mubvunzo wekupindura	Nei zvichikosha kumaaxolotl
1. Rudzi rwemhuka rwakanyorwa pabhodhoro	Zvakanyorwa zvinotaura mhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika here, kana hove nemazai ehove chete?	Peji rechigadzirwa cheKordon methylene blue rinotsanangura chigadzirwa chehove nemazai ehove chisina kushandiswa kwakanyorwa kwemhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika. Mashoko ehove chete haasi mvumo yekuchishandisa pamhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika.
2. Kuumbwa chaiko kwemushonga	Huwandu hwechinhu chinoshanda mumushonga hwakadii, rondedzero yakazara yezvinoumba mushonga ndeipi, uye nhamba yeboka razvino rakagadzirwa nezuva rekupera kushanda zvinooneka here?	Dhayi dzemuaquarium dzinosiyana pakati pemhando nemapoka akagadzirwa. Pasina kuziva mushonga chaiwo uri mubhodhoro, hapana chiremba wemhuka anogona kuongorora huwandu huchasvika pamhuka, uye nhamba dzemadonhwe dzepaindaneti dzemamwe mabhodhoro hadzishandi pane iri. Unyanzvi hwekuverenga zvakanyorwa pabhodhoro hunobva mugwaro rekuyera huwandu hwemushonga mumvura yekurapa hunobatsira pano.
3. Yambiro yesefa yezvipenyu	Zvakanyorwa pabhodhoro zvinoyambira kusashandisa pamwe nekusefa nezvipenyu here?	Kordon inoyambira kuti dhayi inokanganisa mabhakitiriya anoshandura nitrogen uye inokurudzira kusashandisa mumasisitimu anotsamira pakusefa nezvipenyu. Matangi eaxolotl anotsamira pakusefa ikoko, saka kuisa mushonga mutangi guru kunogona kukonzera dambudziko guru reammonia richiwedzera pakutapukirwa.
4. Zvinoitika kuzvirimwa nezvinhu zvakashandiswa mutangi	Zvakanyorwa zvinotaura kukuvadzwa kwezvirimwa, kusvibiswa kwesilicone nedhayi, kana kubviswa kwayo nekabhoni nezvinhu zvekusefa zvine maburi madiki here?	Yambiro idzi dzinoratidza kuti tangi guru haisi nzvimbo yakakodzera. Mudziyo wekurapira usina zvekushongedza, uchishandiswa pasi pekutungamirirwa nachiremba wemhuka, unodzivirira sisitimu huru, asi unodawo hurongwa hwawo hwekuchengetedza kunaka kwemvura.
5. Kuongororwa kwechirwere kwasimbiswa	Kuongorora nemaikorosikopu kwasimbisa chakuvhe chemumvura here, kana kuti chakuvhe chichiri kungofungidzirwa?	Kumera kwezvinhu zvichena chete hakusarudzi kurapa. Chirwere chemabhakitiriya, chytrid, nekukuvara kunokonzerwa nekubata kana kurovera zvinoda matanho akasiyana.
6. Mvura netembiricha zvanyorwa	Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, netembiricha zvayerwa ndokunyorwa here?	Kugadzirisa mvura chikamu chekuporesa. Kudziyisa axolotl kusvika patembiricha dzehove kana kushandisa mirayiridzo yakajairika ine munyu wakawanda kunogona kuwedzera chimwe chinoinetsa.
7. Danho reupenyu nezviratidzo	Murwere izai, mwana achangobva kuchochonya, mhuka isati yakura, kana yakura, uye pane zviratidzo zvinobata muviri wose here?	Nzira dzemazai hadzishandi zvakananga kumhuka dzisati dzakura kana dzakura dzine magill. Zviratidzo zvinobata muviri wose zvinochinja nyaya kubva pakugadzirisa kuchengetwa kwemhuka kuenda pakuda kurapwa nokukurumidza nachiremba wemhuka.
8. Hurongwa hwechiremba wemhuka hwanyorwa	Chiremba wemhuka atema mushonga, nzvimbo yekuisa mhuka mumushonga, kutarisiswa, kuchinjwa kwemvura, nguva yekugumisa, uye matanho ekutevera kana zvisina kunaka here?	Kunyudza mhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika mumushonga kunoda mutemo wakajeka wekurega uye nguva yekuongororazve. Tangi rebhuruu risina nguva yakatarwa yekugumisa harisi hurongwa.

Kana paine mutsara usina mhinduro, chisarudzo chekurapa hachisati chagadzirira. Mutsara usina kupindurwa chikonzero chekumira wotsvaga rubatsiro, kwete chekusarudza huwandu hwemushonga hwakanyanya.

Misungo yakanangana nevachengeti veaxolotl

Misungo mitatu inoramba ichidzokororwa mumaforamu. Kudziyisa tangi kurwisa chakuvhe kunotora nzira yehove dzemvura inodziya inokuvadza mhuka yemvura inotonhora inochengetwa pedyo ne18 degrees. Kukopa mirayiridzo yakajairika yemunyu yemhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika kunofuratira mashoko ekutsungirira akanangana nerudzi ataurwa pamusoro. Kuisa mushonga muaquarium huru nokuti mudziyo wakasiyana unoita sebasa rakawedzerwa kunoisa sefa yezvipenyu, zvirimwa, nezvinonamira tangi pamwe nedhayi inozivikanwa nekukanganisa mabhakitiriya anoshandura nitrogen. Mudziyo wakasiyana unoshandiswa pasi pekutungamirirwa nachiremba wemhuka uchiri kuda mvura yakabviswa chlorine, kudzora tembiricha, kupinzwa kwemhepo zvinyoronyoro, nehurongwa hwekutarisisa.

Hapana chimwe cheizvi chinoreva kuti methylene blue ine huturu kumaaxolotl mumamiriro ose. Kushandiswa kwayo mumapoka ekare kunoratidza kuti yakaedzwa. Asi kuyedzwa hakusi kusimbiswa, uye kutsungirira kwehove hakusi kuchengeteka kwemhuka dzinorarama mumvura nepanyika. Kusvikira pave nemashoko anobva muongororo dzinodzorwa dzemaaxolotl, inzira isati yasimbiswa. Kushandiswa kwayo, kana kukambova kwakakodzera, kunofanira kuva mukati mehurongwa hwechiremba wemhuka hune chirwere chasimbiswa, nzvimbo yekurapira inoenderana nayo, uye nguva yakajeka yekugumisa.