Chinyorwa
Methylene blue sechiratidzo: zvinonyatsoratidzwa nekuchinja kweruvara
Nyanzvi yerabhoritari inoisa methylene blue mubeaker, yogadzirisa pH, yomirira kuti ruvara ruratidze uasidhi. Hapana chinoshanduka zvakajeka. Panzvimbo pezvo, inoisa donhwe remushonga weascorbic acid, bhuruu yobva yanyangarika. Inozunza flask mumhepo, bhuruu yodzoka. Dhayi imwe chete, maitiro maviri akasiyana zvikuru. Kuvhiringidzika uku ndiko kunonyanya kukurukurwa munyaya ino: methylene blue chiratidzo cheredox chinopindura kufambiswa kwemaerekitironi, kwete chiratidzo chepH chinopindura mapurotoni. Kana musiyano iwoyo wanzwisiswa, zvimwe zvese zvinobva zvajeka.
Mutemo wekushandisa unokwana mumutsara mumwe chete. Bhuruu inoreva kuti chimiro chakaitwa okisidheshoni chiripo. Kusava neruvara kunoreva kuti chimiro chakaitwa ridakishoni, leucomethylene blue, chiripo. Chero chinhu chinofambisa maerekitironi chinogona kuchinja chimiro chacho. Maasidhi nemabesi ega hazvigoni, kunyange zvazvo pH ichichinja volteji panoitika kuchinja uku.
Zvimiro zviviri zviri shure kweruvara
Methylene blue yakaitwa okisidheshoni ndiyo methylthioninium cation, hurongwa hwephenothiazinium hwakati sandara hune marin'i matatu, hunopiwa semunyu wechloride, uyo PubChem inonyora se methylthioninium chloride. Mumvura ine dhayi yakaderera kukonsentresheni, monomer inotora chiedza pedyo ne664 nm, uye kutora chiedza ikoko ndiko kunoita kuti ziso rione bhuruu. Chimiro chinoenderana nayo chakaitwa ridakishoni, leucomethylene blue, chine chimiro chikuru chimwe chete, asi nitrogen iri murin'i yepakati inenge yawedzerwa purotoni uye chromophore yakanganiswa, saka chinenge chisina ruvara uye bhandi racho rakasimba riri muchikamu cheultraviolet (zvakanyorwa nePubChem nezvechimiro cheleuco).
Reakisheni yose inofambisa maerekitironi maviri, asi huwandu hwemapurotoni hunotsamira papH nokuti chimiro chakaitwa ridakishoni chinowedzerwa mapurotoni muasidhi. Tsananguro inoshandiswa sereferensi mukuratidza kemisitiri yeredox inopa potenshiyari yakajairwa iri pedyo ne+0.53 V papH 0 uye potenshiyari yepamutemo iri pedyo ne+0.011 V papH 7, zvichienzaniswa nehydrogen electrode. Pakati pemapoinzi iwayo, potenshiyari inochinja nepH. Voltammetry yemazuva ano muongororo yemaitiro eredox nemapotenshiyari emadhayi inowana anenge 29.5 mV pachikamu chepH kubva papH ingangoita 4 kusvika 10, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ane maerekitironi maviri nepurotoni imwe, uye anenge 88.5 mV pachikamu chepH pazasi pepH 4, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ane maerekitironi maviri nemapurotoni matatu. Naizvozvo potenshiyari yakataurwa pasina pH yayo haina zvainoreva. Gara uchibvunza kuti mwero upi wekuchinja uye electrode ipi yereferensi zviri shure kwenhamba yacho, nokuti zviyero zvinotaurwa zvichienzaniswa nemareferensi esirivha hazvigoni kuenzaniswa zvakananga nezviyero zvichienzaniswa nechikero chehydrogen. Chimiro nehunhu zviri pahwaro ndizvo zvinogadza chromophore, uye peji rinofambidzana neiri pamusoro pemagadzirirwo ekuverenga redox rinotsanangura kushandiswa kwezvimiro zviviri izvi pakusarudza musanganiswa.
Nzvimbo iyoyo yepakati pachikero chepotenshiyari ndiyo inoita kuti dhayi ibatsire. PapH 7 iri pakati pezvinhu zvisina kusimba zvikuru zvinokonzera okisidheshoni: yakasimba zvakakwana kutora maerekitironi kubva kune zvinopa zvakanaka zvakaita seascorbate kana NAD(P)H, asi isina kusimba zvekutadza kuaendesa kuokisijeni yakanyunguduka kana kunzvimbo dzine iron yechimiro cheferric. Saka inotenderera pakati pezvimiro zvayo pane kunamira mune chimwe chete. Ridakishoni inoibvisa ruvara. Mhepo inoidzosera kuokisidheshoni. Nzira yacho yakafanana kumativi ese.
Nei mibvunzo yepH ichiramba ichimuka
Zvinhu zvitatu zvinokonzera kuvhiringidzika zvinoramba zvichionekwa mumarabhoritari nemumakirasi, uye chimwe nechimwe chine tsananguro yakajeka inochigadzirisa.
Chekutanga, pH inoshandura potenshiyari, izvo zvinoita sekupindura pH. Simudza pH uye zvimiro zviviri izvi zvinova nyore kuita ridakishoni pachiyero cheelectrode chisina kuchinjwa, saka chinopa maerekitironi chimwe chete chinobvisa ruvara rwedhayi nekukurumidza. Asi hapana danho rekuwedzera mapurotoni roga rinounza kuchinja kwakajeka kubva pabhuruu kuenda pakusava neruvara mumuganhu unowanzoshandiswa. Ongororo yakadzama ya2025 yehunhu hwemethylene blue inotaura kuti panonyanya kutorwa chiedza pa665 nm hapana kushanduka kunokosha kubva papH 2 kusvika 12, paine kungochinja kudiki kwehuwandu hwechiedza chinotorwa. Mapurotoni anogadzirisa volteji. Maerekitironi anochinja ruvara.
Chechipiri, zita riri muhurongwa hwekuronga ruzivo rinotsausa. PubChem parizvino inopinza chikamu chebasa kubva kuChEBI chinoti dhayi iyi chiratidzo cheasidhi-besi. Chiratidzo ichocho hachifaniri kutorwa seuchapupu hwekuti methylene blue inoita sephenolphthalein kana methyl red. Mukushanda kwakajairwa mumvura, haiiti saizvozvo.
Chechitatu, musanganiswa weTashiro unokwereta zita racho. Chiratidzo cheTashiro musanganiswa wemethyl red nemethylene blue umo methyl red ndiyo inopa mhinduro yeasidhi-besi uye methylene blue ichipa hwaro hwebhuruu hunoonekwa, ichishandura kuchinja kubva kutsvuku kuenda kuyero kuita kuchinja kwemusanganiswa kunonyatsooneka. Imwe fomura yeTashiro inotengeswa inotaura pH 4.4 kusvika 6.2, nepo fomura yakatsanangurwa yeITW Reagents ichiti inobva patsvuku-violet papH 4.4 kuenda kugirini papH 5.8. Hapana pamiganhu iyi panotsanangura kuchinja kwemethylene blue pachayo. Dhayi iyi ndiyo inobatsira kusiyanisa mavara, kwete iyo inoona pH.
Pane mamiriro ari pamucheto anoda yambiro. PapH ingangoita 13, mamiriro ane arikari yakasimba anogona kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yemethylene-violet zvine ruvara kubva kutsvuku kusvika kupingi kuburikidza nehydrolysis isingadzokeri shure. Pingi iyoyo kuparara, kwete magumo anoratidzwa nechiratidzo. Itore sechiratidzo chekuti mushonga uraswe, kwete kuti uverengwe.
Painoshanda sechiratidzo cheredox
Kushandiswa kwayo kwechinyakare ndiko taitresheni yeLane-Eynon yeshuga dzinokonzera ridakishoni. Mushonga weFehling une arikari uchipisa unoitwa taitresheni neshuga, uye methylene blue inoiswa pedyo nemagumo; bhuruu yasara inonyangarika kana simba reshuga rekuita ridakishoni rapfuura rinodiwa necopper(II). Maitiro eAOAC Lane-Eynon anochengeta musanganiswa uchifashaira kuitira kuti kubuda kwemhute kuderedze kudzoserwa kuokisidheshoni nemhepo, kazhinji pachishandiswa madonhwe mashoma emushonga wedhayi. Kuchinja kweruvara kunoratidza kuti hapasisina copper inogona kuitwa ridakishoni, zvinova zvinotaura nezveredox muflask, kwete nezvepH.
Taitrimetry yekare yaishandisa pfungwa imwe chete kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Dhayi yakaderera kukonsentresheni yaigona kutsiva starch mune dzimwe taitresheni dzeiodimetry umo alcohol yaiita kuti starch isakodzere, pakukonsentresheni yekushandisa pedyo ne0.05 g parita, kunyange zvazvo dhayi yakawandisa ichiisa njodzi yekugadzira kombaundi yeiodine nedhayi sezvakaratidzwa naSinnatt muna1912. Mabhuku akaunganidza nzira dzekushanda anonyorawo dhayi iyi kuti ishandiswe mutitanometry neiodometry. Nzira yaGal yeascorbic acid ya1936 yaiita ridakishoni yedhayi nezvakatorwa zvine vitamin C, yobva yaita taitresheni yekudzokera shure yedhayi yasara netitanium trichloride. Nzira iyoyo iye zvino ndeyenhoroondo pane kuva inogara ichishandiswa, asi inoratidza maitiro acho: chinopa maerekitironi chinoita ridakishoni yebhuruu kusvika pasisina ruvara, uye kunyangarika kwebhuruu ndiwo magumo.
Nzira dzekuyera okisijeni yakanyunguduka dzinoshandisa zvimiro zviviri izvozvo dzichidzokera nenzira yakapesana. Imwe nzira yakabudiswa inotanga nokuita ridakishoni yedhayi neglucose muethanol ine mvura nearikari, yozorega okisijeni yakanyunguduka ichiita okisidheshoni yechimiro cheleuco chisina ruvara kuti chidzokere kubhuruu pakarepo, ichiverenga pedyo ne600 nm kusvika paanenge 13 micrograms pa milliliter sezvakatsanangurwa naOkumura naHashitani. Usavhiringidza izvi netaitresheni yeWinkler yechinyakare yeokisijeni yakanyunguduka, ine magumo anoratidzwa nestarch; NOAA Winkler SOP inotaura starch ingangoita 1 percent. Nzira dzemethylene blue dzeokisijeni iboka rakasiyana rine kuchinja kweruvara kunoenda nenzira yakapesana.
Bhodhoro rebhuruu remukirasi rinoshandisa zvimiro zviviri izvi pamwero mudiki: glucose mumushonga une arikari inoita ridakishoni yedhayi yebhuruu ichiiita chimiro chisina ruvara painosiyiwa yakamira, uye kuzunza kunonyungudutsa okisijeni inoidzosera kuokisidheshoni yebhuruu. Maitiro akazara nezvinodzora zvawo zviri pakuratidzira kwebhodhoro rebhuruu, uye nzvimbo dzemabhandi nekuchinja kunokonzerwa nekuungana kwemamorekuru zviri papeji remaspektra nezvinokonzerwa nekukonsentresheni. Nyaya ino inochengeta mashandiro acho chete, nokuti maitiro nemaspektra chimwe nechimwe chinoda mamiriro acho.
Chati yezvimiro zveruvara: zvimiro, mamiriro, miganhu
Tafura iyi ndiyo referensi yepakutanga yenyaya ino. Verenga mutsara wese usati wavimba nechero magumo.
| Chimiro | Chitarisiko | Mamiriro anochigadzira | Zvachinoratidza | Muganhuro |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monomer yakaitwa okisidheshoni, yakaderera kukonsentresheni, ineutral | Bhuruu yakadzika, panonyanya kutorwa chiedza pedyo ne664 nm | Mushonga wakazadzwa nemhepo, pasina chinopa maerekitironi | Chimiro chekutanga chakagadzirira kushanda | Pakukonsentresheni yakakwirira nzvimbo panonyanya kutorwa chiedza inoswedera ku610 nm nokuda kwekuumbwa kwemadimer, saka ongorora ruvara chete mushure mekuderedza kukonsentresheni |
| Chimiro cheleuco chakaitwa ridakishoni, chineutral | Chisina ruvara | Chinopa maerekitironi chiripo (glucose mubesi, ascorbate, dithionite, NAD(P)H ine chinokurumidzisa reakisheni) | Simba rekuita ridakishoni rapfuura rinodiwa nechiratidzo | Mhepo inoidzosera kuokisidheshoni, saka magumo anodzokera kubhuruu kunze kwekunge mhepo yabviswa kana mamiriro ayo aitwa akaenzana |
| Chimiro cheleuco, chine asidhi | Chisina ruvara | Zvinopa maerekitironi zvimwe chete muasidhi, nekuwedzerwa mamwe mapurotoni kuleuco | Zvakafanana nezviri pamusoro papotenshiyari yakachinjwa | Mwero wekuchinja kwepotenshiyari unowedzera pazasi pepH 4, saka kalibresheni yepH 7 haigoni kungoshandiswa ipapo |
| Musanganiswa weTashiro, une asidhi | Tsvuku-violet | pH iri pazasi peinenge 4.4 mumusanganiswa wemethyl red nemethylene blue | Uasidhi, hunoratidzwa nemethyl red | Unoratidza methyl red, kwete methylene blue; usautaurira semuganhu wepH wemethylene blue |
| Musanganiswa weTashiro, pedyo nepH 5.8 kusvika 6.2 | Girini kusvika kugirini ine grey | Musanganiswa mumwe chete pedyo nemagumo epamusoro ekuchinja kwawo | Zvakafanana nezviri pamusoro | Zvinotsamira pafomura; tarisa bhodhoro, kwete zvaunorangarira |
| Yakaparara, ine arikari yakasimba | Pingi kusvika kutsvuku | pH pedyo ne13, kupisa, kugara mubesi kwenguva refu | Hydrolysis isingadzokeri shure ichigadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yeviolet | Haidzokeri shure nekuzunza; rasa uye gadzira patsva |
| Yakabviswa ruvara nechiedza | Bhuruu yakapera simba ine spektramu yakachinjwa | Chiedza chinoonekwa chakasimba, kunyanya kana zvinopa maerekitironi zviripo | Mamwe mareakisheni anofambiswa nechiedza, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa zvakabviswa mapoka emethyl | Dzivirira mishonga yekuenzanisa pachiedza, sezvakaratidzwa nebasa rephotoridakishoni nechiedza chinoonekwa |
Zvinokanganisa zvinoita kuti magumo asajeka
Mhepo ndiyo inofanira kutanga kufungidzirwa pose panoshanduka magumo. Chimiro cheleuco chinokurumidza kudzoserwa kuokisidheshoni, kunyanya mumasisitimu ane arikari, saka taitresheni yakanga isisina ruvara inogona kuva bhuruu zvakare painosiyiwa yakamira kana kutenderedzwa nesimba. Bvisa mhepo panodiwa kuti mamiriro arambe akafanana, ita kuti kuzunza kuitwe zvakafanana, uye verenga panguva yakatarwa.
Chiedza ndicho chechipiri chinofanira kufungidzirwa. Dhayi iyi inoita mareakisheni emakemikari anokonzerwa nechiedza, uye kuiratidzira chiedza paine zvinopa maerekitironi kunogona kuibvisa ruvara nenzira dzinosanganisira zvigadzirwa zvakabviswa mapoka emethyl. Chengeta mishonga yedhayi inoshandiswa pakuongorora murima uye usayera magumo pasi pemarambi akasimba epabhenji.
Kukonsentresheni ndiko kwechitatu. Cation yakaitwa okisidheshoni inoungana kuita madimer nezvimwe zvikamu zvikuru zvakaungana, zvine bhandi rakachinjwa riri pedyo ne610 kusvika 615 nm, saka mushonga wakakwirira kukonsentresheni unoita seusiri panzvimbo inotarisirwa yekutora chiedza kunyange usina tsvina. Deredza kukonsentresheni kusvika pamamiriro emonomer usati waongorora maspektra kana magumo.
Zvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvisinganyatsooneki zvinokanganisa zviyero zvinofanirwa kutaurwa nokuti zvinonyanya kukanganisa basa rekukonsentresheni yakaderera. Dhayi iyi inonamira pamiganhu pakati pegirazi nemvura pamwero unoyerwa, izvo zvinotsausa zviyero zvemishonga yekuenzanisa yakaderera kukonsentresheni nemwero wekufamba kwemareakisheni; midziyo kana macuvette epolymer ndiyo mhinduro panodiwa kururama. Uye dhayi inotengeswa inogona kuva netsvina dzethiazine dzinoenderana nayo kusanganisira Azure B, idzo ongororo dzekuchenesa dzekare dzakabvisa zvakananga, saka basa rekuongorora rinofanira kutsanangura giredhi pane kufungidzira kuti bhodhoro rega rega rakanyorwa methylene blue rakafanana mumakemikari. Tsananguro yespektra ine udzame pamusoro pekuchinja kunokonzerwa nekuungana kwemamorekuru yakaiswa papeji remaspektra nemaune.
Rondedzero pfupi yekutarisa pabhenji
Shandisa buffer mumushonga uye nyora pH padivi pepotenshiyari imwe neimwe nemagumo ese. Gadza mamiriro eokisijeni: kufashaira nemhute inovhara pamusoro pabasa remhando yeLane-Eynon, chifukidziro chegasi risingapindi mumareakisheni kana nguva yakatarwa kune mamwe mabasa. Shanda pakukonsentresheni yakaderera zvakakwana kuti uone monomer, dzivirira mishonga pachiedza, sarudza midziyo yepolymer pakukonsentresheni yakaderera, uye nyora giredhi redhayi. Kana chinangwa chiri pH chaiyo, shandisa chiratidzo cheasidhi-besi chaicho kana musanganiswa weTashiro wakatsanangurwa, uye taura muganhu wemusanganiswa semuganhu wemusanganiswa, kwete semuganhu wemethylene blue.
Pfungwa yacho inoramba yakazara kana mitemo iyi yatevedzwa. Methylene blue inoratidza chimiro cheokisidheshoni zvakajeka zvisingawanzoitiki nokuti zvimiro zvayo zviviri zvinotora chiedza chinoonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana zvikuru. Tora ruvara sechiyero cheredox chakaverengwa papH yakataurwa, mumamiriro eokisijeni nechiedza akataurwa, uye negiredhi redhayi rakataurwa, uye inobva yakodzera nzvimbo yayo mutaitresheni. Itore selitmus uye icharamba ichikutsausa nguva dzose.