Chinyorwa
Methylene blue mukupfuya hove nehove dzekudya: mashandisirwo nezvirambidzo
Koi necarp zvinogona kuva hove dzerudzi rumwe chete. Musiyano unokosha hausi wezvinhu zvipenyu. Uri pane kwadzinozoenda. Imwe inoshambira mudziva remubindu uye haimbopindi muketani yekugadzira chikafu. Imwe inopfuyiwa kuti idyiwe nevanhu, uye kemikari yose yainosangana nayo inotongwa nemutemo wekuchengeteka kwechikafu. Methylene blue iri pamuganhu uyu chaiwo: kune rimwe divi iri mushonga unozivikanwa munzvimbo dzinochochonyerwa hove nemumatangi ehove, kune rimwe iri chinhu chisina kubvumidzwa pahove dzekudya.
Kuvhiringidzika kunovapo nokuti mamiriro acho maviri anotaridzika zvakafanana. Kunyudza mazai mumvura yebhuruu munzvimbo inochochonya hove dzekushongedza kunotaridzika zvakangofanana nekuita izvozvo munzvimbo inochochonya hove dzekudya. Mvura ine ruvara rumwe chete. Maitirwo acho anotaridzika zvakafanana. Mitemo yacho yakasiyana zvachose.
Zvinoshandisirwa methylene blue munzvimbo dzinochochonyerwa hove nemumatangi ehove
Methylene blue yave ichishandiswa mukupfuya hove kwemakumi emakore, zvikurukuru pakurapa mazai. Chinonyanya kunangwa nayo iSaprolegnia, chakuvhe chemumvura chinokura pamazai akafa kana asina kuberekeswa, chozopararira kumazai mapenyu. Mabhuku ekare enzvimbo dzinochochonyerwa hove anotsanangura kunyudza kwakadaro kwecarp mubhuku reFAO pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwehove diki dzecarp, uye kwesturgeon mubhuku reFAO renzvimbo dzinochochonyerwa sturgeon. Magwaro aya anonyora maitiro ekuchengeta hove epanguva yawo. Haasi mvumo dzemazuva ano dzekushandisa pahove dzekudya, nyaya inodzokororwa mutafura iri pasi apa.
Pahove dzekushongedza, zvigadzirwa zviripo zvino zvinoti zvinorapa utachiona hwechakuvhe huri pamusoro pemuviri nemamwe maprotozoa ari kunze kwemuviri. Peji rechigadzirwa cheKordon methylene blue rinonyora utachiona hwechakuvhe pamazai, utachiona hwechakuvhe pamusoro pemuviri wehove, uye utachiona hunotevera humwe hunokonzerwa nemaprotozoa ari kunze kwemuviri anosanganisira Ichthyophthirius (ich), Chilodonella, neCostia. Rinotsanangurawo dhayi iyi sechinobatsira pakugadzirisa kuiswa muchetura nenitrite necyanide mumatangi ehove. Pane miganhu miviri iri parebhuru iri inoda kucherechedzwa. Wokutanga, Kordon inoti chigadzirwa ichi hachina kuitirwa Oodinium (velvet), saka zvinotaurwa zvakawanda padandemutande kuti methylene blue yoga inoporesa velvet zvinopfuura zvinotsigirwa nemugadziri uyu. Wechipiri, uye unonyanya kukosha pachinyorwa chino, Kordon inoti chigadzirwa ichi hachina kuitirwa kushandiswa pahove dzekudya pasi pemitemo yeUS FDA neEPA. Saka kuwanikwa kwechigadzirwa chematangi ehove hakusi humbowo hwekuti chakabvumidzwa muketani yekugadzira chikafu.
Mwero wemushonga mumvura yekunyudza wakanyorwa mumabhuku unosiyana zvikuru, izvo pachazvo zvinoyambira kuti tisangotevedzera mabikirwo kubva pane mamwe mamiriro tichiaisa pane mamwe. Kordon inonyora inenge 3 ppm kwemazuva akati wandei pakurapa mumatangi ehove, kushandisa 3 ppm kamwe chete pamazai, uye kunyudza mu50 ppm kwenguva isingapfuuri 10 seconds. Zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo dzinochochonyerwa hove zvinotaura miwero kubva pakunyika mu0.1 ppm kusvika pakunyudza mu50 kusvika 100 mg/L kweawa mumabhuku ekare. Zvitorei semienzaniso yezvakabudiswa, kwete semazano anogona kutsivana. Rudzi rwehove, danho rehupenyu, mamiriro emakemikari emvura, uye chinzvimbo chacho pamutemo zvose zvinoshandura zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo. Vaverengi vanoshanda nehove dzekushongedza vanofanira kutevedzera maitiro ekuyera mushonga mumatangi ehove, uye vanoshanda nemazai vanofanira kutevedzera mirayiridzo yemazai nenzvimbo dzinochochonyerwa hove pane kuzvifungira kubva muchidimbu ichi.
Imwezve yambiro inobva pahove dzemurabhoritari. Nzvimbo dzinochengetera zebrafish dzinogara dzichiwedzera methylene blue mumvura yekurera mazai ane hove dzichiri kuumbwa pamwero weinenge 0.00005 kusvika 0.0001 percent. Ongororo ya2025 yakawana kuti kunyange miwero iyi inoshandiswa pakuchengeta hove yakashandura mashandisirwo eoxygen mukugadzira simba mumatanho ekutanga ekukura, ichitanga nekuwedzera kushandiswa kweoxygen uye yozoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba muhove diki dzinenge dzachochonya, sezvakataurwa murekodhi rinowanikwa pachena rePMID 39856203. Zvakawanikwa izvi hazvigoni kungoiswa zvakananga pakupfuya hove dzekudya, asi zvinotsigira pfungwa yakazara: mushonga unoratidzika sousina zvauri kuita nokuti hove dzinotaridzika dzakajairika unogona kuramba uchichinja mashandiro emuviri. Ndokusaka vanodzora mitemo vachida mashoko ezvisaririra nekuchengeteka pane kungotarisa chitarisiko.
Pfungwa inosarudza zvose: mhuka inogadzirirwa chikafu
Vanodzora mitemo havasarudzi boka remethylene blue nokubvunza kana ichishanda. Vanobvunza kuti mhuka iri kurapwa ichashandisirwa chii. Hove inopfuyiwa kuti idyiwe nevanhu imhuka inogadzirirwa chikafu, uye mushonga upi noupi unoshandiswa pairi unoda mvumo pasi pemitemo yemhuka dzechikafu, paine miganhu yakatarwa yezvisaririra uye nguva dzekumirira mushure memushonga. Hove yekushongedza isingazombodyiwi inotongwa nemimwe mitemo yezvigadzirwa, uko miganhu yezvisaririra muchikafu isingashandi asi mvumo yemakemikari ekurapa mhuka ingangoramba ichidiwa.
Kusanzwisisa musiyano uyu kunounza zvikanganiso zvitatu. Nzvimbo inochochonya hove inorapa mazai kana hove diki dzakanangana neketani yekugadzira chikafu sokunge ndedzekushongedza, nokuti dzichiri diki uye kuchine nguva refu dzisati dzakohwewa. Muridzi wemhuka dzinochengetwa pamusha anosunungura kana kutengesa hove dzekushongedza, dzakadai secarp, kuti dzishandiswe sechikafu asingazivi kuti zita rerudzi rwadzo roga harisarudzi mutemo unoshanda. Uye mutengi anoverenga rebhuru rechigadzirwa chematangi ehove ofungidzira kuti kuwanikwa muzvitoro kunoreva kuti chakabvumidzwa maererano nekuchengeteka kwechikafu. Muzviitiko zvose izvi, chikanganiso chakafanana: kushandisa pfungwa yehove dzekushongedza apo panotonga pfungwa yehove dzekudya. Miganhu yakasiyana yekuenderana nemasefa, zvinomera, nematangi inoratidza pfungwa imwe chete mukati metangi rehove: mamiriro acho ndiwo anosarudza kana mushonga wakakodzera kushandiswa ipapo.
Tafura yekutarisa nyika nemamiriro ekupfuya
Tafura iyi ndiyo pokutarisa mashoko makuru echinyorwa chino. Inopfupisa kana methylene blue yakabvumidzwa pahove dzekudya uye kuti kushandiswa pahove dzekushongedza kunomira sei munzvimbo shanu dzine mitemo yadzo. Mashoko akasarudzwa nokungwarira: munzvimbo zhinji mashoko akarurama ndeokuti "haina kubvumidzwa" kana "haina kupiwa mvumo," izvo zvakasiyana nekurambidzwa kwakadomwa pachena mumutemo.
| Nzvimbo ine mitemo yayo | Hove dzekudya: yakabvumidzwa here? | Mamiriro ehove dzekushongedza nedzisiri dzekudya | Sangano rinotonga |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nyika Dzakabatana dzeAmerica | Kwete. Hapana mushonga wemethylene blue wakabvumidzwa neFDA pahove dzekudya unooneka parondedzero yeFDA yemishonga yakabvumidzwa pakupfuya mhuka dzemumvura. Zvigadzirwa zvisiri parondedzero zvinotengeswa kuti zvishandiswe pahove dzekudya mishonga yemhuka isina kubvumidzwa maererano netsamba yeFDA kunyanzvi dzekupfuya mhuka dzemumvura. Cherechedzai: izvi hazvisi kunyorwa pasi pemutemo unorambidza kushandiswa kusiri parebhuru uri pa21 CFR 530.41; "haina kubvumidzwa" ndiwo mashoko chaiwo. | Zvigadzirwa zvematangi ehove zviripo, asi kutengeswa muzvitoro hakuratidzi mvumo yeFDA, uye kutevedzerwa kwemitemo yezvisaririra kunotsanangurwa mugwaro reFDA rezvokudya zvemumvura zvakapfuyiwa kunoshanda kana hove dzangopinda muketani yekugadzira chikafu. Kushandiswa kusiri parebhuru kunoitwa nachiremba wemhuka pasi pe21 CFR 530.20 kunoda matanho ekuchengeteka kwechikafu uye hakugadzi mvumo yakazara. | FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine |
| Mubatanidzwa weEurope | Kwete. Zvinhu zvinobvumidzwa pamhuka dzinogadzirirwa chikafu zviri muTafura 1 yeMutemo (EU) No 37/2010, unotsanangurwa mugwaro reEMA pamusoro pemiganhu yepamusoro yezvisaririra. Methylene blue haina kunyorwa imomo, saka mashoko akarurama ndeokuti "haibvumidzwi pamhuka dzinogadzirirwa chikafu." | Hove dzekushongedza dzisiri dzekudya hadzipindi munyaya yemiganhu yezvisaririra, asi chigadzirwa chekurapa mhuka chichiri kuda mvumo yakakodzera pasi pemitemo inoshanda. | European Commission, EMA |
| Humambo Hwakabatana | Kwete pasi pehurongwa hwemhuka dzechikafu. Northern Ireland inotevedzera mitemo yeTafura 1 yeEU; Great Britain inoda hwaro hweMRL murejista yeGB kana chinzvimbo chekuti chinhu hachipindi munyaya yeMRL chisati chashandiswa pamhuka dzechikafu pasi pegwaro reVMD reCascade nemitemo yeVMD yemiganhu yepamusoro yezvisaririra. Hapana hwaro hunokodzera hwakawanikwa hwemethylene blue pahove dzekudya. | Kushandiswa pahove dzekushongedza inyaya yakasiyana yemvumo yechigadzirwa uye hakufaniri kufungidzirwa kuti kunoshandawo pahove dzinopinda muketani yekugadzira chikafu. | Veterinary Medicines Directorate |
| Canada | Kwete. Methylene blue haisi parondedzero yeHealth Canada yemishonga yakabvumidzwa pamhuka dzemumvura dzinogadzirirwa chikafu, sezvinotsanangurwa mumutemo weHealth Canada wemishonga yekupfuya mhuka dzemumvura. Kushandiswa kusiri parebhuru kunotungamirirwa nachiremba wemhuka pasi pemutemo weCanada weELDU uye nzira dzekubvumidza kuwanikwa mumamiriro echimbichimbi zvinoshanda pazviitiko zvishoma chete, hazvisi mvumo dzakazara. | Zvinogoneka chete pasi pemitemo yeCanada yemvumo inoshanda; kungoti "hazvisi zvekudya" hakuratidzi kuti chigadzirwa chinotengeswa zviri pamutemo. | Health Canada, CFIA |
| Australia | Hapana mvumo yepahove dzekudya yakawanikwa. APVMA inoda kunyoreswa kana mvumo yezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari ekurapa mhuka, maererano negwaro rayo rekunyoresa. Zvigadzirwa zvehove dzekushongedza zvine methylene blue zvakanyoreswa, zvakadai semusanganiswa wematangi ehove uri parebhuru reAPVMA Multi Cure, ukuwo mvumo iripo yemethylene blue yembwa chete ichibvisa pachena marudzi emhuka dzinogadzirirwa chikafu (mvumo yeAPVMA PER13488). Kubviswa ikoko kunoshanda pamvumo iyoyo chete uye hakufaniri kutaurwa sokurambidzwa kunoshanda kwose. | Zvigadzirwa zvakanyoreswa zvematangi ehove dzekushongedza zviripo; kushandiswa pahove dzekudya kungada hwaro hwazvo hwemutemo. | APVMA |
Vaverengi dzimwe nguva vanobvunza nezvemalachite green somuenzaniso wakatangira uyu. Kuenzanisa uku kunobatsira kusvika pane imwe nzvimbo chete. Malachite green ine nhoroondo yayo yakajeka yekutevedzerwa kwemitemo yezvisaririra munzvimbo dzinoverengeka, ukuwo methylene blue iri pachinzvimbo chakasiyana: haisi parondedzero dzezvinobvumidzwa, pane kuti ive yakadomwa mukurambidzwa kumwe chete. Kushandisa nhoroondo yemalachite green seuchapupu hwokuti methylene blue inoiswa muboka rimwe chete kungava kusiri iko.
Nei kumirira kwenguva yakareba kusiri nguva yekumirira yakatenderwa mushure memushonga
Nguva yekumirira mushure memushonga inguva yakabvumidzwa nevanodzora mitemo, yakatorwa pamashoko ekuderera kwezvisaririra, inoratidza kuti zvisaririra zviri munyama inodyiwa zvinodzikira pasi pemuganhu wemutemo nenguva yakatarwa. Health Canada neAPVMA zvose zvinobatanidza nguva dzekumirira nemashoko akadaro. Pachinhu chisina kubvumidzwa uye chisina muganhu wakatarwa, hapana nhamba yemazuva ekumirira inosarudzwa nemushandisi inogona kungogadzira nguva yekumirira yakabvumidzwa pasina hwaro.
Pane imwe nzira yakasiyana ine zvinodiwa zvinofanira kuzadziswa. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinobvumira chiremba wemhuka kutara nguva yekumirira pakushandiswa kusiri parebhuru kuburikidza nenzira inozivikanwa, yakadai seAMDUCA muUS, kushandiswa kwemishonga kusiri parebhuru muCanada, Cascade muUK, kana zviga zvechiremba wemhuka nezvekushandiswa kudiki muAustralia. Icho chiito chenyanzvi chakanangana nechiitiko chimwe chete, chiri mukati mehurongwa hwemutemo hune matanho ekudzivirira njodzi yezvisaririra. Hazvina kufanana nekutaura kwemugadziri nguva yekumirira yakabvumidzwa, uye mumamiriro eEU neNorthern Ireland kusavapo kwechinzvimbo cheMRL kunoramba kuri chipingamupinyi chekutanga chisingagadziriswi nekumirira kwenguva yakareba.
Mazano anoshanda kumapoka evaverengi
Nzvimbo dzinochochonya trout, salmon, tilapia, catfish, kana carp kuti dzidyiwe dzinofanira kutora methylene blue sechisingawanikwi kuti chishandiswe muketani yadzo yekugadzira, kunze kwekunge chiremba wemhuka awana nzira iri pamutemo munzvimbo yavo uye atora mutoro wekutevedzerwa kwemitemo yezvisaririra. Mabikirwo ekare emvura yekunyudza mazai haapfuuri izvi. Mazai nehove diki dzakanangana neketani yekugadzira chikafu zvinoverengwa sechikamu cheketani iyoyo.
Vanochengeta hove mumatangi, vanochengeta koi, nevaridzi vegoldfish vanochengeta hove dzisingazombodyiwi vanoshanda kudivi rehove dzekushongedza remuganhu uyu. Shandisai zvigadzirwa zvine marebhuru anoratidza chinangwa ichocho, tevedzerai rebhuru, uye musaendese hove dzekushongedza kumadziva ehove dzekudya.
Vanachiremba vemhuka vanofanira kusimbisa kuti chiitiko chacho chinotongwa nehurongwa hupi: kutanga matafura emvumo, kwozotevera mitemo yekushandiswa kusiri parebhuru kana yeCascade, kwozotevera magwaro ezvisaririra. Kuwanikwa muzvitoro zvemhuka, miwero yemishonga inotaurwa pamaforamu evanofarira hove, uye mabhuku ekare enzvimbo dzinochochonyerwa hove mashoko ekuchengeta hove, kwete mvumo.
Pfungwa iri pasi pezvose iri nyore kana yataurwa zvakajeka. Methylene blue yakawana nzvimbo yayo mumatireyi emazai nemumakabati ezvigadzirwa zvematangi ehove kuburikidza nemakumi emakore emigumisiro inooneka pakurwisa chakuvhe chemumvura neutachiona hunorarama kunze kwemuviri. Kugadzirwa kwechikafu kunobvunza mubvunzo wechipiri usingapindurwi nemigumisiro inooneka: chii chinosara munyama, uye ndiani akasimbisa kuti chakachengeteka. Kusvikira nzvimbo ine mitemo yayo yapindura mubvunzo iwoyo kuburikidza nehurongwa hwayo hwekupa mvumo, kunyudza mumvura yebhuruu kunoramba kuri kudivi rehove dzekushongedza remuganhu uyu.