Chinyorwa
Kuedza MBAS: kuyera masurfactant eanion uchishandisa methylene blue
Muedzo weMBAS unoyera zvinhu zvinodyidzana nemethylene blue pasi penzira yakatarwa yekubudisa zvinhu musampuli. Marabhoritari anoushandisa kufungidzira huwandu hwemasurfactant eanion mumvura. Unopa kuyerwa kweboka rezvinhu, kwete kuzivikanwa kwemorekuru rega rega remushonga wekusuka riri musampuli.
Musiyano iwoyo unokosha kana mushumo uchiti “masurfactant eanion seMBAS.” Mhedzisiro inogona kubatsira pakuenzanisa mashandiro enzira yekuchenesa mvura pasina kuratidza kuti isurfactant ipi iripo. Inogonawo kuchinja nokuti musanganiswa wezvimwe zvinhu zviri musampuli wachinja, kunyange huwandu hwesurfactant iri kutsvakwa husina kuchinja.
Zvinoyerwa nechiratidzo cheruvara rwebhuruu
MBAS zvinoreva zvinhu zvinodyidzana nemethylene blue. Methylene blue idhayi ine chaji yepositive. Zvinhu zvakakodzera zvine chaji yenegative zvinobatana nayo zvogadzira mapeya emaion anogona kupinda muchinonyungudutsa cheorganic. Rabhoritari inoyera ruvara rwebhuruu muchinonyungudutsa ichocho pane kungoverenga ruvara rwemvura yekutanga.
Tsananguro yekare yeEPA Method 425.1 inotsanangura hwaro uhu hwekubudisa zvinhu musampuli uye inotaura pachena kuti muedzo uyu haugoni kusiyanisa mhando dzemasurfactant dzakabatana pamwe nemaizoma adzo. Nzvimbo yaunoshandiswa inosanganisira mvura yekunwa, mvura yepamusoro penyika, nemarara emudzimba neemumaindasitiri, asi haisanganisiri mvura ine munyu. Zvinotaurwa nezvenzvimbo yekushandisa izvi ndezvenzira iyoyo; hazvifaniri kungonzi zvinoshandawo pamiedzo yose yemasurfactant inotengeswa.
Mhedzisiro inoenderana nechinhu chinoshandiswa pakugadzirisa kuyerwa. Kana rabhoritari ichigadzirisa kuyerwa ichishandisa linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, kana kuti LAS, mashoko okuti “mg/L seLAS” anoratidza chiratidzo chakaonekwa pachiyero chechinhu ichocho. Hazviratidzi kuti zvinhu zvose zvinopa chiratidzo iLAS. Bvunza nezvechinhu chinoshandiswa pakugadzirisa kuyerwa nehwaro hwekushuma pese paunoenzanisa mhedzisiro inobva kumarabhoritari akasiyana.
Rabhoritari inofanira kutaura nzira ipi?
Pamiedzo inoenderana neUnited States Clean Water Act, tafura yazvino yenzira iri muna 40 CFR 136.3 inonyora Standard Methods 5540 C-2021 ne ASTM D2330-20 pakuyera masurfactant kuburikidza nekuongorora ruvara rwemethylene blue. Simbisa zvinodiwa nemvumo inoshanda pamwe nenzvimbo yekushanda yerabhoritari usati waikumbira ongororo yekutevedzera mitemo.
EPA 425.1 ichiri kubatsira segwaro renhoroondo, asi mashoko ayo ekare emvumo haatsivi kuongorora tafura yazvino. Kungoti “nzira yeMBAS” hakupi referensi yenzira yakakwana: isa nhamba yenzira neshanduro yayo pamushumo.
Uyewo siyanisa MBAS nemimwe miedzo yemasurfactant inoshandisa ruvara. Somuenzaniso, Hach inotsanangura Method 8028 senzira inoshandisa crystal violet. Kufanana kwemhando dzesampuli kana mayuniti ekushuma hakuiti kuti nzira mbiri dzekubudisa dzinoshandisa makemikari akasiyana dzigone kutsivana.
Matanho emuedzo: panopinda sarudzo imwe neimwe
Pfupiso ye5540 C iri muNational Environmental Methods Index inotsanangura kubudisa katatu uchishandisa chloroform kubva pamusanganiswa wemvura une asidhi, kugezazve zvakabudiswa nemvura, uye kuyera pa652 nm. Matanho anotevera anotsanangura chinangwa chezviito izvozvo. Huwandu hwemakemikari emuedzo nezvinodiwa kuti mhedzisiro igamuchirwe zvinofanira kubva pamaitiro akanyorwa uye anodzorwa nerabhoritari.
| Danho | Zvinoitika | Zvekunyora kana kuongorora |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Tsanangura sampuli | Sarudza nzvimbo yekutora sampuli nechikamu chesampuli chinodiwa. | Mhando yemvura, nguva yekutora, zvimedu zvakasimba zvinooneka, uye kugadziriswa kupi nokupi kunoitwa isati yaedzwa. |
| 2. Gadzira hwaro hwekuenzanisa | Gadzira mastandard nemasampuli asina chinhu chiri kuyerwa sezvakatarwa. | Kuzivikanwa kwechinhu chekugadzirisa kuyerwa, hwaro hwehuwandu, uye muganhu wekuyerwa unoshanda. |
| 3. Budisa mapeya emaion | Sanganisa sampuli yakagadzirirwa nemethylene blue nechloroform uchitevedza nhanho dzakatarwa dzekubudisa. | Kuunganidzwa kwakakodzera kwechikamu chinodiwa uye kuoma kupi nokupi kwekuparadzanisa. |
| 4. Geza uye yera | Gezazve zvakabudiswa nemvura woverenga kutorwa kwechiedza pazera remasaisai rakatarwa. | Kugezwa kwakakwana, mamiriro emudziyo unopfuudzwa nechiedza, uye chiratidzo chinopiwa nemuchina. |
| 5. Ongorora kuvimbika kwemhedzisiro | Shandisa kuverenga kwekugadzirisa kuyerwa nekusanganisa nemvura, woongorora zvinodzora kunaka kwemuedzo. | Muganhu wekushuma, mayuniti, chikero chekusanganisa nemvura, uye zvinodiwa pakududzira zvinoenderana nemusanganiswa wesampuli. |
Nhamba yekupedzisira inogona kududzirwa zvakanaka chete kana zvinyorwa izvi zvichibvumira. Girafu rekugadzirisa kuyerwa rinofamba sezvinotarisirwa rinoratidza mashandiro emuchina pamastandard. Iro roga hariratidzi kuti mvura yemarara emaindasitiri inoita semastandard iwayo.
Zvinokanganisa kuyerwa zvinogona kukwidza kana kuderedza mhedzisiro
Zvinokanganisa kuyerwa zvine chekuita nemakemikari pamwe nechiedza. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kutakura dhayi kupinda muchikamu chakabudiswa, asi zvimwe zvichidzivisa chinhu chiri kutsvakwa kuita izvozvo. Tsananguro yenzira yeEPA inoratidza mapoka akati wandei ezvinhu zveorganic nemaion einorganic anopa chiratidzo. Pfupiso yeNEMI inotsanangurawo macation anokwikwidzana uye kunamatira pamusoro pezvimedu.
| Chinokanganisa kuyerwa kana mamiriro | Zvingaitika | Zvekuongorora pakududzira |
|---|---|---|
| Mamwe makomponi anogona kubudiswa uye anodyidzana nemethylene blue | Chiratidzo chinowedzera chichinzi chinobva kusurfactant | Usati chiratidzo chose chinobva muchinhu chimwe chine zita rakatarwa. |
| Nitrate kana chloride | Mhedzisiro yakakwira kupfuura chaiyo munzira dzinokanganiswa nazvo | Ongorora zvinoumba musanganiswa wesampuli nekugeza kwakatarwa. |
| Masurfactant ecation kana maamine | Chiratidzo chinoderera nokuda kwekuumbwa kwemapeya emaion anokwikwidzana | Ongorora misanganiswa yezvinhu zvakasiyana uye kusadzorerwa zvakanaka kwechinhu chinowedzerwa kuti chiyedzwe. |
| Zvimedu zviri mumvura | Chiratidzo chinobva mumvura chinoderera nokuda kwekunamatira pamusoro pezvimedu | Nyora kana zvimedu zvakasimba zvaivapo kana kuti zvakabviswa. |
| Furo kana kunamatira pamusoro pemudziyo | Chikamu chidiki chinotorwa kuti chiyedzwe hachichamiriri sampuli huru yekutanga | Ongorora kutorwa, kusanganiswa, uye kutorwa kwezvikamu zvidiki zvesampuli. |
Muenzaniso unobatsira zvikuru unobva muongororo yeUSGS yenzira yayo yekare yeMBAS. Masampuli ekudzora kunaka kwemuedzo aiva nenitrate asi asina zvimwe zvinhu zveMBAS akapa chiratidzo. Vaongorori vakasimbisa kukanganisa kwaikonzerwa nenitrate nechloride uye vakatanga nzira yaiva nedanho rekugeza chinonyungudutsa. Vakayambira kuti kuwirirana kunooneka pakati peMBAS nenitrate kwaigona kunge kuchiratidza kukanganiswa kweongororo pachayo.
Izvi zvakawanikwa kare uye zvakanangana neimwe nzira, kwete uchapupu hwokuti mhedzisiro yose yeMBAS yemazuva ano yakatsauka. Chidzidzo chinoshanda kubva pazviri ndechokubvunza kana kuwirirana kungabva mukati memuedzo usati wakutsanangura sechinhu chinoitika munharaunda.
Bata masampuli sechikamu chekuyerwa
Masurfactant anoungana panosangana zvikamu zvakasiyana. Nhungamiro yeNEMI inoyambira kuti furo rinogona kuderedza huwandu hwawo mumvura iri pasi paro uye kuti kunamatira pamadziro emudziyo kunogona kukosha kana huwandu hwakaderera. Usabvisa furo pamusoro uchifunga kuti mvura yasara yakafanana nesampuli yakatorwa.
Panyaya yemitemo yeUnited States yataurwa, Table II iri muna 40 CFR 136.3 inoti masampuli emasurfactant anofanira kutonhodzwa kusvika pa 6 °C kana pasi pacho uye inotara nguva yekuchengeta isingapfuuri maawa 48, zvichienderana nezvinyorwa zvayo zvepazasi. Ronga mabhodhoro, kutakurwa, uye kugamuchirwa nerabhoritari usati watora masampuli. Kubudisa zvinhu musampuli kwakaitwa nemazvo hakugoni kudzosa zvinhu zvakarasika pakutora kana pakuchengeta.
Verenga zvinodzora kunaka kwemuedzo usati washandisa nhamba
Zvinodiwa pakudzora kunaka kwemiedzo zviri muna 40 CFR 136.7 zvinotaura masampuli asina chinhu chiri kuyerwa, kuongororwa kwekugadzirisa kuyerwa, masampuli ekudzora erabhoritari, masampuli anowedzerwa chinhu chinozivikanwa, uye masampuli maviri anoedzwa zvakafanana. Mabasa azvo anosiyana. Sampuli isina chinhu chiri kuyerwa inoongorora kusvibiswa; kuwedzera chinhu chinozivikanwa musampuli kunoongorora kana chinhu ichocho chichigona kudzorerwa kubva musampuli iyoyo; masampuli maviri anoedzwa zvakafanana anoongorora kana kudzokorora kuchipa mhedzisiro yakafanana.
Funga nezvemuenzaniso wekuenzanisa mashandiro: mvura inopinda inoshumwa iine 1.0 mg/L seLAS uye inobuda iine 0.2 mg/L seLAS. Kuverenga kunopa kuderera kwe80% muhuwandu hweMBAS hwakashumwa. Usati wati uku kubviswa kwemasurfactant ne80%, ongorora kuti masampuli anomiririra mamiriro emashandiro anogona kuenzaniswa, anoshandisa hwaro humwe chete hwekushuma, uye ane zvinodzora kunaka kwemuedzo zvinogamuchirika. Kuderera kwehuwandu mumvura hakuratidziwo kuderera kwe80% muhuremu hwezvinhu zvinobudiswa kana kuyerera kwemvura kwakachinja.
Mhedzisiro iri pasi pemuganhu wekushuma inoreva kuti rabhoritari haigoni kuyera MBAS zvakavimbika pasi pemuganhu wakataurwa iwoyo. Hairatidzi kuti sampuli haina masurfactant kana kuti inosangana nezvose zvinodiwa pakunaka kwemvura.
Pakusarudza nzira, tanga nenhungamiro yemethylene blue mumiedzo yekuongorora. Pakugadzirira murabhoritari, shandisa nhungamiro yakakodzera yekubata makemikari nekuchengeteka murabhoritari. Kumbira nzira yekuongorora yakanangana nechinhu chimwe kana sarudzo ichida kuziva surfactant yakatarwa pane kuyera chiratidzo chedhayi chinobva muboka rezvinhu.