Chinyorwa
Bvunzo yekuderedzwa kwemethylene blue mumvura yerumen
Mukadzi achangopedza zvidzidzo anofona ari papurazi, akabata chubhu ine ruvara rwebhuruu. Akaisa methylene blue mumvura yerumen maminitsi gumi apfuura, uye ruvara rwebhuruu ruchiripo. Anobvunza kana achifanira kupa mhou imwe dhayi.
Mubvunzo iwoyo unoratidza kusanzwisisa mashandiro ebvunzo iyi. Mubvunzo yekuderedzwa kwemethylene blue mumvura yerumen, dhayi inoiswa muchubhu, kwete mumhuka. Bvunzo yose inoitirwa muchubhu. Kuyera nguva inotora ruvara rwebhuruu kuti runyangarike kunokuudza chimwe chinhu nezvetupenyu tudiki turi musampuli iyoyo, kwete nezvekurapwa kunodiwa nemhuka.
Kuvhiringidzika uku kunonzwisisika nokuti methylene blue inoshandiswa mumamiriro matatu akasiyana pakurapa mhuka. Chinyorwa chino chinoparadzanisa mashandisirwo iwayo uye chinoratidza kududzira nguva yekuderedzwa pamwe nepH, maprotozoa, kunaka kwekutora sampuli, uye zviratidzo zvinoonekwa pamhuka.
Zvinoyerwa nebvunzo yacho chaizvo
Methylene blue ine ruvara rwebhuruu kana yaita oxidation uye inenge isina ruvara kana yaderedzwa. Mvura itsva yerumen inobva pamhuka ine utano ine simba guru rekuderedza zvinhu nokuti mabhakitiriya anorarama pasina okisijeni ari kushanda achivirisa chikafu. Paunosanganisa dhayi shoma mumvura yakadaro, mashandiro emabhakitiriya anobvisa ruvara mumaminitsi mashoma.
Saka musimboti wekushanda kwayo uri nyore: tupenyu tudiki tunorarama pasina okisijeni kana tuchishanda zvakanaka tunobvisa ruvara rwebhuruu nokukurumidza; tusiri kushanda kana twakakuvadzwa tunorubvisa zvishoma nezvishoma. Nguva pfupi inoreva kuti sampuli iyoyo ine simba guru rekuderedza zvinhu. Nguva yakareba inoratidza kudzikira kwekushanda kwetupenyu tudiki, kana sampuli yakatorwa nekuchengetwa zvakanaka.
Haiyeri zvakananga redox potential yerumen. Ongororo yenzira dzinoshandiswa pamombe yakaenzanisa bvunzo yekuderedzwa nekuyera zvakananga nemillivolt yakawana kuti pakanga pasina hukama hwemutsetse wakatwasuka pakati penguva yekuderedzwa neredox potential yakayerwa. Yakagumisa kuti zviyero izvi zviviri hazvifaniri kushandiswa sechinotsiva chimwe pakuyera chinhu chimwe chete. Kuenzanisa kwacho kwakazara kwakapfupikiswa paPubMed. Funga nezvebvunzo yekuderedzwa sebvunzo yekushanda kweboka retupenyu tudiki, kwete seelectrode yakachipa.
Tsananguro yeMerck/MSD yekusagaya chikafu kwakapfava mumhuka dzinodzeya inoisa nguva yekuderedzwa yakareba pamwe nepH yerumen isina kujairika uye kuderera kwehuwandu hwemaprotozoa. Hapana chiyero chimwe chete chinosimbisa chirwere. Kubatana kwezviratidzo ndiko kunochisimbisa.
Maitiro akajairika ekuita bvunzo pedyo nemhuka
Maitiro anosiyana zvishoma pakati pezvikoro, saka nyora mavhoriyamu netembiricha chaiyo zvaunoshandisa, uye enzanisa migumisiro yakawanikwa uchishandisa maitiro mamwe chete. Imwe nzira inodzidziswa zvakanyanya ndeiyi:
- Tora mvura itsva yerumen isingasviki pasi pe10 kusvika 20 mL, uchideredza mate, kusangana nemhepo, uye kutonhora. Ita bvunzo pasina kunonoka.
- Gadzira methylene blue ye0.03 muzana, kureva 0.3 mg pa mL.
- Isa dhayi inosvika 5 muzana yevhoriyamu yemvura. Izvi zvinoreva 1.0 mL yedhayi mu20 mL yemvura, kana 0.5 mL yedhayi mu10 mL yemvura. Zvose zvinopa reshiyo imwe chete yemvura nedhayi ye20 ku 1.
- Chengeta imwe chubhu ine mvura isina kuiswa dhayi kubva musampuli imwe chete kuti ishandiswe pakuenzanisa ruvara.
- Sanganisa zvinyoronyoro, tanga kuyera nguva pakarepo, uye chengeta chubhu patembiricha iri pedyo neyemuviri, inenge 37 kusvika 39 madhigirii Celsius zvichienderana nemaitiro enzvimbo yacho.
- Nyora nguva inotora kuti ruvara rwechubhu yebvunzo ruenzane nerwechubhu yekuenzanisa. Mutsetse mutete webhuruu pamusoro pemvura panosangana nemhepo unogona kuramba uripo nokuti okisijeni inoita kuti dhayi iite oxidation zvakare ipapo. Usamirira kuti mutsetse iwoyo unyangarike.
Makemikari eredox emethylene blue anotsanangura kuti nei okisijeni ichikosha pano. Kuzunza nesimba, chubhu yakashama zvikuru, kana kunonoka kwenguva refu zvinopinza okisijeni zvoita kuti dhayi irambe iri bhuruu kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvayaizoita murumen pachayo. Mashoko akadzama pamusoro penzira yekutora mvura yerumen yakachena anokosha nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete. Mate anoita kuti sampuli ireruke uye anokwidza pH, saka pakushandisa chubhu inopinzwa mudumbu, varapi vazhinji vanorasa chikamu chekutanga kana vhoriyamu ichibvumira.
Zvinoyerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvinocherechedzwa
Nguva yekuderedzwa inopindura mubvunzo mumwe chete. Kuongorora rumen kuri pasi apa kunoratidza zvinowedzerwa nechimwe nechimwe chinocherechedzwa pedyo nemhuka. Shandisa mutsara wose, kwete sero rimwe chete.
| Chinocherechedzwa | Zvachinoyera | Zvinowanzowanikwa pakuongorora pedyo nemhuka | Zvinowanzokanganisa kududzira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nguva yekuderedzwa kwemethylene blue | Kushanda kwekuderedza zvinhu kunoitwa nemabhakitiriya anorarama pasina okisijeni musampuli | Mumombe kazhinji maminitsi 2 kusvika 6; mumakwai nembudzi kazhinji inokurumidza, maminitsi 6 achishandiswa semuganhu wekushanda kwakakwana uye nguva dzinopfuura maminitsi 10 dzichiratidza kusajairika kukuru | Sampuli inotonhora, yanonoka kuongororwa, yasangana nemhepo, kana yarerutswa nemate; kushomeka kwezvinoviriswa mushure menguva refu yekusadya; mishonga inorwisa tupenyu tudiki inopiwa nemuromo; kuenzanisa bvunzo dzine reshiyo dzedhayi kana tembiricha dzakasiyana |
| pH yerumen | Mamiriro emakemikari, huwandu hweasidhi kana alkali | Mombe dzinodyiswa chikafu chine faibha yakawanda kazhinji dzinenge dziri pa6.0 kusvika 7.2; mabhuku ezvemhuka diki dzinodzeya anowanzotaura inenge 6.5 kusvika 7.5; chikafu uye nguva kubva pakudya zvinochinja chiyero | Kusvibiswa nemate kunokwidza pH mumasampuli anotorwa nechubhu yemudumbu; kurasika kwecarbon dioxide mushure mekutora sampuli; kudyiswa zviyo kunodzikisa pH |
| Huwandu nekufamba kwemaprotozoa | Mamiriro eboka remaprotozoa ane zvidzoro zvidiki zvekufamba, kunyanya makuru anokurumidza kukanganiswa neshanduko | Tupenyu twakawanda twemasayizi akasiyana tunofamba nesimba tuchienda kudivi rakatarwa mudonhwe idzva rinodziya | Kutonhora kunononotsa kufamba; acidosis yakanyanya inogona kubvisa maprotozoa; kunonoka kunoita kuti sampuli yakajairika iite seine tupenyu tunofamba zvishoma |
| Kunhuwa, ruvara, uye makobvu emvura | Hunhu hwekuvirisa uye kusvibiswa | Mvura ine kunhuwa kunoti nhuwirirei, ruvara rwegirinhi nebrown, uye yakakora zvishoma | Kunhuwa kwakaora kana kuvava kana paine kuvhiringidzika kukuru kwekuenzana kwetupenyu tudiki; mvura yakareruka kana ine mate akawanda mushure mekutora sampuli zvisina kunaka |
| Kubatana kwemhasuru dzerumen uye chido chekudya | Kushanda kwezvikamu zvekutanga zvedumbu uye kudya kwemhuka yose | Kubatana kwemhasuru nguva nenguva uye kudzeya kwakadzikama mumhuka yakasvinura | Kuchinjwa kwechikafu munguva ichangopfuura, marwadzo, kushomeka kwemvura mumuviri, kurwara kunokanganisa muviri wose |
Tafura iyi ndiyo pfungwa huru. Nguva yekuderedzwa yakareba pamwe nemaprotozoa anofamba zvishoma, pH isina kujairika, uye kubatana kusina simba kwemhasuru zvinoratidza kudzikira chaiko kwekushanda kwetupenyu tudiki. Nguva yakareba iri yoga mumhuka yakasvinura, inodzeya, uye ine maprotozoa anofamba nesimba inoratidza dambudziko resampuli, kwete rerumen. Torazve sampuli usati waita chimwe chinhu.
Kududzira nguva pamwe nepH nenhoroondo yemhuka
Chikafu ndicho chinosarudza mamiriro ekutanga ekuenzanisa. Chikafu chine zvakawanda zvinovaka muviri zvakaunganidzwa chinovirisa nokukurumidza uye chinogona kubvisa ruvara rwedhayi muinenge miniti imwe, asi chikafu cheuswa hwakaomeswa chinogona kutora maminitsi akati wandei, kunyange mumhuka dzine utano. Saka nguva pfupi yoga hairatidzi utano huri nani. Inoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinoviriswa zviri nyore zvakasangana netupenyu tudiki turi kushanda.
Kudya zviyo zvakawandisa zvikuru kunoputsa maitiro akareruka aya. Pakutanga kuviriswa kwemakabhohaidhiretsi kungava kwakanyanya, asi kukuvara kunokonzerwa neasidhi kunozoderedza tupenyu tudiki nemaprotozoa zvinowanzovapo, uye nguva yekuderedzwa inoreba. Ndokusaka mumwe mutemo unodzidziswa uchiti bvunzo iyi haishandi kana pH yerumen iri pasi peinenge 5.5. Panguva iyoyo tupenyu tudiki turi kuongororwa twachinja.
Gwaro rinobatsira pakududzira kubatana kwezviratidzo:
- pH yakajairika ine kuderedzwa kunoitika mukati memaminitsi anenge 6 inoratidza tupenyu tudiki turi kushanda.
- pH yakajairika ine kuderedzwa kunotora nguva yakareba zvikuru inoratidza kusashanda kunokonzerwa nekusadya, simba remishonga inorwisa tupenyu tudiki, kana sampuli yakakanganiswa.
- pH yakakwira ine kuderedzwa kunotora nguva yakareba inowanzotevera kusadya kwenguva refu nezvinhu zvishoma zvinoviriswa, asi funga nezvekusvibiswa nemate kunobva pachubhu.
- pH yakaderera pamwe nekudzikira kwekushanda kwemaprotozoa zvinoita kuti pafungidzirwe kuvhiringidzika kwekuenzana kwetupenyu tudiki kunoenderana nemakabhohaidhiretsi. Gwaro rekududzira pH yerumen rinobatsira pano. Zviyero zviri pasi pe5.5 pamwe nekuderera kwekushanda kwemuviri wose zvinoratidza kuti zvingasava kusagaya chikafu kwakapfava, asi kudya zviyo zvakawandisa uye acidosis yakanyanya.
Gara uchinyora kushandiswa kwetetracyclines nemuromo munguva ichangopfuura, ionophores dziri muchikafu, mishonga inorwisa tupenyu tudiki inoshanda mumuviri wose yakashandiswa kwenguva refu, kuchinja chikafu kamwe kamwe, nguva yakatora mhuka isingadyi, uye mvura yainonwa. Bhuku reMSD rinoyambira zvakananga kuti tetracyclines dzinopiwa nemuromo dzinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya tupenyu tudiki twerumen. Ionophores dzinochinja mapoka emabhakitiriya nemaune. Pasina nhoroondo iyoyo, nguva yakareba haigoni kududzirwa.
Kunaka kwekutora sampuli kunofanira kukosheswa zvakafanana. Ongororo yakaitwa pasi pemamiriro aidzorwa yakawana kuti sampuli dzakatorwa nechubhu yemudumbu dzaiva nepH yakakwira uye volatile fatty acids shoma pane sampuli dzakatorwa nekanula pamhuka dzimwe chete, zvikuru nokuda kwemate. Nguva yekuderedzwa yakanga yareba zvakanyanya pakazosvika maminitsi 60 mushure mekutora sampuli pavhoriyamu yose yakaongororwa, uye sampuli diki ndidzo dzakanyanya kukanganiswa. Tora mvura isingasviki pasi pe10 mL, ita bvunzo mukati memaminitsi 30, ita bvunzo yekuderedzwa pakutanga, chengeta sampuli ichidziya, uye deredza kusangana kwayo nemhepo.
Mashandisirwo matatu asingafaniri kuvhiringidzwa
Dhayi imwe chete, masisitimu matatu akasiyana.
Chekutanga, bvunzo yemvura yerumen yatsanangurwa pano. Sampuli imvura yerumen yakatorwa. Dhayi inoiswa kunze kwemuviri pa0.03 muzana. Chinoyerwa pakupedzisira inguva inotora kuti ruvara runyangarike. Chinangwa ndechekuongorora kushanda kwetupenyu tudiki pakuderedza zvinhu.
Chechipiri, methylene blue inopiwa kumhuka mhenyu inodzeya. Muenzaniso wakasimbiswa kurapa kuburikidza netsinga yeropa kana mhuka yaiswa muchetura wenitrate kana nitrite ichiva nemethemoglobinemia, apo mushonga unodzoreredza hemoglobin inoshanda. Mitemo pamusoro pehuwandu hwemushonga, magadzirirwo awo, zvinosara zvawo, uye nguva yekumirira usati washandisa zvinobva kumhuka inoshanda. Sarudzo iyoyo haina chokuita nekuyera nguva muchubhu. Kana dhayi ikashandiswa mukati memhuka mhenyu kuronda mafambiro mune imwe nzira yakatarwa, musimboti ndewekuti dhayi inoenda kupi, kwete kuti tupenyu tudiki twerumen tunoideredza nokukurumidza sei.
Chechitatu, bvunzo yekuderedzwa mumukaka. Sampuli imukaka. Dhayi inoiswa musampuli yemukaka. Kunyangarika nokukurumidza kweruvara rwebhuruu kunowanzoratidza kushanda kwakawanda kwetupenyu tudiki uye kuti mukaka hauchengeteki zvakanaka kwenguva refu, asi kuderedzwa kunononoka kunoratidza kunaka kuri nani. Iyi ndeyezvekudzidza tupenyu tudiki muzvokudya uye kuongorora kunaka kwemukaka, kwete zvekurapa rumen, uye haisi bvunzo yekuverenga mabhakitiriya.
Kutaura mazita acho zvakajeka kunodzivirira zvikanganiso: nguva yekuderedzwa mumvura yerumen, kurapa nemethylene blue inoshanda mumuviri wose kana kuishandisa pakuronda mafambiro, uye bvunzo yekuderedzwa mumukaka. Mutemo wekuchengeteka unokwana mumutsara mumwe chete. Dhayi yebvunzo yerumen inoramba iri muchubhu yemurabhoritari, uye chubhu iyoyo inoraswa. Haipiwani kumhuka kuti bvunzo iyi iitwe.
Mutemo mupfupi wekushandisa pakufonerwa uri kupurazi
Ita kuti dhayi igare iri pa0.03 muzana uye chikamu 1 chedhayi pazvikamu 20 zvemvura, ongorora mvura itsva patembiricha iri pedyo neyemuviri uchiienzanisa nemvura isina kuiswa dhayi, uye dudzirawo maminitsi pamwe nepH, kufamba kwemaprotozoa, kunaka kwekutora sampuli, chikafu, mishonga, kubatana kwemhasuru, chido chekudya, tsvina, uye mvura iri mumuviri. Nhamba imwe chete iri yoga haimbosimbisi kusagaya chikafu. Kubatana kwezviratidzo zvinoenderana ndiko kunokusimbisa.