Chinyorwa
Bvunzo yekuderedzwa kwemethylene blue mumukaka: musimboti nemiganhu yayo
Mudzidzi anosimudza machubhu maviri ane mukaka. Rimwe rachena muawa imwe chete. Rimwe raramba riri rebhuruu kwemaawa mashanu. Anonongedzera rebhuruu achiti mukaka waro wakachengeteka kunwiwa.
Mhedziso iyoyo inoratidza kunzwisisa kusiri iko. Bvunzo yemukaka yemethylene blue haiyeri kuchengeteka. Inoratidza kumhanya uko tupenyu tuduku turi muchubhu iyoyo tunodzikisa nako redox potential pasi pemamiriro akatarwa. Mhedzisiro inononoka inoreva kuti kushanda kwemetabolism yetupenyu twose pamwe chete mumuenzaniso kwakaderera. Haitauri kuti ndeapi marudzi etupenyu arimo, kana pane hunokonzera zvirwere pakati pawo, kana kuti mukaka wakaitwa pasteurization nemazvo here.
Musiyano uyu unokosha nokuti bvunzo yacho inoita seinopa uchapupu hwakasimba. Ruvara rwebhuruu runonyangarika. Wachi inopa nhamba. Nhamba dzinogona kukwezva vanhu kudzipa dudziro inopfuura zvadzinoreva. Chinyorwa ichi chinochengeta dudziro inobatsira uye chinodzivisa isina kuchengeteka.
Zvinonyatsoyerwa nekuderedzwa
Methylene blue ine ruvara rwebhuruu kana yaita oxidation uye inenge isina ruvara kana yaderedzwa kuva leucomethylene blue. Mukaka mutsva une okisijeni yakanyunguduka, inochengeta dhayi iri yebhuruu. Mabhakitiriya anofema uye anoita kuvirisa anoshandisa okisijeni iyoyo uye anobudisa makemikari anokonzera kuderedzwa. Kana redox potential yadzika zvakakwana, dhayi inogamuchira maerekitironi yobva yarasikirwa neruvara rwayo. Bhuku reUniversity of Guelph rezvemabhakitiriya emukaka rinotsanangura kutevedzana kumwe chete uku sekubviswa kweokisijeni kuchiteverwa nekuumbwa kwezvinhu zvinokonzera kuderedzwa panguva yemetabolism yemabhakitiriya.
Tsvakurudzo yekare muJournal of Dairy Science inozvitsanangura senzira ine nhanho mbiri: tupenyu tuduku tunotanga twapedza okisijeni, zvozoteverwa nezvinhu zviri mumukaka zvinoderedza dhayi nokukurumidza. Saka bvunzo yekuderedzwa kwemethylene blue mumukaka inonyatsonzwisiswa sebvunzo yekushanda kwemetabolism kwetupenyu twose pamwe chete, kwete senzira yekuverenga masero. Maitiro emethylene blue muredox anotsanangura kemisitiri inoita kuti shanduko iyoyo iitike.
Okisijeni inodzosera shure shanduko inoshandiswa sechiratidzo chekuguma kwebvunzo. Dhayi yeleuco yakaderedzwa, kana yasangana nemhepo, inoitazve oxidation yodzokera kubhuruu. Saka kuzunza, kudira, machubhu akafara, uye nzvimbo huru yemhepo pamusoro pemukaka zvinoita kuti mhedzisiro inonoke. Mhete nhete yebhuruu inowanzoramba iri pamusoro panosangana mukaka nemhepo, kunyange mukaka uri pasi pacho warasikirwa neruvara. Nzira dzakatarwa dzinobvuma mhete iyoyo pane kumirira kuti ipere.
Rudzi rwetupenyu runounzawo kumwe kuvhiringidzika. Macoliforms netupenyu twakawanda tunogadzira lactic acid zvinoderedza dhayi nokukurumidza. Tupenyu twakawanda tunokura pakutonhora uye tunotsungirira kupisa tunoderedza dhayi zvishoma nezvishoma kana kuti hatutomboideredzi. Mienzaniso miviri yemukaka ine nhamba imwe chete yemakoroni akaverengwa pandiro inogona kurasikirwa nebhuruu panguva dzakasiyana nemaawa. Izvozvo chete zvinoratidza kuti nguva haigoni kushandurwa kuva nhamba yemakoroni.
Nzira yerabhoritari ine mamiriro anodzorwa
Nzira dzinoshandiswa kunze kwerabhoritari nedzinotsanangurwa mumabhuku dzinosiyana pane zvimwe, saka mhedzisiro inoshanda chete mukati menzira yakaibudisa. Nzira yakajairika yerabhoritari inoongorora chikafu inotevera nhanho idzi:
- Tora mukaka usina kuitwa pasteurization uchideredza kupinzwa kwemhepo mauri, wobva wautonhodza pakarepo. Usati watora muenzaniso, sanganisa nokupidigura zvinyoronyoro.
- Isa 10 mL yemukaka muchubhu isina utachiona pamwe ne1 mL yemushonga wedhayi wakagadzirirwa bvunzo. Kuwanda kwedhayi kunowanzoshandiswa i0.005 percent, pareshiyo yemukaka nedhayi ye10 ku1.
- Vhara chubhu, ipidigure zvinyoronyoro kaviri, woiisa mubhati remvura mukati memaminitsi mashoma. Kazhinji inochengetwa pa35 kusvika 38 degrees Celsius, zvichienderana nemwero wakatarwa unoshandiswa. Nyora kuti ndeupi wauri kutevera.
- Dzivirira machubhu pachiedza panguva yaanochengetwa, nokuti chiedza chinokurumidzisa kuderedzwa.
- Verenga mhedzisiro pamaminitsi 30, wozoverengazve panguva dzakatarwa. Kuguma kwebvunzo inguva iyo chubhu inofanana nemuenzaniso wemukaka wakabikwa unoshandiswa pakuenzanisa, kana kuti yasvika pakurasikirwa neruvara kunotsanangurwa nenzira yacho.
- Chengeta chubhu yemukaka mumwe chete isina kuwedzerwa chinhu kuti ishandiswe pakuenzanisa nekuona, kana nzira yacho ichida izvozvo.
Bhuku reFAO rekuongorora mukaka rinopa nzira yakajeka inoshandiswa kunze kwerabhoritari, richitevera nhanho idzi ne10 mL yemukaka pamwe ne1 mL yedhayi, kuvhara chubhu, kupidigura zvinyoronyoro, kuchengeta pedyo ne37 kusvika 38 degrees, uye kuverenga mhedzisiro pamaminitsi 30 oga oga. Machubhu aro ekuenzanisa anoshandisa mukaka wakabikwa kuti aparadze nzira yemukaka yechisikigo inokonzera kuderedzwa uye ape hwaro hwekuenzanisa ruvara.
Dhiyagiramu iri pamusoro inoratidza muganhu wemamiriro anofanira kudzorwa. Huwandu hwakafanana, dhayi imwe chete, tembiricha imwe chete, kusanganisa kwakafanana, kudzivirirwa pachiedza kwakafanana, uye mutemo mumwe chete wekuguma kwebvunzo. Ukachinja chimwe chete, nguva inochinjawo. Ndokusaka nzira dzepamba dzinoshandisa kuwanda kwedhayi kusina kutemerwa dzisingagoni kuenzaniswa nemapoka emhedzisiro yerabhoritari.
Zvinoratidzwa nenguva yekuderedzwa
Nguva yakareba inoreva kushanda kwakaderera kwetupenyu twose pamwe chete pasi pemamiriro akataurwa. Nguva pfupi inoreva kushanda kwakanyanya. Matafura anoshandiswa pakudzidzisa nezvemukaka anopa mapoka anofungidzirwa enguva idzodzo; somuenzaniso, mune imwe nzira yakabva kuBIS, maawa 5 kana kupfuura anotorwa seakanaka zvikuru, uye pasi pemaminitsi 30 sezvisina kunaka.
Musiyano uyu ndiwo chidzidzo. Mhedzisiro yemaawa 5 haina boka rimwe chete rinoshanda kwose kwose. Inofanira kududzirwa maererano nenzira yakaitsanangura. Saka manyorerwo emushumo anotsigirwa ndeaya:
MBRT yakaenzana nemaawa X pasi penzira yakadomwa, ichienderana neboka remhedzisiro renzira iyoyo.
Hazvimborevi kuti MBRT yakaenzana nezvikamu X zvinoumba makoroni pa mL. Nhungamiro yakabva kuStandard Methods inoti mhedzisiro yekuderedzwa kwedhayi haifaniri kutaurwa senhamba dzemabhakitiriya. Nzira iri nyore yekupenda masero nemethylene blue inopindurawo mubvunzo wakasiyana, nokuti inoratidza chimiro chemasero pamaikorosikopu pane kushanda kwetupenyu twose pamwe chete muchubhu.
Tafura yedudziro nemiganhu
Tafura iyi ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekutarisa mashoko echinyorwa ichi. Verenga mutsara wose uchiyambuka. Hapana chikamu chimwe chetafura chinofanira kutorwa choga.
| Zvinoonekwa kana zvinotaurwa | Zvazvinoratidza | Zvazvisingagoni kuratidza | Zvikuru zvinovhiringidza mhedzisiro |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kurasika nokukurumidza kwebhuruu, pasi pemaawa 2 mune imwe nzira yemukaka usina kuitwa pasteurization | Kushanda kukuru kunokonzera kuderedzwa, kunoenderana nekuwanda kwetupenyu kana kusachengeteka kwenguva refu pasina kuora | Rudzi rwetupenyu, nhamba chaiyo, chepfu, kana kutadza kwepasteurization | Kuchengetwa pakudziya, kuwanda kwemacoliforms, chiedza, dhayi shoma |
| Nguva yepakati, maawa 2 kusvika 4 | Kushanda kuri pakati nepakati; boka remhedzisiro rinoshanda chete munzira yakadomwa | Kuchengeteka kana kusavapo kwetupenyu tunoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma | Tembiricha yakakwirira pakuchengeta machubhu, kusiyana kwekupinzwa kwemhepo, kupatsanuka kwemafuta |
| Kuderedzwa kunononoka, maawa 5 kana kupfuura | Kushanda kwakaderera kwetupenyu twose pamwe chete munzira iyoyo | Kusavapo kwetupenyu tunokonzera zvirwere, kuitwa kwepasteurization, kana kuchengeteka panyaya yemakemikari | Zvisaririra zvemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, zvinochengetedza mukaka kuti usaora, okisijeni yakawandisa yakanyunguduka, dhayi yakawanda |
| Mhete yebhuruu inoramba iri pamusoro apo mukaka uri pasi pacho unorasikirwa neruvara | Kuitikazve kweoxidation panosangana mukaka nemhepo, chiitiko chinowanzoitika kumucheto | Kutadza kwebvunzo kana reaction isina kupera | Chubhu yakafara, chivharo chisina kusimba, kuvhurazve kakawanda kuti itariswe |
| Chubhu chena mushure mekuchengetwa kwemukaka wakapiswa patembiricha yebvunzo | Shanduko munzira inokonzera kuderedzwa pamwe nekushanda kwetupenyu twakapona | Kuti kupiswa kwacho kwaive kwakaenzana nepasteurization yakasimbiswa | Kukuvadzwa nekupisa, kugadzirisika kwemasero panguva yekuchengetwa, kusvibiswa kwakazoitika |
| Chero kukosha kumwe kweMBRT kunotaurwa pasina nzira yakashandiswa | Mamiriro ebvunzo haazivikanwi | Chero boka remhedzisiro kana nhamba | Magadzirirwo edhayi, reshiyo, tembiricha, kusanganisa, nemutemo wekuguma kwebvunzo zvose hazvina kutaurwa |
Ongororo dzakavakirwa pakukura kwetupenyu, dzakadai sekushandisa zvokurimisa mabhakitiriya, dzinoramba dziri nzira yekuverenga nekuparadzanisa marudzi etupenyu. Chubhu yekuderedzwa inoita ongororo yekutanga. Ndiro yekurimisa inoziva marudzi nekuverenga.
Zvisingagoni kuratidzwa nebvunzo nezvekuchengeteka
Mhedzisiro inononoka haigoni kuratidza kusavapo kwetupenyu tunokonzera zvirwere. Tupenyu tunokonzera zvirwere turi pahuwandu hunokosha pakurapa tingashandisa okisijeni shoma kana tichienzaniswa netupenyu twose pamwe chete. Kuona tupenyu tunokonzera zvirwere kunoda nzira dzakanangana nerudzi rwacho, izvo Standard Methods yazvino inobata senzvimbo yakaparadzana neongororo yakajairika yekutanga yemhando yemukaka.
Haigoni kusimbisa pasteurization. Kusimbisa kurapwa nekupisa kunoshandisa bvunzo yealkaline phosphatase kana imwe nzira yakasimbiswa pasi penhungamiro yeCodex yehutsanana hwemukaka. Chubhu chena kana yebhuruu haitauri chinhu nezvenguva netembiricha zvakamboshandiswa pamukaka weboka iroro.
Haigoni kupa chisimbiso chekuchengeteka kwechikafu. Kuchengeteka kunotsamira patupenyu tunokonzera zvirwere, chepfu yakatoumbwa, zvisaririra zvemishonga, makemikari anosvibisa, nhoroondo yekuchengetwa mukutonhora, uye kusvibiswa mushure mekutora muenzaniso. Codex inobata kuchengeteka kwemukaka senhevedzano yematanho ekudzora, kwete semhedzisiro imwe chete yeongororo yekutanga.
Mamiriro erabhoritari yechikafu haana kufanana nekuongorora kumba
Murabhoritari yemukaka, bvunzo iyi inoshandiswa paongororo yekutanga yemukaka unogamuchirwa, kuenzanisa vanounza mukaka nekufamba kwenguva, kana kudzidzisa redox microbiology pasi pekutarisirwa. Mienzaniso inogona kurondwa kwayakabva. Mishonga yebvunzo yakagadzirwa maererano nemwero wakatarwa. Tembiricha dzinonyorwa. Tsvina inoraswa nenzira dzakatarirwa marabhoritari.
Kuongorora kumba hakuna zvose izvozvo. Huwandu hunoyerwa mukicheni hunongofungidzirwa. Kuwanda kwedhayi mumishonga inotengeswa paindaneti kunosiyana zvikuru. Machubhu anowanzochengetwa mukamuri rinodziya pane mubhati rine tembiricha yakayerwa zvakarurama. Ruvara ruchiri kuchinja, izvo zvinoita kuti mhedzisiro iite seinovimbika asi mamiriro ose aidzorwa kuti ape mhedzisiro zvainoreva asipo.
Njodzi huru iri pane zvinoitwa nemunhu. Chubhu yebhuruu kumba inogona kukwezva munhu kunwa mukaka usina kuitwa pasteurization uyo rabhoritari yaizoramba ichitumira kuti makoroni averengwe, tupenyu tunokonzera zvirwere tutsvakwe, uye zvisaririra zviongororwe. Bvunzo yemukaka yemethylene blue yakagadzirirwa kuisa mumapoka mukaka usina kuitwa pasteurization paunogamuchirwa, kwete kubvumidza kuti mukaka unwiwe. Ongororo yekutanga inokurumidza neresazurin ine muganhu mumwe chete: kuverenga ruvara kunokurumidza, asi hapasati paine mhinduro pamusoro petupenyu tunokonzera zvirwere.
Mutemo mupfupi webhenji rerabhoritari
Shandisa mwero mumwe chete wedhayi, reshiyo, tembiricha, kusanganisa, chiedza, uye kuguma kwebvunzo. Taura nguva pamwe nezita renzira uye boka remhedzisiro. Dudzira maminitsi uchifunga nezvenhoroondo yekuchengetwa, rudzi rwetupenyu, zvisaririra, uye kunaka kwekutora muenzaniso. Nguva pfupi inoratidza kushanda kunofanira kuongororwazve. Nguva yakareba haimbopi chisimbiso chekuchengeteka.