Uburebure bw’umuraba ku bururu bwa metilene: ubucucike bw’imbaraga, imiterere n’imikoreshereze y’urumuri

Inyandiko ebyiri z’ubushakashatsi zivuga ko zashyize ubururu bwa metilene mu rumuri rufite ingufu za 10 J kuri cm kare. Imwe yica bagiteri. Indi nta mpinduka ipimika itera. Umusomyi ugereranya gusa ingano y’ingufu afata umwanzuro ko ibyavuye muri uru rwego rw’ubushakashatsi bitajyana. Uru rwego rurajyana. Ingano y’ingufu yonyine ntiyigeze isobanura uburyo bwose urumuri rwakoreshejwe.

Gushyira ikintu mu rumuri bigengwa n’urusobe ruto rw’ibipimo bikorana: uburebure bw’umuraba, ubucucike bw’imbaraga z’urumuri, igihe, ingufu kuri buri buso zibivamo, ogisijeni ihari, ubwinshi bw’irangi n’uko molekile zaryo ziteranye, intera y’igihe hagati yo gutanga irangi no gukoresha urumuri, ndetse n’inzira urumuri runyuramo koko mu cyitegererezo. Hindura kimwe, ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri na bwo burahinduka. Iyi nyandiko isuzuma buri gipimo, hanyuma igatandukanya ihinduramikorere y’ibinyabuzima hakoreshejwe urumuri rwegereye infraruje no gukangura irangi bitaziguye hakoreshejwe urumuri, kuko ubwo buryo bubiri ari bwo bukunze kwitiranywa.

Uburebure bw’umuraba bugena niba irangi rigira uruhare

Ubururu bwa metilene buri mu mazi bwinjiza cyane urumuri rutukura iyo molekile zabwo ziri ukwazo, aho kwinjiza urumuri kuba kwinshi hafi ya 664 kugeza kuri 665 nm. Hari kandi agace kegereye 610 nm, ku burebure bw’umuraba bugufi kurushaho, kagenda kagaragara cyane uko molekile z’irangi ziterana ari ebyiri cyangwa zikaba amatsinda manini agerekeranye. Igipimo cya molari cy’ikumira ry’urumuri hafi y’aho rwinjira cyane kiri mu rugero rwa 65,000 kugeza kuri 85,000 M-1 cm-1, bityo ibisubizo bifite ubwinshi bwo mu rugero rwa mikromolari biba bisanzwe bifite ibara ry’ubururu ryijimye cyane. Isesengura rya mbere ku butabire bukorwa n’urumuri bw’ubururu bwa metilene hamwe na DNA n’ibindi bintu byo mu binyabuzima risobanura iyi myinjirize y’urumuri n’ubutabire bukurikiraho igihe molekile yakanguriwe: kwinjiza urumuri gushyira molekile mu mimerere ya singlet imara igihe gito, ikava muri iyo mimerere ikajya muri triplet imara igihe kirekire, ku gipimo cyatangajwe kiri hafi ya 0.5; mu gisubizo kirimo umwuka, ogisijeni ikuraho uko gukanguka mu gihe kingana hafi na mikorosegonda 2.

Iyo ntambwe yo gukuraho gukanguka ni ho inzira ebyiri z’ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri zitandukanira. Mu butabire bw’ubwoko bwa II, irangi riri mu mimerere ya triplet rihererekanya ingufu na ogisijeni iri mu mimerere yayo isanzwe, rigatanga ogisijeni ya singlet, ku gipimo gikunze kuvugwa kiri hafi ya 0.52. Mu butabire bw’ubwoko bwa I, triplet ahubwo iha ikintu ikorana na cyo elegitoroni cyangwa hidurojeni, bigatanga radikali zirimo superoxide n’amoko ya hydroxyl. Zombi zishobora gukorera icyarimwe, kandi ingaruka zisanzwe z’ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri zikomeza gushingira cyane kuri ogisijeni, n’iyo ubwoko bwa I bubigizemo uruhare.

Icyo ibi bisobanura mu guhitamo uburebure bw’umuraba ku bururu bwa metilene ni ihame ryoroshye. Urumuri rutukura ruri hafi ya 630 kugeza kuri 680 nm ruhurirana n’agace irangi ryinjizamo urumuri, naho 660 kugeza kuri 665 nm hakaba hafi y’aho molekile iri yonyine yinjiza urumuri cyane. Bityo rushobora gutuma ubutabire bw’irangi ryumva urumuri bukorwa ahantu hose hari irangi rihagije. Urumuri rwegereye infraruje kuri 810 nm ruri kure cyane y’agace irangi ryinjizamo urumuri riri mu mimerere isanzwe, bityo ubwo burebure bw’umuraba ntibukangura irangi neza mu buryo butaziguye. Ubwinshi bw’irangi butuma ibi birushaho kugorana mu buryo bumwe busobanutse: uko ubwinshi bwiyongera, molekile nyinshi z’irangi ziba ziteranye ari ebyiri cyangwa ari amatsinda, zinjiza urumuri rwegereye 610 nm kandi ntizituma ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri bukorwa neza kuri buri molekile. Bityo gukuba kabiri irangi ntibikuba kabiri ingaruka. Isesengura rijyana n’iri ku bururu bwa metilene hamwe n’ubuvuzi bukoresha urumuri rutukura rifata iri hame ryo kwinjiza urumuri nk’ikigomba kubanza kubaho kugira ngo igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose cy’ubutabire gikangurwa n’urumuri gishoboke.

Ubucucike bw’imbaraga, igihe n’ingufu kuri buri buso ni ibipimo bitatu, si kimwe

Ingufu z’urumuri kuri buri buso, zipimwa muri J kuri cm kare, ni ubucucike bw’imbaraga z’urumuri bukubwe n’igihe. Gutangaza gusa ingufu kuri buri buso bihisha umuvuduko ingufu zagezeho, kandi uwo muvuduko ugira akamaro.

Ubucucike bwinshi bw’imbaraga butanzwe mu gihe gito n’ubucucike buke butanzwe mu gihe kirekire bushobora gutanga ingufu zimwe kuri buri buso ariko ubutabire bukaba butandukanye. Ubucucike bwinshi bw’imbaraga butuma ogisijeni yashonze ikoreshwa vuba kurusha uko iyisimbura ikwirakwira, bikagabanya imikorere y’inzira y’ubwoko bwa II ishingiye kuri ogisijeni urumuri rukiri gukoreshwa. Bunitanga ubushyuhe, kandi ingirangingo zisubiza ku kwiyongera k’ubushyuhe zihindura uko amaraso atembera, bigahindura ogisijeni ihari n’ikwirakwira ry’irangi. Ubucucike buke bw’imbaraga mu gihe kirekire butuma ogisijeni ikomeza kuboneka, ariko bukanaha inzira zo gusana no kongera ogisijeni igihe cyo gukora urumuri rukiri gukoreshwa. Ibitabo by’ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri byita igitekerezo cy’uko ingano rusange y’ingufu ari yo yonyine ifite akamaro ihame ry’uko imbaraga n’igihe bisimburana. Iryo hame ntirikora igihe ogisijeni, ubushyuhe cyangwa imikorere y’ibinyabuzima bigira uruhare; mu ngirangingo, ibyo bibaho hafi buri gihe.

Mu bushakashatsi ku bantu bukoresha ubururu bwa metilene n’urumuri mu kurwanya mikorobe, hakunze gukoreshwa 6 kugeza kuri 18 J kuri cm kare, ingano ihurirana n’izikoreshwa mu ihinduramikorere y’ibinyabuzima hakoreshejwe urumuri. Bityo ingufu kuri buri buso zonyine ntizishobora kwerekana uburyo burimo gukoreshwa. Gushyira ingirangingo zirimo irangi mu rumuri rwa 660 nm rufite ingufu za 10 J kuri cm kare ni ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri buyoborwa n’irangi ryumva urumuri. Gukoresha ingufu nk’izo kuri 810 nm mu ngirangingo zirimo irangi rito cyane ni ikindi kintu rwose. Umubare ni umwe. Igitekerezo kiratandukanye.

Inzira y’urumuri n’imiterere y’icyitegererezo bigena icyo urumuri ruhura na cyo

Imyitwarire ikurikiza ihame rya Beer Lambert isobanura ko imbere y’icyitegererezo hagira urumuri rwinshi cyane kurusha inyuma yacyo. Mu gakoresho ko gupimiramo kwinjiza urumuri karimo irangi rifite ubwinshi bwa mikromolari zibarirwa mu mirongo, milimetero ya mbere ishobora kwinjiza igice kinini cy’urumuri rutukura ruyigeraho, ibice byimbitse bigasigara hafi bitagezweho n’urumuri. Shyira igisubizo kimwe mu mwobo mugufi wo ku isahani y’ibizamini, ku ngano nto, urumuri rucyageraho rukagera hafi hose ku rugero rumwe. Irangi rimwe, itara rimwe, ingufu zimwe kuri buri buso ku buso bw’icyitegererezo, ariko igisubizo gitandukanye.

Ingirangingo zongeraho gutatanya urumuri ku kwinjiza urumuri. Urumuri rutukura rwegereye 660 nm rwinjira mu bujyakuzimu buri mu rugero rwa milimetero, ubujyakuzimu nyabwo bugenwa n’amaraso ahari, ibara ry’ingirangingo n’ubwoko bwazo. Imyobo y’isahani y’ibizamini na yo itera ingaruka zayo zishobora kuyobya ibipimo: ubuso bugoramye bw’igisubizo bukora nka lente, urumuri rusubizwa n’inkuta, imyobo yo ku mpande igira igicucu, n’ingano nto z’ibisubizo zigashyuha munsi y’isoko y’urumuri. Laboratwari ebyiri zitangaza igenamiterere rimwe ry’itara ariko zikoresha amoko atandukanye y’amasahani, ingano z’ibisubizo zitandukanye cyangwa intera zitandukanye z’isoko y’urumuri ziba zakoze igerageza ritandukanye.

Intera ikwiye kwitabwaho cyane kuko ari yo mpinduragaciro ikunze kutavugwa. Ubucucike bw’imbaraga z’urumuri bugabanuka vuba uko intera iva ku isoko y’urumuri rutayobowe mu mirasire ibangikanye yiyongera. Bityo kwimura itara rikava kuri 2 cm rikajya kuri 5 cm hejuru y’isahani bishobora kugabanya ubucucike bw’imbaraga inshuro nyinshi, nyamara igice gisobanura uburyo bw’ubushakashatsi kigakomeza kuvuga bimwe. Hatabayeho gupima ubucucike bw’imbaraga ku buso bw’icyitegererezo, ingufu kuri buri buso zitangazwa zibazwe hashingiwe ku mbaraga uwakoze itara avuga ko rifite ziba ari igereranya, si ibipimo byapimwe.

Imfashanyigisho y’ibipimo ifite ibisobanuro: ibituma uburyo bwo gukoresha urumuri bushobora gusubirwamo

Igikoresho cy’umwimerere cy’uru rupapuro ni urutonde rwo kugenzura. Uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose ubushakashatsi bukoresha urumuri butagaragaza ibi bipimo ntibushobora kugereranywa n’ubundi, nubwo ingano y’ingufu ivugwa mu ncamake yaba isa cyane.

Uburebure bw’umuraba n’ubugari bw’agace k’imiraba. Aho urumuri rufite ubukana bwinshi n’ubugari bwose bw’agace karwo, si izina ry’ibara. LED itukura ikubiyemo 630 kugeza kuri 680 nm, aho irangi ryinjiza urumuri ku rugero rutandukanye cyane.
Ubucucike bw’imbaraga z’urumuri ku buso bw’icyitegererezo, bwapimwe, muri mW kuri cm kare. Imbaraga uwakoze itara avuga muri watt si ubucucike bw’imbaraga z’urumuri.
Igihe n’imirasire itangwa mu byiciro. Gutanga urumuri rudahagarara cyangwa mu byiciro bigufi, harimo inshuro ibyo byiciro bibaho n’umugabane w’igihe urumuri ruba rwaka aho bikenewe.
Ingufu kuri buri buso zibazwe hashingiwe ku bipimo bibiri byapimwe byavuzwe hejuru, muri J kuri cm kare.
Ubwinshi bw’irangi, uko riteguwe n’uko molekile zaryo ziteranye. Molekile iri yonyine yinjiza hafi ya 664 nm ituma ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri bukorwa mu buryo butandukanye n’amatsinda ya molekile yinjiza hafi ya 610 nm.
Intera y’igihe hagati yo gutanga umuti no gukoresha urumuri. Iminota kugeza ku masaha hagati yo gutanga irangi no kurisohorezaho urumuri, bigena aho irangi riba riri igihe urumuri ruhageze.
Ogisijeni ihari. Igisubizo kirimo umwuka n’ingirangingo zirimo ogisijeni nke bihindura mu buryo butaziguye uburinganire hagati y’ubwoko bwa I n’ubwoko bwa II.
Imiterere. Ubujyakuzimu bw’icyitegererezo, ingano yacyo, ubwoko bw’igikoresho kirimo, intera n’inguni by’isoko y’urumuri, n’ubujyakuzimu bw’ingirangingo zigamijwe.

Akamenyero gafasha mu gusoma inyandiko z’ubushakashatsi: banza urebe intera y’igihe hagati yo gutanga umuti no gukoresha urumuri. Igaragaza intego. Ubushakashatsi ku butabire bukorwa n’urumuri bushyira ingirangingo zirimo irangi mu rumuri ku bushake. Ubushakashatsi buhuza uburyo bubiri bushobora kubutandukanya ku bushake, nk’uko bigaragara hasi.

Ihinduramikorere y’ibinyabuzima hakoreshejwe urumuri rwegereye infraruje si ugukangura irangi hakoreshejwe urumuri

Ihinduramikorere y’ibinyabuzima hakoreshejwe urumuri, rikunze kwitwa PBM mu mpine, rikoresha urumuri rutukura cyangwa rwegereye infraruje kugira ngo rihindure itumanaho risanzwe ryo mu binyabuzima, nta kongeramo ikintu cyumva urumuri. Ubuvuzi bushingiye ku butabire bukorwa n’urumuri, bukunze kwitwa PDT mu mpine, bukoresha ibintu bitatu icyarimwe: urumuri ikintu cyumva urumuri cyinjiza, icyo kintu ubwacyo, na ogisijeni kugira ngo bitange mu gihe gito amoko y’ibintu akora cyane mu butabire yangiza icyo bigamije. Isesengura ku kwibasira mitokondiriya mu kurinda urwungano rw’imyakura rihuza ubururu bwa metilene na PBM kuko byombi bigira uruhare mu guhumeka kw’uturemangingo binyuze mu nzira zitandukanye: irangi rikora nk’umusemburo uzenguruka hagati yo kwakira no gutanga elegitoroni, rigafasha uruhererekane rwazo, mu gihe hakekwa ko PBM ifasha nitric oxide ibuza imikorere kwitandukanya na cytochrome c oxidase muri Complex IV. Uwo musobanuro w’imikorere ya anzime ugomba gukomeza kugaragazwa nk’igitekerezo kitarahamwa.

Ubushakashatsi bubiri ku mbeba buhuza ubu buryo kandi bukavugwa cyane bukoresha urumuri rwa 810 nm, ari na yo mpamvu nyayo butagaragaza ugukangura irangi hakoreshejwe urumuri. Mu bushakashatsi ku buryo bwakoreshejwe mbere yo kubuza ibitotsi, mbere yo kubuzwa ibitotsi, imbeba zahabwaga buri munsi ubururu bwa metilene kuri 0.5 mg kuri kg, cyangwa lazere ya 810 nm itanga urumuri mu byiciro umunsi umwe ku yindi, cyangwa byombi. Guhuza ubwo buryo mbere yo kubuzwa ibitotsi byarinze imyitwarire igaragaza ubushobozi bwo kwibuka na poroteyine zo ku masinapusi muri hippocampus, mu gihe gukoresha buri buryo bwonyine ahanini bitabigezeho. Mu bushakashatsi ku guhangayika kudashira bwakoresheje uburyo bwombi mu gihe kimwe, imbeba zahabwaga PBM ya 810 nm kuri 8 J kuri cm kare hamwe n’irangi rya buri munsi kuri 0.5 mg kuri kg. Lazere yabanzaga gukoreshwa, irangi rigaterwa nyuma y’amasaha abiri, by’umwihariko kugira ngo ingirangingo zirimo irangi zidashyirwa mu rumuri. Amatsinda uko ari atatu yakuyeho imbogamizi zo kwiga, inyungu y’inyongera yo guhuza uburyo ikagaragara cyane cyane kuri cortisol yo mu gice cy’amaraso kitagira uturemangingo no ku moko akora cyane ya ogisijeni yo mu bwonko. Ibi bisubizo bipima uburyo bubiri bugira uruhare kuri mitokondiriya bwakoreshejwe hamwe; ikusanyirizo ry’ubushakashatsi ku butabire bukorwa n’urumuri rigaragaza iryo tandukaniro ryandika uburebure bw’umuraba kuri buri cyo ubuvuzi bugamije.

Ibimenyetso byo ku ruhu biri ku rundi ruhande. Amakuru ku bantu yakoresheje ubururu bwa metilene hamwe n’urumuri ku ruhu yibanda kuri 630 kugeza kuri 680 nm, hamwe n’irangi risigwa ku ruhu cyangwa riterwa mu gice cyangiritse, hagamijwe gusenya cyangwa kuvugurura ingirangingo; ibyo ni PDT hakurikijwe igisobanuro cyayo. Kuvuga ko ibyo byakuweho ari gihamya y’uko irangi ryongera imikorere ya PBM, cyangwa kuvuga ko gukira kwagaragaye ku mbeba zikoreshejweho 810 nm ari gihamya y’uko isahani y’amatara ya 660 nm hamwe n’irangi ari gahunda yo kunoza ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, ni ukwambuka imbibi z’ubwo buryo. Inyandiko y’ifashiro ku ngano y’umuti no ku mikorere yawo mu mubiri, hamwe n’imfashanyigisho ku mutekano no ku mikoranire, bisobanura birambuye ibice by’iyi ngingo bijyanye n’ubwinshi n’ibihe bibujijwe gukoresha ubu buryo.

Banza uvuge uburyo urimo gusuzuma mbere yo kugereranya imibare. Uburebure bw’umuraba bugena niba irangi ryinjiza urumuri. Ubucucike bw’imbaraga n’igihe bigena icyo ubutabire bukora nyuma y’uko urumuri rwinjiye. Imiterere igena igice cy’icyitegererezo kigerwaho n’ibyo byose. Uburyo bubiri bwo gukoresha urumuri buhuje ku gipimo kimwe ariko butandukanye ku bindi ni amagerageza atandukanye; kubufata nk’ubushobora gusimburana ni ryo kosa iyi mfashanyigisho igamije gukumira. Nta gahunda yo gukoresha ibi mu rugo ikomoka kuri ibi bisobanuro; urumuri rufite uburebure bw’umuraba bujyanye n’irangi, hamwe n’irangi ritangwa rikagera mu mubiri wose, bihindura ikoreshwa ry’urumuri ryari risanzwe rihindura imikorere gusa rikaba ubutabire bukorwa n’urumuri buyoborwa n’irangi ryumva urumuri, bigomba gukorwa n’abaganga.