Ubururu bwa metilene ku njangwe: umutekano, ingaruka mbi n’amabwiriza y’umuganga w’amatungo

Injangwe inywa amazi yo mu kigega cy’amafi kimaze gushyirwamo umuti urwanya uduhumyo. Nyirayo asoma kuri interineti ko ubururu bwa metilene bwafashije imbwa yari ifite indwara y’amaraso, akibaza niba byanakorera injangwe. Iyo urebye inyuma, ibyo bihe byombi bisa. Ariko imbere mu mubiri w’injangwe, si kimwe.

Injangwe zibasirwa cyane kurusha uko bisanzwe n’ubwoko bumwe bw’ibyangizwa n’ubururu bwa metilene: kwangirika kw’uturemangingo dutukura tw’amaraso bitewe na okisidasiyo. Iyo ntege nke ishingiye ku miterere ya hemoglobine y’injangwe ubwayo, kandi ni yo mpamvu amabwiriza yerekeye injangwe agomba kuba yihariye. Inama zandikiwe amafi yo mu bigega, imbwa cyangwa ikoreshwa ry’ibisiga amabara muri laboratwari ntizishobora guhita zikoreshwa ku njangwe. Iyi nyandiko isobanura imiterere y’umubiri, ibyo inyandiko z’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo zivuga koko, n’icyo gukora iyo injangwe ihuye n’ubu bururu.

Uturemangingo dutukura tw’injangwe dufite imiterere itandukanye

Hemoglobine itwara ogisijeni, ariko imiterere yayo inagena uko ishobora kwangizwa byoroshye n’ibintu bitera okisidasiyo. Hemoglobine y’injangwe ifite amatsinda ya sulfhydryle agera ku munani akorana n’ibindi bintu kuri buri gice kigizwe n’uduce tune, hafi incuro ebyiri umubare uboneka mu mbwa cyangwa mu bantu. Ayo matsinda ni yo yibasirwa na okisidasiyo. Iyo bibaye, iminyururu ya globine itakaza imiterere yayo isanzwe, ikegerana ikabyara uduce twijimye twitwa uduce twa Heinz, tuboneka mu maraso yasizwe ku kirahure agashyirwamo irangi.

Ibindi bintu bibiri bituma iki kibazo kirushaho gukomera ku njangwe. Icya mbere, uturemangingo dutukura tw’injangwe dufite ubushobozi buke ugereranyije bwo kurwanya okisidasiyo no kuyisubiza inyuma, bityo iyo kwangirika gutangiye kurushaho gukomeza. Icya kabiri, impindura y’injangwe ntikora neza cyane mu gukura uduce twa Heinz mu turemangingo dutukura itangije utwo turemangingo, igikorwa cyo gusukura andi moko y’inyamaswa akora neza kurushaho, nk’uko bisobanurwa muri iyi nyandiko isesengura ibijyanye n’amaraso y’injangwe. Bityo uturemangingo twangiritse tuguma mu maraso atembera aho gusanwa.

Injangwe nzima zishobora kugira uduce twa Heinz duke nta burwayi zifite. Bitewe n’inyandiko yifashishijwe n’uburyo bwo gusiga irangi, kuba hafi gatanu kugeza ku icumi ku ijana by’uturemangingo dutukura bifite uduce twa Heinz bishobora kutaba ikibazo. Impungenge zitangira iyo utwo duce ari twinshi cyangwa ari tunini: inyandiko imwe y’ubuvuzi bwo muri laboratwari ivuga ko kubura amaraso bishoboka cyane iyo uduce twa Heinz tunini tuboneka mu turemangingo dutukura turenga mirongo itatu ku ijana, urugero rwavuzwe muri iyi nyandiko rusange ku kubura amaraso guterwa n’uduce twa Heinz. Bityo igihe cyose injangwe ihuye n’ubu bururu, ikibazo si ukumenya gusa niba uduce twa Heinz duhari. Ni ukumenya umubare watwo, ubunini bwatwo, n’uko dukurikirwa no gusenyuka kw’uturemangingo dutukura.

Ibyo inyandiko z’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo zivuga

Inyandiko ya kera y’igitabo Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook ivuga ko abaganga benshi babona ko ubururu bwa metilene butagomba gukoreshwa ku njangwe, kuko bushobora kuzitera kubura amaraso bitewe n’uduce twa Heinz no kugira methemoglobinemia. Impungenge ishyira ku rutonde ni ihinduka ry’imiterere y’uturemangingo dutukura, methemoglobinemia ibaye mu buryo bunyuranye n’icyari kigamijwe, no kugabanuka kw’igihe uturemangingo dutukura tumara turiho. Nyamara iyo nyandiko ku muti inatanga ingano ikoreshwa ku njangwe mu butabazi bwihutirwa bwa methemoglobinemia, muri rusange 1 kugeza kuri 1.5 mg kuri kg iterwa mu mutsi inshuro imwe. Ibyo byombi hamwe bigaragaza uko ibintu bimeze koko: kuvuga ko uyu muti utagomba gukoreshwa hano bisobanura kuw避uka keretse mu bihe byihariye kandi bigenzurwa, si ukuvuga ko utigera utangwa. Inyandiko ya kera ishobora kuboneka iri muri iyi kopi y’igitabo cya Plumb, naho igitabo cya cumi gisanzwe gikoreshwa ubu gifite inyandiko kuri uyu muti ku rupapuro rwa 859.

Merck Veterinary Manual ifata umwanzuro usa n’uwo mu mabwiriza yayo yo kuvura uburozi buterwa n’imiti igabanya ububabare, igashyira ubururu bwa metilene ku rutonde ku ngano ya 1 kugeza kuri 1.5 mg kuri kg y’umuti uri ku gipimo cya rimwe ku ijana, uterwa mu mutsi nk’uburyo bwo kugabanya methemoglobine, hakurikiranwa methemoglobinemia, kubura amaraso bitewe n’uduce twa Heinz, no gusenyuka kw’uturemangingo dutukura. Ahandi, Merck ivuga mu nyandiko yayo rusange ku kubura amaraso mu nyamaswa ko injangwe zishobora kugira uduce twa Heinz byoroshye kurusha andi moko y’inyamaswa.

Inyandiko ikomeye kurusha izindi y’urwego rushinzwe kugenzura imiti yerekeye ibicuruzwa bifatwa mu kanwa. Amabwiriza ya leta 21 CFR igice cya 500.27 agaragaza ko ibicuruzwa bibiri byo kwica mikorobe mu nzira z’inkari byafatwaga mu kanwa kandi birimo ubururu bwa metilene byateye injangwe kubura amaraso bitewe no gusenyuka kw’uturemangingo dutukura dufite uduce twa Heinz, igihe byakoreshwaga hakurikijwe amabwiriza yo ku kirango. Rimwe na rimwe byateye urupfu, kandi ubururu bwa metilene ni bwo bwagaragajwe nk’intandaro. Ayo mabwiriza asoza avuga ko imiti y’amatungo yo muri ubwo bwoko irimo ubururu bwa metilene kandi ifatwa mu kanwa itari ifite umutekano cyangwa yemewe nk’ikora neza hatabayeho dosiye y’ubusabe yemejwe. Mu igerageza, imbwa na zo zagize ibyangirika by’ubwoko bumwe, bityo uyu muti na zo si uwo nta ngaruka uzigiraho. Ariko ibyago by’ingano yanditse ku kirango byagaragajwe mbere ku njangwe.

Ingaruka mbi zagiye zitangazwa ku njangwe zibanda ku maraso: kubaho kw’uduce twa Heinz, kubura amaraso bitewe no gusenyuka kw’uturemangingo dutukura, na methemoglobinemia ibaye mu buryo bunyuranye n’icyari kigamijwe igihe ingano yakiriwe ari nyinshi cyangwa isubiwemo. Inyandiko rusange z’imiti zinavuga isesemi no kuruka, ariko ibimenyetso byihariye ku njangwe bireba amaraso, kandi ni ho igenzura rigomba kwibanda.

Ikintu gitangaje: imiti n’uburozi muri molekile imwe

Mu karemangingo gatukura, ubururu bwa metilene bushobora gukorerwa redigisiyo bukavamo leucomethylene blue, iha elegitoroni fer yo muri heme yakorewe okisidasiyo, igasubiza hemoglobine ubushobozi bwo gukora. Iyo ni yo mikorere y’ubuvuzi ishingiyeho ikoreshwa ryabwo muri methemoglobinemia, kandi isobanurwa mu buryo burambuye mu nyandiko isobanura methemoglobinemia. Ariko ubururu bwa metilene ubwabwo butera okisidasiyo. Iyo ingano yakiriwe yiyongereye cyangwa uburyo bw’akaremangingo bwo gukora redigisiyo burengewe, iyo molekile imwe yongera methemoglobine n’ibyangirika kuri globine aho kubikosora. Methemoglobinemia rero ni kimwe mu bibazo bituma uyu muti utangwa, ikanaba imwe mu ngaruka mbi zawo. Intera iri hagati y’ibyo byombi ni nto, kandi ni nto kurushaho ku njangwe.

Ibimenyetso bisobanutse kurusha ibindi ku njangwe bituruka mu bushakashatsi bwagenzuwe bwo mu 1992 ku njangwe mirongo ine zikuze. Ingano imwe ya 1.5 mg kuri kg yatewe mu mutsi yakosoye vuba methemoglobinemia yatewe na nitrite, itongereye uturemangingo dufite uduce twa Heinz mu maraso atembera. Ingano ebyiri nk’iyo, zatanzwe zitandukanyijwe n’amasaha ane, zongereye ku buryo bugaragara ubwinshi bw’uduce twa Heinz, cyane cyane nyuma yo guhura na nitrite, nubwo kubura amaraso kugaragara bitewe no gusenyuka kw’uturemangingo dutukura kutabaye mu gihe cy’ubushakashatsi (Rumbeiha na Oehme, 1992). Ingano imwe yarafashije. Kuyisubiramo mu masaha make byahinduye uko ibintu byari bimeze, byegereza kwangirika.

Raporo z’ubuvuzi na zo zerekana kimwe. Isesengura ryo mu 2019 muri Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine risobanura ubururu bwa metilene buterwa mu mutsi nk’ubuvuzi bwa mbere bwa methemoglobinemia ikaze ifite ibimenyetso, rikavuga ikoreshwa ku njangwe ku ngano ya 1 mg kuri kg iterwa mu mutsi, kandi rikaburira ko injangwe isanzwe ifite methemoglobinemia cyangwa kubura amaraso bitewe n’uduce twa Heinz ishobora kugira ibyangizwa na okisidasiyo byiyongera ku bisanzwe. Risaba gupima hematokirite mu minsi myinshi ikurikiraho (DOI 10.1111/jvim.15637). Raporo yasohotse ku kana k’injangwe kakekwagaho methemoglobinemia ifitanye isano n’amazi yo kunywa yagaragaje ko kagaragaje impinduka nziza mu minota mike nyuma yo guhabwa 1 mg kuri kg y’umuti uri ku gipimo cya rimwe ku ijana utewe mu mutsi, hapimwa kenshi hakoreshejwe co-oximetry igihe kari mu bitaro (raporo y’ikibazo cyavuwe). Ikibazo cyihutirwa cyo mu 2023 cy’injangwe yo mu bwoko bwa Ragdoll y’amezi atandatu yari ifite methemoglobinemia ikomeye igaruka kenshi cyabanje kuvurwa hakoreshejwe umuti utewe mu mutsi, nyuma hakurikiraho kuwutanga mu kanwa mu buryo bwitondewe. Iyo njangwe yarakize nta ngaruka mbi zikomeye zifitanye isano n’ubuvuzi (DOI 10.1111/vec.13298). Buri ntsinzi yabaye mu bihe byihariye byagenzuwe kandi bikurikiranwa, si urugero rwo gushingiraho mu gukoresha uyu muti mu rugo.

Inyandiko za kera ku burozi zerekana urundi ruhande. Mu ruhererekane rw’ibibazo byo mu 1973, injangwe esheshatu zagize kubura amaraso bitewe no gusenyuka kw’uturemangingo dutukura dufite uduce twa Heinz nyuma yo gufata mu kanwa imiti y’inzira z’inkari irimo ubururu bwa metilene. Izindi njangwe ebyiri zahawe ingano zingana na zo mu igerageza zagize ibihe bikomeye byo gusenyuka kw’uturemangingo dutukura mu minsi mike, zikenera kongererwa amaraso (Schechter n’abandi, 1973). Mu 2016, ikibazo cyateye urupfu rw’injangwe nto ikomoka ku moko avanze arimo Angora, yari yaravuwe indwara y’inzira z’inkari, cyagaragaje ko uturemangingo turimo ururenda n’izindi ngingo byafashe ibara ry’ubururu rikomeye, hamwe n’ibyangiritse mu mwijima no mu mpyiko. Hashingiwe ku mateka y’ubuvuzi no ku byagaragaye mu ngingo, hemejwe ko yari uburozi bw’ubururu bwa metilene (raporo y’ikibazo cyavuwe). Izi raporo ntizishobora gutanga urugero rwizewe rw’ingano uburozi butangiriraho rushobora gukoreshwa kimwe ku muti ufatwa mu kanwa, uterwa mu mutsi, ugera ku ruhu, cyangwa uri mu mazi y’ikigega cy’amafi wavanzwe cyane; kandi iyi nyandiko nta rwo itanga.

Hari igereranya rimwe rikwiye gukosorwa. Acetaminophen izwiho guteza injangwe ibyago kuko zidafite zimwe muri anzime z’ingenzi zikora glucuronidation, kandi abanditsi bamwe bakoresha icyo gisobanuro no ku bururu bwa metilene. Iryo gereranya ntirishingiye ku bimenyetso. Ubushobozi buke bwo gukora glucuronidation ni uburyo buzwi butuma acetaminophen igira ingaruka, bwasuzumwe muri iyi nyandiko ku buryo umubiri w’injangwe utunganya imiti. Ku bururu bwa metilene, inyandiko z’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo zishimangira imiterere yabwo ya okisidasiyo na redigisiyo, hamwe n’intege nke z’uturemangingo dutukura tw’injangwe; kandi FDA ivuga ko uburyo nyabwo uduce twa Heinz dutera kwangirika butarasobanuka mu buryo bwuzuye. Ibyerekeye acetaminophen bitwibutsa neza ko injangwe zitunganya imiti mu buryo butandukanye. Ariko si byo bisobanura uyu muti.

Iyo injangwe ihuye n’ubu bururu: ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Injangwe yanjye yanyoye amazi y’ikigega cy’amafi yashyizwemo ubururu bwa metilene. Ese ubwo ni uburozi?

Si ngombwa ko biba uburozi, kandi nta nyandiko yabusubiza hatabayeho imibare. Kunywa amazi make y’ikigega arimo umuti wamaze kuvangwa n’amazi menshi si kimwe no kumira umuti ukomeye utaravangwa, kandi nta rugero rwemejwe n’ubushakashatsi bwasuzumwe n’izindi nzobere ruriho ku njangwe zinywa amazi y’ikigega arimo uyu muti wavanzwe cyane. Ntukabare ingano yo kuvura ushingiye ku mabwiriza y’ikigega cy’amafi cyangwa ku biganiro by’ingano ihabwa imbwa. Vugana n’umuganga w’amatungo uvura injangwe, ivuriro ryakira ibibazo byihutirwa, cyangwa serivisi ishinzwe uburozi mu matungo, ufite amakuru y’icyo gicuruzwa.

Ni ayahe makuru nkwiye gutanga?

Ikirango cy’igicuruzwa cyangwa ifoto yacyo, ikinyabutabire nyamukuru gikora n’igipimo cyacyo mu muti, ingano y’umuti ukomeye yashyizwe mu mazi n’ingano y’ayo mazi niba ari ngombwa, ikigereranyo cy’amazi injangwe yanyoye, ibiro by’injangwe, igihe yahuriye n’umuti, n’imiti yose iri gufata cyangwa indwara ifite. Amabwiriza rusange ku burozi ya ASPCA asaba ba nyir’amatungo kubika igikoresho cyarimo umuti no guhamagara aho gutegereza ibimenyetso. Ibyo birakurikizwa no hano.

Irangi ryagiye ku bwoya. Nkore iki?

Buza injangwe kurisukura irigata, kuko umuti uri ku bwoya winjira mu kanwa igihe yisukura. Amabwiriza rusange ya ASPCA yo gukuraho ibinyabutabire byageze ku itungo asaba kwambara uturindantoki, gukoresha isabune yoroheje y’amazi yo koza amasahani n’amazi y’akazuyazi ku bisigazwa byinshi, kwoza neza n’amazi, kurinda amaso n’amatwi icyo gicuruzwa, no kugisha inama umuganga w’amatungo ku buryo bukwiye kuri icyo kinyabutabire. Banza ubaze ivuriro mbere yo koza injangwe iri mu gihunga cyangwa ifite ibimenyetso.

Ese nyitere kuruka?

Oya, keretse umuganga w’amatungo cyangwa inzobere mu burozi abigutegetse mu buryo bweruye. Uburyo bwo mu rugo bwo gutera kuruka bukoreshwa ku mbwa, cyane cyane hydrogen peroxide, ntibukwiye injangwe.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso bisaba isuzuma ryihuse?

Intege nke cyangwa ubunebwe bukabije, guhumeka vuba cyangwa bigoranye, ishinya yijimye gake cyangwa y’umuhondo, amaraso cyangwa uturemangingo turimo ururenda bifite ibara ryijimye cyangwa ry’ikigina, kugwa hasi, cyangwa inkari zijimye. Zirikana ko kwangirika kw’amaraso gushobora gutinda kugaragara: inyandiko za kera ku bicuruzwa by’inzira z’inkari zisobanura ko kubura amaraso byagiye bitangira mu minsi yakurikiyeho. Bityo injangwe igaragara nk’imeze neza ku mugoroba w’umunsi yahuye n’umuti iracyakeneye gusuzumwa n’umuganga w’amatungo kugira ngo hamenyekane uko ikibazo cyihutirwa. Niba umuganga abisabye, ikeneye n’ibizamini by’amaraso byo gukurikirana, birimo hematokirite no kureba uduce twa Heinz mu maraso yasizwe ku kirahure.

Impamvu amabwiriza y’imbwa agomba gukomeza gutandukanywa n’ay’injangwe

Imbwa na zo zishobora kugira kubura amaraso bitewe n’uduce twa Heinz dutewe n’ubururu bwa metilene, bityo nta kintu kiri hano gisobanura ko uyu muti nta ngaruka mbi ufite ku mbwa. Ariko injangwe zigira hemoglobine yibasirwa cyane na okisidasiyo, uburyo budakomeye bwo kurinda uturemangingo dutukura, n’impindura idakuramo neza uduce twangiza, bigatuma intera y’umutekano iba nto. Inyandiko z’ubuvuzi zirabigaragaza: gahunda zimwe za kera zo kuvura imbwa zigeraga kuri 4 mg kuri kg iterwa mu mutsi mu bihe bimwe, mu gihe inyandiko z’injangwe ahanini zivuga 1 kugeza kuri 1.5 mg kuri kg inshuro imwe kuri methemoglobinemia, kandi zikaburira by’umwihariko ku kongera gutanga iyo ngano. Kugabanya ingano iri muri gahunda y’imbwa ushingiye ku biro by’umubiri ntibikemura ikibazo nyamukuru. Intera y’umutekano, uko amaraso yitabira, na gahunda yo gukurikirana biratandukanye. Ni yo mpamvu ibyemezo byerekeye injangwe bigomba gufatwa n’umuganga w’amatungo ushobora kugereranya impamvu yo gukoresha umuti n’ibyago bya okisidasiyo, akanapima ibivuyemo. Gukura amazi yashyizwemo umuti mu kigega nyuma yo kuwukoresha, nk’uko bisobanurwa mu mabwiriza yo gukuramo umuti mu kigega cy’amafi, ni igikorwa gisanzwe cyo kwita ku nyamaswa. Kuvura injangwe si cyo.