Gusobanukirwa amarangi y'ubururu bwa metilene bwa Loeffler bwa alikali n'ubw'amabara menshi

Amacupa atatu ashobora gushyirwa iruhande rumwe ku meza yo gusigiraho amarangi, buri rimwe ryanditseho ubwoko runaka bw'ubururu bwa metilene. Rimwe ryanditseho ubururu bwa metilene bwo mu mazi bwa 1%. Irindi ryanditseho ubururu bwa metilene bwa Loeffler bwa alikali. Irindi rikandikwaho ubururu bwa metilene bw'amabara menshi. Umukozi ufite akazi kenshi afata irimwegereye. Urugero rwasizwe ku kirahure rugafata ibara ryoroshye cyane, cyangwa ubururu bumwe hose, cyangwa rugafata amabara y'umuhengeri atari yitezwe, maze bikitirirwa ikibazo kiri mu rugero.

Iki ni ikibazo cy'imvange, si ikibazo cy'urugero. Ibi bisukika uko ari bitatu birimo amarangi afitanye isano, ariko buri kimwe gikoresha ihame ritandukanye ryo gusiga amarangi. Kimwe ni irangi risanzwe rifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi mwiza, kuri pH yegereye urwego rutari aside cyangwa alikali. Ikindi ni rya rangi ryongerewe ubushobozi bwo gusiga binyuze mu kongeramo alikali. Icya gatatu si irangi rimwe gusa, ahubwo ni imvange yakorewe okisidasiyo ku bushake. Iyo ukoresheje iritari ryo, ihame ryo gusiga amarangi rirahinduka mu gihe urimo ukora.

Igisubizo kigufi

Ubururu bwa metilene busanzwe bwo mu mazi ni bwo bufatirwaho: hafi 1% by'irangi mu mazi, ni irangi ryoroshye rifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi mwiza, rikoreshwa mu kureba imiterere ya bagiteri no mu bikorwa rusange bya mikorosikopi. Ubururu bwa metilene bwa Loeffler bwa alikali bwongeramo alikali ivanze n'amazi, nke kandi yapimwe, mu gisukika cy'irangi cy'ibanze kiri muri alukolo cyavanzwe n'amazi. Ibyo bizamura pH bigatuma irangi rifata cyane ku bice bya bagiteri bifite imiterere ya aside. Ubururu bwa metilene bw'amabara menshi ni ubururu bwa metilene bwahinduwe ku bushake bukoresheje okisidasiyo muri alikali. Bityo, icupa riba ririmo imvange y'ibinyabutabire bifitanye isano byakuwemo amatsinda ya metili (azure A, azure B, azure C), tiyOnine n'umuhengeri wa metilene, hamwe n'ubururu bwa metilene busigaye. Iyo mvange isiga ibice bitandukanye mu mabara atandukanye.

Niba hari interuro imwe gusa ugomba kwibuka: gushyira irangi mu mimerere ya alikali bihindura ubukana bwo gusiga, naho kurihindura iry'amabara menshi bigahindura amabara rigaragaza.

Ubururu bwa metilene busanzwe bwo mu mazi: ubwoko bufatirwaho

Imvange yoroshye kurusha izindi ni ubururu bwa metilene bwashongeshejwe mu mazi, akenshi kuri 1% w/v, nta alikali yongewemo kandi nta okisidasiyo yabaye. Ikigize irangi gifite ibara ni katiyoni ya metilitioniniyumu iherekejwe na iyoni ya koloride ifite umuriro utandukanye n'uwayo. Ni irangi rito, rifite molekile irambuye kandi iri mu muryango wa fenotiyazine, risobanurwa mu makuru ya PubChem yerekeye ubururu bwa metilene nka koloride ya metilitioniniyumu. Kubera ko ari katiyoni, rifata ku ruhererekane rw'amatsinda ya fosifate yo muri aside nukileyike no ku matsinda afite imiterere ya aside yo ku nkuta z'ingirangingo za bagiteri, rigatuma ingirangingo zigaragara mu bururu ku mwanya uzikikije ufite ibara ryeruruka.

Icyiza cyaryo ni uko ibyitezwe ari byo biboneka. Intima z'ingirangingo na bagiteri bigaragara mu bururu. Itandukaniro ry'ibara hagati y'ibice ntabwo rikomeye. Ibinyabuzima bidakunda kugaragara neza bishobora gufata irangi gake, kandi iyo ni yo mbogamizi Loeffler yashatse gukemura. Ku bisobanuro by'umuryango mugari w'amarangi yoroshye akoreshwa kuri bagiteri uru rusukika rubarizwamo, reba incamake yo gusiga bagiteri hakoreshejwe irangi rimwe. Kumenya neza irangi ukoresha biracyafite akamaro hano: ubururu bwa metili ni molekile itandukanye rwose, nk'uko igereranya ry'ubururu bwa metili n'ubururu bwa metilene ribisobanura. Bityo, gushakisha muri kataloge ukoresheje izina ry'ibara gusa bishobora gutuma ubona irangi ryo mu cyiciro kitari cyo.

Ubururu bwa metilene bwa Loeffler bwa alikali: irangi rimwe, rifata cyane kurushaho

Uburyo bwa kera bwa Loeffler bwo gutegura irangi buvanga igisukika cy'ibanze cy'ubururu bwa metilene kiri muri alukolo na alikali ivanze n'amazi. Uburyo buvugwa mu bitabo busaba 0.3 g by'irangi muri 30 mL za etanolo ya 95%, hiyongereyeho 100 mL za hidrokside ya potasiyumu ya 0.01% iri mu mazi. Ubundi buryo bungana na bwo ni 30 mL z'ubururu bwa metilene buri muri alukolo bwageze ku rugero ntarengwa rwo gushonga, 100 mL z'amazi yatunganyijwe hakoreshejwe kuyahindura umwuka no kongera kuyakonjesha, na 1 mL ya KOH ya 1%. Ibi bitanga igisukika cyo gukoresha kirimo hafi 0.3% by'irangi kandi gifite pH ya alikali igaragara. Ubwoko bugurishwa bukurikiza iryo hame, kandi kataloge ya Thermo Fisher y'amarangi akoreshwa muri mikorobiyoloji ishyira ubururu bwa metilene bwa Loeffler bwa alikali iruhande rw'ubw'amabara menshi n'ubwo mu mazi, nk'ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bifite ibyo bigenewe bitandukanye.

Alikali ni yo shingiro ry'ubu buryo. Kuzamura pH bikuraho porotoni ku matsinda ya karuboksili na fosifate yo ku rugero, bikongera ubwinshi bw'ahantu hafite umuriro w'amashanyarazi mubi. Igihe kimwe, igisukika cy'ibanze kiri muri etanolo gituma irangi rikomeza gushonga neza, bityo rikagera aho hantu mu buryo bwa molekile zitari hamwe mu matsinda. Ibyo bituma bagiteri zifata irangi vuba kandi cyane kurusha iyo hakoreshejwe irangi ryo mu mazi ritari aside cyangwa alikali. Hagaragara bagiteri zimeze nk'uduti n'izimeze nk'udukoko tw'uruziga mu bururu bwijimye busanzwe buboneka ku ngero za bagiteri zisizwe ku kirahure. Gusiga irangi ubusanzwe bimara umunota umwe kugeza kuri itatu, bigakurikirwa no koza n'amazi.

Uko ryakoreshwaga mu buryo bwa kera ni kuri Corynebacterium diphtheriae yororerwaga mu buryo bwa Loeffler bushingiye kuri serumu: bagiteri zimeze nk'uduti tunanutse, akenshi dufite impera yabyimbye, zirimo utubumbe twa Babes-Ernst tubika polifosifate kandi dufata irangi cyane mu ibara ritandukanye n'iry'irangi ryakoreshejwe. Guhuza uburyo bwo korora bagiteri n'irangi bifite inkomoko mu mateka, kuko byombi byitiriwe inzobere imwe muri bagiteri. Kugaragaza neza itandukaniro ry'utubumbe ni byo byabigize ingirakamaro mu gupima. Uretse mu kazi kerekeye difiteriya, iri rangi rikoreshwa nk'irangi rusange rya bagiteri ku ngero zivuye mu byorowe muri laboratwari, mu kureba imiterere ya Neisseria ku ngero zo kwa muganga zisizwe ku kirahure, n'ahandi hose gusiga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Gram bidakenewe ariko ubururu busanzwe bwo mu mazi bugatanga ibara ryoroshye cyane. Ni irangi ry'ibara rimwe. Ibice byose bifite imiterere ya aside bifata urwego runaka rw'ubururu. Iyo amabwiriza y'akazi asaba gutandukanya ibice hakoreshejwe amabara, alikali yonyine ntishobora kubitanga.

Icyitonderwa kimwe mu mikoreshereze: ibisukika by'amarangi bya alikali birangirika kandi bigatanga imyanda yikura mu gisukika uko bibitswe n'uko bikurura diyokiside ya karubone. Laboratwari zitegura ingano nto cyangwa zikagura igisukika kiri muri kataloge zikubahiriza igihe kimara kibitswe, aho gukomeza gukoresha icupa rishaje risigara rishyira imyanda kuri buri kirahure cy'urugero.

Ubururu bwa metilene bw'amabara menshi: izina rimwe, amarangi menshi

Ubururu bwa metilene bw'amabara menshi butangirira kuri rya rangi rimwe, ariko bugakorerwa okisidasiyo igenzurwa muri alikali, mu mateka yiswe gukura kw'irangi cyangwa kurihindura iry'amabara menshi. Kubika irangi igihe runaka muri alikali, kurishyushya hamwe na karubonate, cyangwa kurikorera okisidasiyo hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire nka dikoromate bikuraho amatsinda ya metili ku matsinda ya dimetilamino, rimwe rikurikirana n'irindi. Havamo imvange: ubururu bwa metilene busigaye hamwe na azure B (yakuwemo itsinda rimwe rya metili), azure A na azure C (byakuwemo andi matsinda ya metili), tiyonine (yakuwemo amatsinda yose ya metili), n'ibindi bikomoka ku okisidasiyo byo mu muryango w'umuhengeri wa metilene. Buri kigize iyo mvange gifite ibara ryacyo n'ubushobozi bwacyo bwo gufata ku nyama. Bityo, iyo mvange isiga ibice mu mabara atandukanye n'iry'irangi ubwaryo: intima z'ingirangingo, utubumbe, imisiyini na karutilaje bifata amabara atandukanye, kuva ku bururu kugeza ku ibara ritukura rivanze n'umuhengeri.

Iyi miterere ya shimi ni na yo iri inyuma y'amarangi azwi cyane akoreshwa ku maraso. Abakozi ba mbere babonye ko ubururu bwa metilene bwashyizwe mu mimerere ya alikali bwasigaga intima z'udukoko dutera malariya mu mabara y'umuhengeri. Ariko ibisukika byabo byo mu mazi byari bimaze gukura ntibyagumaga uko biteguwe kandi byatangaga imyanda yikura mu gisukika mu minsi mike. Inyandiko isubiramo uko irangi ry'umuhengeri ryo gusiga amaraso ryavumbuwe ikurikirana uko Malachowski na Romanowsky, buri wese ku giti cye, bakoresheje iyi miterere mu 1891, uko metanolo yatangiye gukoreshwa kugira ngo irangi ryari ryikuyemo rigumishwe mu mimerere ihamye no kugira ngo ingero zisizwe ku birahure zifatishwe hatabayeho kuzishyushya, n'uko Giemsa nyuma yashyizeho imvange ifite ibipimo byagenwe bya azure B na eosine, ifashwa na gliserolo kugira ngo igume ihamye. Amarangi yo muri iki gihe yo mu bwoko bwa Giemsa akomoka mu buryo butaziguye ku bururu bwa metilene bw'amabara menshi buvanze na eosine, ari byo bitanga imiterere y'amabara ya Romanowsky. Ku bisobanuro birambuye by'uko buvanwa na eosine n'uruhare rwa azure B, reba amarangi yo mu bwoko bwa Romanowsky n'imikoranire ya azure B na eosine.

Kubera ko ari imvange, ubururu bwa metilene bw'amabara menshi ni bwo, muri ubu bwoko butatu, bugoye kurusha ubundi gushyira ku bipimo bimwe. Uko amabara yabwo aringanira biterwa n'uburyo n'urugero rwa okisidasiyo yakoreshejwe. Ni yo mpamvu abatanga ibikoresho byo kwiga inyama babugurisha nk'igicuruzwa cyihariye kigeragezwa ukwacyo, aho kubufata nk'ubururu bwa Loeffler bumaze igihe. Bukunze gukoreshwa mu kugaragaza utubumbe two mu ngirangingo za mast, imisiyini na karutilaje binyuze mu gufata ibara ritandukanye n'iry'irangi, mu kugaragaza utuntu duto two mu ngirangingo za plasma, no mu kugaragaza Helicobacter pylori mu duce tw'inyama dukoresheje uburyo bw'amabara menshi bwo mu bwoko bwa Goodpasture. Ni bwo bukwiye iyo intego ari ugutandukanya ibice hakoreshejwe amabara, kandi ntibukwiye iyo amabwiriza ateganya ishusho ya bagiteri isobanutse mu ibara rimwe.

Kugereranya imvange n'icyo zigenewe

Soma iyi mbonerahamwe nk'uburyo bwo gufata icyemezo. Niba urugero rufata ibara ryoroshye cyane, hindura ihame rya pH ukoreshe ubururu bwa Loeffler. Niba byose bifata irangi ariko nta gice cyitandukanya n'ikindi, hindura ihame ry'irangi ukoreshe ubw'amabara menshi. Niba urugero rwasizwe n'irangi rya Loeffler rugaragaza utubumbe neza cyane, ariko umugenzuzi akabaza impamvu intima z'ingirangingo na sitoplasime bifite ubururu bumwe, igisubizo ni uko nta rangi rya alikali ry'ibara rimwe rishobora gukora ako kazi. Icyo kibazo gikemurwa n'umuryango w'amarangi y'amabara menshi n'amarangi yo gusiga amaraso ayakomokaho.

Kwirinda kwitiranya ubwoko bikunze kubaho

Amakosa abiri ni yo atera igice kinini cyo kwitiranya ubu bwoko. Irya mbere ni ugufata ubururu bwa Loeffler nk'ubushobora gusimburana n'ubururu bwa metilene busanzwe, kuko bwombi bugaragara mu bururu mu icupa. Buratandukanye kuri pH no ku bukana bwo gusiga. Gukoresha irangi ritari aside cyangwa alikali aho amabwiriza asaba ubwa Loeffler bituma hataboneka rya tandukaniro ry'utubumbe amabwiriza yari ashingiyeho. Irya kabiri ni ugufata ubururu bwose bwa alikali bushaje cyangwa bumaze igihe ku buryo butateganyijwe nk'ubw'amabara menshi. Kubika igihe kirekire bitagenzuwe bitanga imvange itazwi ifite ubukana butazwi. Nyamara, ibisukika nyabyo by'ubururu bw'amabara menshi bitegurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa okisidasiyo bwagenwe, kandi mu ruhererekane rw'amarangi yo gusiga amaraso bikavangwa na eosine yapimwe. Amateka atanga isomo hano: ibisukika byo mu mazi byari bimaze gukura ariko bitagumaga uko biteguwe byo mu myaka ya 1890 byasimbuwe n'imvange zishingiye kuri metanolo ziguma zihamye, kuko imvange zitagenzuwe zitashoboraga kongera gukorwa ngo zitange ibyavuyemo bimwe. Ni isomo rikwiye kwibukwa mbere yo gusiga irangi ku kirahure cy'urugero rugenewe gupima, ukoresheje icupa utazi neza igihe rimaze.

Kwitondera amazina birangiza iki kibazo. Emeza igicuruzwa cyo muri kataloge (ubwo mu mazi, ubwa Loeffler cyangwa ubw'amabara menshi), ingano y'irangi kirimo n'icyo kigenewe ukoresheje amakuru yanditse ku kirango, aho kubishingira ku ibara. Izi mvange uko ari eshatu zikomoka ku itsinda rimwe rya molekile ritanga ibara. Ariko ntizigenewe intego imwe.