Methylene blue mu bidukikije: uko igenda ihinduka, uburozi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi, n'amazi yanduye mu rwego rwabyo

Ibyiciro bibiri bitandukanye by'inyandiko z'ubushakashatsi bikoresha izina methylene blue. Icya mbere ni inyandiko zivuga ku bipimo byo mu bidukikije: ni nke, zishingiye ku mibare, kandi zirimo byinshi bisobanura imbibi z'ibyemezwa. Icya kabiri ni inyandiko zivuga ku kuyikura mu mazi: ni nyinshi cyane, zivuga ibintu zibyizeye, kandi hafi ya zose zishingiye ku bivange byateguwe muri laboratwari. Kwitiranya icya kabiri n'icya mbere ni ryo kosa nyamukuru muri iyi ngingo. Inyandiko y'ubushakashatsi igaragaza gukuraho 95 ku ijana by'irangi mu gacupa ka laboratwari kongewemo irangi iba yerekanye imiterere y'ikintu cyakoreshejwe, si ingano y'irangi iri mu bidukikije.

Iyi nyandiko itandukanya ibyo byiciro byombi. Ibanziriza ku uko molekile igenda ihinduka mu mazi, igakurikizaho ibipimo by'uburozi byapimwe, hanyuma igasobanura icyo imibare y'amazi yanduye ivuga koko.

Uko igenda ihinduka: iyoni ifite umuriro mwiza ushonga kandi ifata ku bintu bikomeye

Methylene blue ishonga mu buryo bworoshye kandi igakomeza kugira umuriro mwiza mu ntera ya pH isanzwe iboneka mu bidukikije. Inyandiko zikusanya amakuru yifashishwa zigaragaza ubushobozi bwo gushonga bugera hafi kuri 43,600 mg/L kuri 25 C, kandi isesengura rinonosoye ryo mu 2025 ku miterere yayo ijyanye n'urumuri ryemeza ko iri rangi riboneka ahanini nka iyoni ya MB ifite umuriro mwiza kuva hafi kuri pH 3.5 kugeza kuri 11.5. Bityo, kuva mu mazi kwayo ihindutse umwuka ni bike cyane ku buryo bitagira uruhare rugaragara. Kwifatanya n'ibindi bintu ni byo bifite uruhare rukomeye.

Kubera ko iri rangi rifite umuriro mwiza, rifata cyane ku buso bufite umuriro mubi: ibumba, ibinyabutaka byituye hasi mu mazi, isayo, n'ibinyabuzima cyangwa ibisigazwa byabyo. Ubushakashatsi bwa kera ku butaka bwavuzwe mu nyandiko zifashishwa bwagaragaje ko rifata cyane ku bintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima, kuri montmorillonite no kuri kaolinite, kandi igice gishobora kongera gukurwamo kikaba gito gusa. Ubushakashatsi ku ihererekanya rya iyoni mu ibumba bugaragaza neza ko ibyo bikorwa binyuze mu ihererekanya rya iyoni zifite umuriro mwiza, rishingira kuri pH, izindi iyoni zihanganira gufata ku buso, n'ingano y'irangi mu kivange. Agaciro ka Koc kagereranyijwe hafi ya 8,000, gakunze kuvugwa, gateganya igisubizo nk'icyo, ariko kagomba gufatwa nk'ikigereranyo cy'irangi rigizwe na iyoni, aho kuba agaciro kadahinduka kapimwe. Imibanire isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kubara Koc yashyiriweho ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku buzima bidafite umuriro w'amashanyarazi, kandi ntisobanura neza imyitwarire ya iyoni.

Isayo irimo mikorobe zikora mu gutunganya amazi ifata irangi muri ubwo buryo, n'iyo mikorobe zitaba zirisesengura. Ubushakashatsi ku byiciro by'ibivange by'isayo yumishijwe bwagaragaje ubushobozi bwa Langmuir bugera hafi kuri 256 mg z'irangi kuri buri garama y'isayo kuri pH 7, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho ku bintu bigizwe na polimere byo hanze y'uturemangingo bwageze kuri hafi 366 mg/g, uburinganire bukagerwaho mu minota. Ubwo ni ubushobozi bwapimwe muri laboratwari, si igipimo cyo gukuraho irangi mu ruganda rutunganya amazi, ariko busobanura impamvu ibara ry'irangi rishobora kubura mu mazi rigafata ku bintu bikomeye, mu gihe molekile ubwayo igikomeza kubaho.

Urumuri rw'izuba rwonyine si uburyo bwizewe bwo kurikuraho. Isesengura ry'ubushakashatsi ku gukura methylene blue mu mazi rivuga igerageza rimwe ryagaragaje ko hakuweho hafi 8 ku ijana gusa nyuma y'amasaha 10 yo kuyisesengura hakoreshejwe urumuri nta musemburo wihutisha ihinduka ry'ibinyabutabire, hamwe n'amagerageza menshi yo kugenzura hakoreshejwe urumuri ruboneka yagaragaje igabanuka rito cyane. Ntukagene iri rangi igihe kimwe rusange cyo kugabanukaho kimwe cya kabiri munsi y'urumuri rw'izuba. Ingufu z'urumuri rugera ku buso, pH, ogisijeni, uduce dukomeye twireremba mu mazi, n'ubushobozi bw'irangi bwo kwiyorohera ihinduka riterwa n'urumuri, byose bihindura igisubizo.

Amakuru ku isesengurwa ryaryo n'ibinyabuzima afite icyuho gikomeye. Mu gutegura iyi nyandiko, ntihabonetse igisubizo gisobanutse cy'igerageza rya OECD 301 ryerekana niba methylene blue itavanze isesengurwa mu buryo bworoshye n'ibinyabuzima. Inyandiko z'ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze ku kuyikura mu mazi zikunze kwita iri rangi icyitegererezo cy'amarangi atorohera ibinyabuzima kuyasesengura, kandi zimwe mu mpapuro z'umutekano zivuga ko ritasesengurwa mu buryo bworoshye n'ibinyabuzima. Ariko nta na kimwe muri ibyo gisimbura amakuru y'igerageza rikurikiza igipimo ngenderwaho. Bakteri zimwe zatoranyijwe zororerwa muri laboratwari n'uduce twa mikorobe twifatanya ku buso zishobora gukuraho ibara cyangwa guhindura irangi mu bihe byateguwe neza. Bityo, icyemezo gishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibimenyetso gifite imbibi: rikunze kuvugwa nk'irigoranye gusesengura, ariko nta gaciro kagenzuwe kerekana ko ryatsinze cyangwa ryatsinzwe igerageza ngenderwaho kabonetse. Ubumenyi ku buryo rihinduka mu rwego rw'ubutabire burushijeho gushyigikirwa n'ibimenyetso. Ikurwaho ry'amatsinda ya metile kuri N rinyuze muri okisidasiyo rigenda, muri rusange, riva ku irangi ry'umwimerere rikanyura kuri Azure B, Azure A, Azure C, na thionine, mu gihe imimerere itera redugisiyo ihindura irangi rikaba leucomethylene blue itagira ibara. Bityo, amazi asa neza nyuma ya redugisiyo si gihamya ko irangi ryarimbuwe. Igice cy'ibanze cya phenothiazine gishobora gukomeza kuba uko cyari kiri na nyuma y'uko ibara ribuze.

Uburozi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi: ibipimo byapimwe, bifite imimerere byagenewe

Ubushakashatsi bukurikiza ibipimo ngenderwaho ku burozi bwa methylene blue mu bidukikije ni buke, kandi ibisubizo bya vuba bitandukanye n'indangagaciro zimwe zo mu bubiko bw'amakuru bwa kera mu buryo bwikubye incuro nyinshi cyane. Buri mubare uri hasi ugomba kujyana n'ubwoko bw'ikinyabuzima, igihe cy'igerageza, n'icyapimwe, kuko gukuraho ibyo bisobanuro ari byo bituma urujijo rukwirakwira.

Igisubizo cya vuba kigaragaza ingaruka ku ngano nto kurusha izindi ni icy'akadoma ko mu mazi. Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2023 ku ngaruka z'uburozi kuri Daphnia magna bwagaragaje EC50 yo kutabasha kugenda nyuma y'amasaha 48 ya 61.5 mikorogarama kuri litiro (0.062 mg/L), na LC50 y'amasaha 24 ya 0.149 mg/L, hamwe n'ingaruka ku mikorere y'umubiri no ku kororoka ku ngano zirenga 4.7 mikorogarama kuri litiro. Iyo ngano ya nyuma ni urwego rwagaragayeho ingaruka hakurikijwe isesengura ry'imibare ry'abanditsi, si ingano igenwa n'amabwiriza nk'itagira ingaruka. Ariko ubutumwa rusange burasobanutse: utunyabuzima two mu itsinda rya cladocerans tugaragaza ingaruka ku ngano ziri hasi cyane y'izisanzwe zongerwa mu bivange bya laboratwari.

Amakuru ku mafi agaragaza ko ibisubizo biterwa n'imimerere y'igerageza. Ibyana by'amafi ya fathead minnow byashyizwe muri iri rangi mu magerageza y'ingaruka z'igihe gito n'iz'igihe kirambuyeho byatanze indangagaciro za LC50 y'amasaha 96 za 45 mg/L kuri 20 C na 15 mg/L kuri 25 C. Mu rumuri rwa laboratwari, indangagaciro z'ingaruka z'igihe kirekire z'iminsi irindwi zari hafi ya 2.1 mg/L ku kubaho na 0.6 mg/L ku gukura. Ubushyuhe n'urumuri byahinduye igisubizo, kandi ibyo ni ingenzi kuko ibara ry'irangi ubwaryo rihindura uko urumuri rwinjira mu mazi.

Mu ruhererekane rumwe rw'amagerageza yo mu buryo bwa OECD, ibinyabuzima by'ibanze bitunganya ibyo bitunga byagaragaje ingaruka kuri mg/L nke z'umubare w'imibare imwe. Kubishyira muri iri rangi amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 96 byatanze indangagaciro za EC50 zagabanutse ziva hafi kuri 62 zigera kuri 5.4 mg/L kuri Chlorella vulgaris, na hafi kuri 5.8 zigera kuri 1.1 mg/L kuri Spirulina platensis. Icyo cya nyuma ni cyanobacterium aho kuba urubobi rufite uturemangingo tugira intima. Igerageza rigufi kuri bakteriya yo mu nyanja ya Vibrio harveyi ryapimye EC50 y'urumuri rukorwa n'ibinyabuzima mu minota 15 igera hafi kuri 18 mg/L ku irangi ritari ryasesenguwe. Ibyo bisobanura ingaruka z'igihe gito kuri bakteriya, si ukubangamira imikorere y'isayo.

Igisubizo kimwe gikwiye kwitabwaho by'umwihariko n'abahanga mu gutunganya amazi. Mikorobe zikora okisidasiyo ya amoniya zagaragaje itandukaniro rikomeye mu buryo zigirwaho ingaruka: archaeon yitwa Nitrosopumilus maritimus yatakaje hafi 65 ku ijana by'ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora okisidasiyo ya amoniya kuri 0.010 mg/L, mu gihe bakteriya yitwa Nitrosococcus oceani yari ikeneye hafi 10 mg/L kugira ngo igire ingaruka zingana na zo mu magerageza yo kugereranya ukubangamira imikorere. Ibyo ni ibipimo by'ijanisha ry'ukubangamira imikorere, si indangagaciro za IC50, ariko byerekana ko ihindurwa rya amoniya mo nitirite na nitrate ari igikorwa gikwiye kurindwa igihe cyose amazi asohorwa arimo iri rangi.

Amakuru yo mu rwego rw'amabwiriza ni make. Ntihashoboye kwemezwa icyiciro kimwe gihuriweho na EU ku ngaruka mu mazi cyangwa PNEC ya ECHA iboneka ku mugaragaro yihariye kuri methylene blue. Iki kinyabutabire kiboneka mu nyandiko za ECHA nta gaciro kamwe nk'ako gaherekeje, bityo ntugakoporore PNEC iri ku rupapuro rw'umutekano rw'uruvange rw'ibishongesha. Nk'urugero rw'igihugu, Nouvelle-Zélande ishyira iri rangi mu cyiciro cya Aquatic Chronic 3, H412, ryangiza ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi kandi rifite ingaruka zimara igihe kirekire. Ayo ni amakuru y'ingirakamaro, ariko si icyiciro cyo mu Burayi.

Impamvu inyandiko ku mwanda w'icyitegererezo atari amakuru y'uko ibinyabuzima bihura na wo

Methylene blue yiganje mu binyamakuru by'ubushakashatsi ku gufata ku buso no ku ihinduka ry'ibinyabutabire ryihutishwa n'urumuri kubera impamvu zifatika. Irahendutse, ifite ibara rikomeye, iroroshye gukurikirana hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa spektrofotometri bukoreshwa ku bivange byo mu mazi birimo ingano nke z'ibinyabutabire, ifata cyane ku buso, kandi ifite n'amateka y'igerageza ryemewe binyuze muri ISO 10678 ku buso bwihutisha ihinduka ry'ibinyabutabire hakoreshejwe urumuri. Inyandiko zerekeye iryo gerageza rya ISO ubwazo ziburira ko gufata ku buso, ubuziranenge bw'irangi, pH, isoko y'urumuri, no gukwirakwira kwa molekile bizana amakosa akomeye, harimo ikosa ryo kongera kubona ibisubizo bimwe hagati ya laboratwari rigera hafi kuri 30 ku ijana. Korohereza akazi si uguhagararira neza ibibera mu bidukikije.

Imibare rusange ku mazi yanduye arimo amarangi irushaho kongera urujijo. Isesengura rikunze kuvugwa ku mazi asohorwa n'inganda zisiga amarangi ryagaragaje ingano rusange y'amarangi iri hafi ya 10 kugeza kuri 250 mg/L, ariko ibyo bireba ubwoko bwinshi bw'amarangi atandukanye mu rwego rw'ubutabire, kandi ntibigomba na rimwe kuvugwa nk'ingano ya methylene blue. Ibipimo nyakuri by'iri rangi ryihariye biri hasi cyane. Ubushakashatsi bwo muri Afurika y'Epfo ku mazi yanduye ava mu nganda z'imyenda bwabonye hafi 2.3 mg/L mu mazi yinjira na 3.2 mg/L mu mazi asohoka mbere y'uko abanditsi bongera irangi mu ngero ngo zigere kuri 30 mg/L ku bw'amagerageza. Urugero rw'amazi yo kwoza imyenda ya batik muri Phuket rwo rwari rurimo hafi 3.6 mg/L, byemejwe na spektrofotometri na HPLC. Izo ndangagaciro za mg/L zifite umubare w'imibare imwe ziri hasi hafi incuro icumi ugereranyije na 30 kugeza kuri 50 mg/L bikunze kuba ingano zo gutangiriraho mu nyandiko ku gukuraho irangi.

Itegeko ryo gusoma izi nyandiko ni iri: ijanisha ryavuzwe ryo gukuraho irangi risobanura imikorere ku kintu cy'igerageza cya laboratwari ku ngano yo gutangiriraho yatanzwe. Kumenya uko ibinyabuzima bihura na ryo bisaba amakuru y'ingero zafashwe, agaragaza n'ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire birimo. Inyandiko zijyanye n'uburyo bwo gusesengura zisobanura uko iryo tandukaniro ryakomeza kugaragara mu bisubizo bitangazwa.

Gutunganya amazi: vuga icyo upima mbere yo kwemeza ko irangi ryakuweho

Ibyiciro bitatu by'uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi bikuraho irangi, kandi buri kimwe gifite uburyo bwihariye bwo gukabiriza ibyo cyagezeho.

Gufata ku buso no gufata ku bintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima bikura irangi mu mazi bikarijyana ku kintu gikomeye: karubone, ibumba, ibinyabuzima cyangwa ibisigazwa byabyo, cyangwa isayo. Imbogamizi ni uko riva mu cyiciro cy'amazi rikajya mu cy'ibintu bikomeye, si uko rihinduka mu rwego rw'ubutabire. Keretse ikintu cyarifashe cyamaze gukoreshwa kirimbuwe cyangwa kikajugunywa mu buryo butekanye, irangi riba rigihari. Kuba rishobora kongera kurekurwa byaragaragajwe; ubushakashatsi bumwe ku kuyungurura hakoreshejwe utwenge duto cyane bwageze ku kubanza kubuza hafi irangi ryose kunyura bitewe no gufata ku buso, nyuma buraryongera kuboneka bumanura pH kugira ngo riva ku buso bwari bwarifashe. Irindi gerageza ku kayunguruzo k'urugori ruto ryagaragaje igabanuka ry'ifatwa ry'irangi riva hafi kuri 20 ku ijana rigera hafi kuri 2 ku ijana igihe ahantu rifata ku buso hose hamaze kuzura. Ingero za mbere zapimaga imikorere y'ikintu gifata irangi, si iy'urugori rw'akayunguruzo.

Okisidasiyo isenya igice cya molekile gitanga ibara, ariko kubura kw'ibara si uguhinduka ibintu bya minerali. Okisidasiyo ya Fenton y'ibivange bya 10 kugeza kuri 30 mg/L yatanze ikurwaho ry'irangi rirenga 98 ku ijana mu isaha imwe kuri pH 2 kugeza kuri 3, mu gihe ogisijeni ikenewe mu ihinduka ry'ibinyabutabire yagabanutseho hafi 81 ku ijana gusa. Gukoresha ozone byageze ku isesengurwa ryuzuye rigaragara mu minota 12 kuri pH 12, COD igabanukaho hafi 65 ku ijana. Itandukaniro hagati y'iyo mibare yombi ni ho hasigara ibinyabutabire byo hagati bya Azure n'ibikomoka kuri okisidasiyo ituzuye. Gukuraho ibara, gusesengura molekile, kugabanya COD, no guhinduka ibintu bya minerali ni ibipimo bine bitandukanye, kandi ntibigomba na rimwe gukoreshwa nk'aho bivuga ikintu kimwe.

Utuyunguruzo tw'utugori duto dushobora kubuza irangi kunyura ku gipimo cyo hejuru mu gihe amazi twinjizwamo agenzuwe. Urugero rumwe rwa laboratwari rwo kuyungurura ku rugero rwa nano rwageze hafi ku gukuraho 99.8 ku ijana mu mazi yinjizwa arimo 100 mg/L. Ariko ubwo buryo butanga amazi arimo irangi ryinshi kurushaho agikenera kwitabwaho, kandi mu ntangiriro z'imikorere bushobora gushingira igice ku gufata ku buso. Kwemeza imikorere ku rugero rw'uruganda rwose ni icyemezo gitandukanye n'igisubizo cyabonetse ku mazi yinjizwa agenzuwe.

Mu bikorwa byo kuri laboratwari n'ibigeragezo bibanziriza gushyira uburyo mu bikorwa ku rugero runini, ingaruka zifatika zirasobanutse. Tandukanya imyanda y'irangi n'indi kandi uyishyireho ibirango, aho gusuka mu miyoboro y'amazi ibivange by'ubururu birimo irangi rito wibwira ko uruganda rutunganya amazi ruzarisesengura rukoresheje ibinyabuzima; birashoboka cyane ko rifata ku isayo, mu gihe kurimburwa kwaryo kutizewe. Intambwe zifatika zo gukoresha ibikoresho bibikwamo, gutandukanya imyanda, no kuyijugunya zisobanurwa mu mabwiriza yo gucunga imyanda ya laboratwari. Amategeko ku ibara ry'amazi asohorwa, nk'umupaka w'u Buhinde wa 150 PCU ku mazi asohorwa n'inganda z'imyenda, agenzura ibara rigaragara, si ingano ya methylene blue. Bityo, nta buryo bumwe rusange bwo guhindura ibipimo by'ibara mo mg/L mu mazi yanduye avanze.

Incamake itabeshya ikwira mu gika kimwe. Methylene blue ifata cyane ku bindi bintu, isesengurwa buhoro n'urumuri nta bundi bufasha, nta gisubizo cy'igerageza ngenderwaho ku isesengurwa ryayo n'ibinyabuzima cyabonetse, ihindukamo ibinyabutabire bya Azure cyangwa ubwoko butagira ibara bwanyuze muri redugisiyo aho kuzimira, yangiza ibinyabuzima bimwe byo mu mazi ku ngano ziri munsi ya 0.1 mg/L mu gihe ibindi byihanganira mg/L zibarirwa mu makumyabiri n'arenze, iboneka kuri mg/L z'umubare w'imibare imwe mu mazi make asohorwa yapimwe, kandi kwemeza ko yakuweho no gufata ku bindi bintu cyangwa na okisidasiyo bisaba gusobanura neza icyapimwe. Ibindi byose ni agacupa kongewemo irangi gategereje urugero rw'amazi rwafashwe mu bidukikije.