Ikizamini cyo kwifatira ku buso ubururu bwa metilene: ubushobozi bwa karubone yatunganyijwe

Laboratwari igereranya ubwoko bubiri bwa karubone yatunganyijwe. Urupapuro rw'amakuru ya tekiniki rw'imwe rugaragaza agaciro k'ubururu bwa metilene karuta ak'indi inshuro eshatu. Laboratwari igura iyahawe agaciro kanini, ikagena ingano ikoresha ishingiye kuri ako gaciro, maze irangi rigatangira kunyura muri karubone ritarafashwe mbere y'igihe cyari cyitezwe. Nta makuru yahimbwe. Ibyo bipimo byombi byavuye mu bizamini bitandukanye, ariko uwaguze yabifashe nk'aho bipima ikintu kimwe.

Iyi nyandiko ikosora iryo kosa ryo gusobanura ibipimo. Isobanura icyo ikizamini gipima, ikerekana ibarwa inshuro ebyiri ikoresheje imibare nyayo, ikanavuga buri kintu gihindura igisubizo. Ikibazo gifitanye isano n'iki cyo gutondeka ibikoresho bitandukanye byifatira ibintu ku buso hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwabyo gisobanurwa ukwacyo; hano turibanda ku cyiciro kimwe cy'ibikoresho no ku buryo bumwe bwo gupima.

Impamvu iri rangi rikoreshwa mu gusuzuma

Ubururu bwa metilene ni irangi rifite molekile irambuye, ifite impeta za aromatike, kandi ifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi mwiza. Mu mazi buba ari iyoni ifite umuriro mwiza, kandi ingano ya molekile yabwo ni hafi 1.43 kuri 0.61 kuri 0.40 nm. Iyo ngano ni yo mpamvu bukoreshwa. Iyode, ikindi kintu gisanzwe gikoreshwa mu gusuzuma, ni nto cyane kandi yinjira mu myenge mito cyane kandi ifunganye; bityo agaciro ka iyode kagaragaza uko iyo myenge mito cyane yateye imbere. Ubururu bwa metilene bukenera amarembo yagutse: bwinjira mu myenge irengeje hafi 0.75 nm, kandi imyenge iri hafi ya 1.4 kugeza kuri 3 nm igira uruhare rukomeye. Izo ngano zirimo imyenge mito cyane yagutse n'imyenge mito yo mu cyiciro giciriritse, bityo kuvuga ko ikizamini gisuzuma gusa imyenge yo mu cyiciro giciriritse ni ukoroshya ibintu birenze urugero. Ibyo bintu byombi bikoreshwa mu gusuzuma biruzuzanya. Iyode igaragaza ingano y'imyenge mito cyane ihari. Ubururu bwa metilene bugaragaza ingano y'umwanya wo mu myenge ushobora kwakira molekile nini ya oruganiki, ari na cyo kibazo cy'ingenzi mu gukuraho irangi. Nta na kimwe muri ibyo bipimo cyonyine gishobora guhanura ingano y'izindi molekile zafatwa.

Umuriro w'amashanyarazi ni ingenzi kimwe n'ingano. Kubera ko irangi rifite umuriro mwiza, rikururwa n'ubuso bufite umuriro mubi kandi rigasunikwa n'ubufite umuriro mwiza. Ibyo bituma pH iba igipimo cy'ibanze, aho kuba amakuru y'inyongera gusa, nk'uko ubushakashatsi buri hasi bubigaragaza.

Uko ikizamini cyo mu cyiciro kimwe gikorwa

Uburyo busanzwe bukoreshwa muri laboratwari ni ukuvanga ibikoresho mu cyiciro kimwe kugeza bigeze ku buringanire. Tegura karubone ku buryo iba imeze uko bikenewe, uyungurure kugira ngo ubone ibice bifite ingano igenzurwa, maze upime uburemere buzwi m. Ongeramo ingano izwi V y'umuti w'irangi ufite ubwinshi bw'irangi mu ntangiriro C0. Komeza pH n'ubushyuhe bidahinduka, uvange mu gihe cyagenzuwe, hanyuma utandukanye karubone n'umuti ukoresheje kuyungurura cyangwa kuyizungurutsa ku muvuduko mwinshi. Pima ubwinshi bw'irangi risigaye Ce ukoresheje igipimo cyo kumira urumuri cya UV-Vis, ubusanzwe ku burebure bw'umuraba buri hafi ya 660 kugeza kuri 665 nm, akenshi kuri 664 nm, ubigereranya n'uruhererekane rw'imiti yo kugena ibipimo yateguwe ku gikoresho kimwe. Uburyo bumwe bwatangajwe bwakoresheje 0.050 g za karubone na 50 mL z'umuti ufite ubwinshi bw'irangi kuva kuri 10 kugeza kuri 1000 mg/L, mu masaha 24 kuri 25 C, hapimwa kuri 660 nm. Nta buryo bumwe bwemewe hose; bityo agaciro gatangajwe katagaragaza ingano ya karubone yakoreshejwe, urwego rw'ubwinshi bw'irangi, igihe, ubushyuhe, pH n'uburebure bw'umuraba si igisubizo cy'ikizamini. Ni inkuru idafite gihamya.

Gupima ingano y'irangi na byo bisaba kwitonda kimwe n'ibisobanurwa mu gupima irangi hifashishijwe uko rimira urumuri: gena ibipimo ku gikoresho cyawe, genzura aho irangi rimira urumuri cyane aho guhita ufata ko ari kuri 664 nm, kandi wongere amazi mu miti isigaye hejuru ya karubone ifite irangi ryinshi kugira ngo isubire mu rwego igipimo kigendamo ku murongo ugororotse.

Urugero rw'ibarwa

Ubushobozi bwo gufata irangi bubarwa hakurikijwe uburinganire bw'ingano y'irangi. Irangi ritakiri mu muti riba riri kuri karubone:

qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m

aho qe ari ingano yafashwe ku buringanire muri mg/g, C0 na Ce ari ubwinshi bw'irangi mu ntangiriro no ku buringanire muri mg/L, V ari ingano y'umuti muri litiro, naho m ari uburemere bwa karubone muri garama.

Ingingo ya mbere. Tangirana na C0 = 100 mg/L, V = 0.100 L, m = 0.0200 g. Nyuma yo kugera ku buringanire, igikoresho kigaragaza Ce = 35 mg/L. Bityo qe = (100 minus 35) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 65 times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 325 mg/g. Ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti ni (100 minus 35) divided by 100 times 100 = 65 ku ijana.

Ingingo ya kabiri, hakoreshejwe ingano imwe ya karubone n'iy'umuti, ariko irangi ari ryinshi kurushaho. Tangirana na C0 = 200 mg/L maze upime Ce = 90 mg/L. Bityo qe = (200 minus 90) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 550 mg/g, naho irangi ryakuwe mu muti ni (200 minus 90) divided by 200 times 100 = 55 ku ijana.

Izi mpuzabipimo zombi, (Ce = 35, qe = 325) na (Ce = 90, qe = 550), ni ingingo ebyiri z'umurongo ugaragaza ingano yafashwe ku buringanire ku bushyuhe budahinduka. Zirikana uko ibipimo bigenda mu byerekezo bitandukanye: ubushobozi bwo gufata irangi bwazamutse buva kuri 325 bugera kuri 550 mg/g, mu gihe ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti ryamanutse riva kuri 65 rigera kuri 55 ku ijana. Ubushobozi bwo gufata irangi n'ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti bigenda mu byerekezo binyuranye uko ubwinshi bw'irangi bwiyongera. Umuntu wese utondeka ubwoko bwa karubone ashingiye ku ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti ryapimwe hakoreshejwe ingano zitandukanye za karubone cyangwa ubwinshi butandukanye bw'irangi aba atondeka ibizamini, si ibikoresho.

Ibipimo ugomba kugenzura

Buri kintu kiri hasi gihindura agaciro kaboneka. Komeza buri kimwe kidahinduka cyangwa ucyandike.

Ingano ya karubone ikoreshwa. Karubone nyinshi itanga ahantu henshi ho gufata irangi, bityo ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti rikazamuka, mu gihe ingano yafashwe kuri buri garama akenshi igabanuka, kubera ko irangi ryafashwe rikwirakwira ku buremere bwinshi. Garagaza ingano yakoreshejwe muri g/L, hamwe na V na m byakoreshejwe mu kuyibara.

Ubwinshi bw'irangi mu ntangiriro. C0 iri hejuru yongera imbaraga zituma irangi rifatwa, bityo qe ikazamuka, mu gihe ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti rigabanuka uko ahantu ho kurifata huzura. Imirongo y'uburinganire ku bushyuhe budahinduka ihujwe n'ibipimo biri hagati ya 5 na 50 mg/L n'ihujwe n'ibiri hagati ya 100 na 400 mg/L isobanura ibice bitandukanye by'umurongo. Gereranya ubushobozi bubarwa hifashishijwe iyo mirongo gusa mu ntera z'ibipimo zihuriraho.

pH. Kuri iri rangi rifite umuriro mwiza, ingano ifatwa akenshi yiyongera uko pH izamuka, cyane cyane iyo irenze pH karubone igiraho umuriro rusange ungana na zeru, aho ubuso butangira kugira umuriro rusange mubi. pH iri hasi yongerera porotoni ahantu ho gufata irangi ku buso, kandi igatuma iyoni za hidurojeni zihatanira aho hantu. Ingano y'iyo ngaruka iterwa n'ubwoko bwa karubone: mu bushakashatsi bumwe kuri karubone yatunganyijwe, ingano yafashwe yazamutse iva kuri hafi 51 mg/g kuri pH 2 igera kuri hafi 92 mg/g kuri pH 8. Andika pH yo mu ntangiriro n'iyo ku buringanire hamwe n'imyunyu iri mu muti, kubera ko imbaraga z'iyoni zigabanya imikoranire y'amashanyarazi na pH ihindura.

Igihe cyo guhura. Ingano y'irangi ifatwa izamuka vuba, hanyuma umurongo wayo ugasa n'urambuye. Agaciro ko kuri icyo gice kirambuye ni ko konyine ari qe; agaciro ako ari ko kose kabonetse mbere ni qt. Ibihe byo kugera ku buringanire byatangajwe biva ku minota bikagera ku masaha menshi bitewe n'ubwoko bwa karubone, kandi uburyo bumwe busanzwe bukoresha amasaha 24 yo guhura. Suzuma uko ingano ifatwa ihinduka uko igihe kigenda kugira ngo umenye aho ihagarara kuri karubone yawe, aho gufata ko amasaha abiri ahagije.

Ubushyuhe. Nta cyerekezo kimwe gikurikizwa hose. Ingano ifatwa yiyongera uko ubushyuhe buzamuka mu mikorere yakira ubushyuhe, ikagabanuka mu mikorere irekura ubushyuhe; bityo bipime aho kubifata nk'ibizwi.

Ingano y'ibice no kuvanga. Ibice bito bigabanya intera molekile zigenda zikwirakwira, kandi akenshi byihutisha gufata irangi; kuvanga cyane bigabanya umubyimba w'agace k'amazi kadatemba gakikije ibice, na byo bikagira iyo ngaruka. Byombi bihindura umuvuduko, si uburinganire ubwabwo. Ubushobozi bwo gufata irangi buhinduka bitewe n'umuvuduko wo kuvanga ni ikimenyetso cy'uko uburinganire butigeze bugerwaho.

Umwirondoro w'ikinyabutabire gikoreshwa na wo ugomba kwandikwa, ari yo mpamvu igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'irangi n'ibisabwa mu miterere yaryo rijyana n'uburemere bwa karubone: ubururu bwa metilene bushobora kugurishwa nk'umunyu utarimo amazi, ufite uburemere bwa moli buri hafi 319.9 g/mol, cyangwa nk'umunyu ufite molekile eshatu z'amazi kuri buri gice cyawo, ufite 373.90 g/mol, kandi igipimo cy'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa akenshi kiba munsi ya 100 ku ijana. C0 ibarwa hashingiwe ku buremere bwa moli butari bwo ituma buri qe igira ikosa ritaziguye.

Icyo imirongo ihujwe n'ibipimo ivuga n'icyo itavuga

Guhuza ibipimo n'umurongo wa Langmuir byandika qe nka qmax times KL times Ce divided by (1 plus KL times Ce). Bitanga ubushobozi bwo gufata irangi igihe ahantu ho kurifata huzuye, qmax, bubarwa muri mg/g, n'igipimo gihoraho cy'uburyo irangi rikururwa, KL, muri L/mg. Kuba umurongo uhuye neza n'ibipimo bivuze ko uwo murongo wihariye wo kuzura usobanura neza urwego rw'ubwinshi bw'irangi rwapimwe. Ntibihamya ko karubone ifite ahantu ho gufata irangi hameze kimwe hose, ko irangi rifashwe rigize igice kimwe gusa cya molekile, cyangwa ko hari uburyo bwihariye bwa molekile bukora. Karubone zifite imyenge n'ubuso butameze kimwe zikunze gutanga imirongo imeze nka Langmuir mu ntera nto z'ibipimo.

Guhuza ibipimo n'umurongo wa Freundlich byandika qe nka KF times Ce to the power 1/n. KF igena urwego rw'ubushobozi rushingiye ku bipimo by'ubushakashatsi, naho 1/n ikagena uko umurongo wihinahina. Kubera ko ubu buryo butagira agaciro ntarengwa umurongo urambukiraho, ntibugomba na rimwe kurengerwa n'ibipimo byapimwe kugira ngo hahimbwe qmax. Kuba umurongo wa Freundlich uhuye neza kurushaho n'ibipimo bivuze gusa ko imiterere yawo izamuka ihuye neza kurushaho n'intera yapimwe. Uko inyandiko y'imibare yakoreshejwe yaba imeze kose, hitamo ihuzabipimo ritari iry'umurongo ugororotse rishingiye ku nyandiko yayo y'umwimerere, kubera ko kuyihindura kugira ngo ibe umurongo ugororotse bigoreka amakosa; kandi suzuma itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibipimo byabonetse n'ibyahanuriwe aho kwiringira R squared yonyine.

Icyo ibizamini 914 bitwigisha

Isesengura rikoresha kwiga kw'imashini ry'ibizamini 914 byo mu nyandiko 75 ryakoze icyitegererezo cy'ingano y'ubururu bwa metilene ifatwa n'ibumba, ivu n'ibikoresho byakanguwe hakoreshejwe alkali, rikoresheje ibiti by'ihuzabipimo byongerwa imbaraga hakurikijwe igabanyuka ry'amakosa. Igisubizo cy'ingenzi cyaryo: ubwinshi bw'irangi mu ntangiriro ni bwo bwari igipimo cy'ingenzi cyane mu guhanura ingano yafashwe yatangajwe; pH, ubwoko bw'ibikoresho by'ibanze n'uburyo byahinduwe na byo byari ingenzi, kandi hari imikoranire ikomeye hagati y'ubwinshi bw'irangi n'ibindi bipimo hafi ya byose, birimo ingano y'ibikoresho yakoreshejwe, ubuso, igihe cyo guhura no kuvanga.

Ibyitonderwa bibiri bituma iki gisubizo gikomeza kuba ingirakamaro. Icya mbere, ubwo bushakashatsi ntibwarimo karubone yatunganyijwe, bityo ntibushobora gutondeka ibipimo hakurikijwe akamaro kabyo kuri karubone. Icya kabiri, isomo ryabwo rireba uburyo bwo gukora ubushakashatsi kandi rikoreshwa neza no ahandi: ubwinshi bw'irangi mu ntangiriro ntibukwiye na rimwe gufatwa nk'igipimo kibangamira gusa isesengura, kandi imiterere y'ikizamini ikorana n'imiterere y'ibikoresho ku buryo bukomeye cyane ku buryo urutonde urwo ari rwo rwose rushingiye kuri mg/g rudashobora gukomeza kugira agaciro iyo imiterere y'ibizamini yarwo itakigaragazwa. Icyo ni na cyo ibarwa ry'urugero rigaragaza rihereye ku mahame y'ibanze.

Amakosa abiri ugomba kureka gukora

Icya mbere, reka gutangaza ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti nk'aho ari ubushobozi bwo gufata irangi. Ingano nini ya karubone ishobora gukuraho 99 ku ijana by'ibara ry'umuti ufite irangi rito, nyamara igafata miligarama nke kuri buri garama; naho ingano nto ya karubone mu muti ufite irangi ryinshi ishobora gufata miligarama amagana kuri buri garama, ariko ibara rikaguma rigaragara. Buri gihe garagaza C0, Ce, V, m, ingano yakoreshejwe muri g/L, ijanisha ry'irangi ryakuwe mu muti na qe hamwe; bitabaye ibyo, agaciro kabonetse ntigashobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Icya kabiri, reka kwita agaciro kapimwe nyuma y'igihe cyagenwe qe utagaragaje ko ingano yafashwe yageze aho itagihinduka uko igihe kigenda, kandi reka kugena ubwinshi bw'irangi ushingiye ku buremere bwanditse ku kirango. Genza ko uburinganire bwagezweho ukoresheje ibipimo bifatwa mu bihe bikurikirana; genzura ubwinshi bw'irangi upima uko rimira urumuri aho kwiringira uburemere bwapimwe hashingiwe ku kirango, kubera ikibazo cy'amazi ari mu munyu n'igipimo cy'ubuziranenge; kandi ugenzure pH, ubushyuhe, ingano y'ibice no kuvanga. Ubushobozi bwo gufata ubururu bwa metilene buherekejwe n'ayo makuru ni igipimo gishobora gukoreshwa no mu yindi mimerere. Bitabaye ibyo, ni inkuru y'ibyabaye gusa.