Gusiga uturemangingo two mu itama irangi rya methylene blue: ibyo kwitegereza

Umunyeshuri ashyira igitonyanga cy'amazi arimo uturemangingo two mu itama ku kirahure cyo gushyiraho icyitegererezo, akarebera muri mikorosikopi, ariko akabona hafi ya ntacyo. Uduce duke dusa n'ibicucu byerurutse tugenda tunyura mu rubuga rumurikiwe. Arushaho gutunganya ishusho, akongera urumuri, hanyuma akanzura ko nta kintu kiri ku kirahure. Nyamara ikirahure ntikirimo ubusa. Uturemangingo turahari. Dushobora kunyurwamo n'urumuri hafi ya rwose, kandi ibyo ni byo kibazo iri rangi rigamije gukemura.

Iryo tandukaniro hagati y'ibyo umunyeshuri yiteze n'ishusho abona rikwiye gusobanurwa mbere yo gutangira gukurikiza amabwiriza. Abagitangira biteze ko mikorosikopi ibereka utuntu duto nk'uko kamera yegereza ishusho ikerekana icyapa kiri kure. Mikorosikopi ifite urubuga rumurikiwe ikora ikintu gifite imbibi kurushaho: yerekana itandukaniro mu rugero urumuri runyunyuzwamo. Akaremangingo ko mu itama kadasize irangi kanyunyuza urumuri ruke cyane, bityo kagatanga itandukaniro rito cyane. Methylene blue yongeraho iryo tandukaniro. Ifatana n'ibiri imbere mu karemangingo, ariko ntibifate irangi ku rugero rumwe, bityo imiterere yabyo ikagaragara kubera itandukaniro ry'ibara. Iyo abanyeshuri bamaze kumva icyo gitekerezo, buri ntambwe ikurikiraho yumvikana nk'ingaruka yacyo aho kuba amabwiriza yo gukurikiza gusa.

Aha, kumenya uko amarangi yoroheje yongera itandukaniro rituma ibice bigaragara muri laboratwari y'ishuri birafasha, kandi gusubiramo uko mikorosikopi ifite urubuga rumurikiwe itegurwa mbere yo gusiga irangi birinda hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyitegererezo bitagenda neza. Ibisobanuro bya shimi bitera iryo bara biri mu ntangiriro kuri methylene blue mu gukoresha mikorosikopi, isobanura impamvu iri rangi ryihariye rikoreshwa kenshi ku meza ya laboratwari.

Amabwiriza yo mu ishuri

Uburyo bwo gutegura icyitegererezo kigumanye amazi busobanurwa hano ni bwo bworoshye bukwiye gukoreshwa mu masomo rusange. Ntibusaba ikirimi cy'umuriro cyangwa intambwe yo gufatisha icyitegererezo. Ubundi buryo bwo gukwirakwiza icyitegererezo ku kirahure no kugifatisha, bukoreshwa mu bitabo bimwe byo mu mashuri makuru, bwongeraho kukumisha mu mwuka no kugifatisha ubushyuhe mu gihe gito, nk'uko bikorwa mu mwitozo wa North Central Texas College wo gutegura icyitegererezo cyo mu itama, watangajwe kuri Biology LibreTexts. Ariko gufatisha ubushyuhe ni umugenzo wo mu bushakashatsi ku binyabuzima bito, si igisabwa kugira ngo uturemangingo twa epiteliyumu tuboneke.

Ibyo mukeneye: ibirahure bisukuye byo gushyiraho ibyitegererezo n'uturahure two kubitwikira, uduti dufite ipamba tutarimo mikorobe kandi dukoreshwa rimwe gusa (ni two dukwiye guhitwamo) cyangwa uduti dushya dusennye two gukura ibiryo mu menyo, icupa ry'ibitonyanga ririmo methylene blue yashongeshejwe mu mazi ku rugero rwa 0.5 kugeza kuri 1 ku ijana, amazi yatunganyijwe hakoreshejwe kuyahindura umwuka no kuwukonjesha cyangwa yakuwemo iyoni, impapuro zinyunyuza amazi, uturindantoki, na mikorosikopi ifite lenze nyinshi itanga iyagura rusange rya 100x na 400x.

1. Unyuguze mu kanwa ukoresheje amazi gusa. Ibi bikuramo uduce tw'ibiryo nyuma dufata irangi ryinshi tugatuma uturemangingo tutitabwaho.
2. Buri munyeshuri afate icyitegererezo mu itama rye gusa. Akoreshe agati gashya gafite ipamba katagira mikorobe, agakube yitonze imbere mu itama. Kanda, ntuharure. Hagarika hakiri kare, mbere y'uko wumva ububabare cyangwa amaraso atangira kuva.
3. Zunguza agati gafite ipamba hejuru hagati ku kirahure gisukuye, ugakwirakwiza icyitegererezo mu gice cyoroshye. Icyitegererezo gikwirakwijwe mu gice cyoroshye ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kurusha ibindi gituma ibyo ku kirahure bishobora kwitegerezwa neza. Ikirundo cyera kibyibushye gifata irangi kikavamo imbaga y'ubururu idashobora gusobanuka.
4. Shyira igitonyanga kimwe cya methylene blue ku cyitegererezo gikwirakwijwe. Kireke iminota 1 kugeza kuri 3. Umunota umwe urahagije mu mabwiriza menshi yo mu mashuri makuru; igitabo cya NCERT cy'imyitozo ya laboratwari y'ubumenyi ku mwaka wa IX gikoresha hafi iminota 3 ku cyitegererezo gitegurirwa kurebwa by'agateganyo. Gutegereza igihe kirekire si byo byiza kurushaho, kandi gusiga irangi ryinshi birenze urugero ni ryo kosa rikunze guterwa no kutubahiriza igihe.
5. Oza buhoro ukoresheje amazi yatunganyijwe hakoreshejwe kuyahindura umwuka no kuwukonjesha, cyangwa unyunyuze irangi rirengaho ukoresheje impapuro zinyunyuza amazi, ukurikije amabwiriza akoreshwa aho muri. Ahakikije uturemangingo hagomba guhinduka ubururu bwerurutse, atari ubururu bwijimye cyane.
6. Manura akarahure gatwikira ugafashe kaberamye kugira ngo uruhande rumwe rube ari rwo rubanza gukora ku kirahure, hanyuma ukareke kamanuke buhoro. Ibi birinda ko utubumbe tw'umwuka tugumamo.
7. Tangirira ku iyagura rito kugira ngo ubone uturemangingo, urebe ko ishusho itunganye kandi iri hagati, hanyuma ujye kuri 100x, amaherezo kuri 400x. Kuri 400x, koresha gusa igenzura rihindura ubukana bw'ishusho mu ntambwe nto.

Urugero rw'irangi mu mazi rukwiye gusobanurwa neza mu nteruro imwe. Amabwiriza yo mu mashuri akenshi akoresha methylene blue yashongeshejwe mu mazi ku rugero rwa 1 ku ijana. Irangi ribitse rifite urugero rwinshi cyangwa kurirekera ku cyitegererezo igihe kirekire byijimisha ahakikije uturemangingo vuba kurusha uko byijimisha intima, bigahindura itandukaniro ry'ibara uyu mwitozo ushingiraho.

Gufata ibyitegererezo byo mu itama mu buryo butekanye

Ibyitegererezo byo mu itama bizana amacandwe n'ibinyabuzima bito bisanzwe biba mu kanwa. Bityo, fata buri cyitegererezo gishya gikwirakwijwe ku kirahure nk'igikoresho gishobora gukwirakwiza ubwandu, nubwo abagitanze ari abanyeshuri muzima mwigana. Amabwiriza ya American Society for Microbiology yerekeye umutekano w'ibinyabuzima muri laboratwari zigishirizwamo agaragaza amahame rusange: suzuma ibyago mbere y'isomo, ambara uturindantoki, rinda amaso aho amazi ashobora kumeneka agatera ibitonyanga, karaba intoki nyuma, usukure ameza ukoresheje imiti yica mikorobe, kandi ujugunye ibikoresho byanduye bikoreshwa rimwe mu buryo bwemewe bwo gutunganya imyanda y'ibinyabuzima.

Amategeko ane yo mu ishuri agabanya ibyago byinshi. Agati gafite ipamba n'ikirahure buri kimwe gikoreshwe n'umuntu umwe gusa, ntibisangirwe. Buri wese yifateho icyitegererezo gusa, ntazigere agifata kuri mugenzi we. Uduti dufite ipamba n'uduti two gukura ibiryo mu menyo bikoreshwa rimwe bihite bishyirwa mu gikoresho cyagenewe imyanda, ntibisubizwe ku meza. Methylene blue ubwayo isiga ibara ku ruhu no ku myenda kandi irakaza amaso, bityo uturindantoki n'amabwiriza asanzwe y'isuku mu gukoresha amarangi birakenewe. Ntukomeze uyu mwitozo ngo ugerageze korora ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose kivuye mu cyitegererezo gikwirakwijwe ku kirahure, kandi ntugahimbe uburyo bwo gufatisha ubushyuhe ibyitegererezo bishya byo ku muntu utubahirije amabwiriza y'umutekano y'ishuri.

Ibyo kwitegereza n'impamvu bigaragara gutyo

Kuri 100x, shakisha uturemangingo tugari kandi dusennye, dufite ibara ry'ubururu bwerurutse, n'imbibi zifite ishusho y'umwiburungushure cyangwa impande nyinshi zitaringaniye. Tuba kamwe kamwe cyangwa turi mu matsinda yoroheje tugerekeranye. Buri karemangingo ubusanzwe kaba gafite akadomo kamwe k'ubururu bwijimye kurushaho. Ako kadomo ni intima. Wite no ku buryo duteye: uturemangingo twa epiteliyumu dusennye tumeze nk'amatafari yoroheje, si imipira, ari na yo mpamvu impande zatwo zisa n'igice gisize umushongi cyasataguritse aho gusa n'ibipirizo bizengurutse.

Kuri 400x, ibintu bitatu bigaragara neza. Urubibi rw'akaremangingo rugaragara nk'umurongo woroshye wijimye kurushaho ukikije akaremangingo. Sitoplasime yuzuye imbere ifite ibara ry'ubururu bwerurutse kandi ringana hose. Intima iba yijimye kandi yegeranye kurushaho, akenshi ikagira ishusho y'umwiburungushure, ubusanzwe hafi yo hagati ariko si buri gihe. Saba abanyeshuri kwandika ibyo bice bitatu byose, hamwe n'ishusho y'akaremangingo n'iyagura, kuko ari byo nyine urupapuro rw'imyitozo rusaba.

Aha hari ikintu kimwe cy'ingenzi kigomba kuvugwa neza, kandi impapuro nyinshi z'imyitozo zikivugaho nabi. Urubibi rugaragara ruhuye n'ahari agahu k'akaremangingo, ariko ako gahu ubwako, kagizwe n'ibice bibiri by'ibinure kandi gafite umubyimba wa hafi nanometero 7 kugeza kuri 10, ni gato cyane ku buryo mikorosikopi yo mu ishuri idashobora kukerekana mu buryo busobanutse. Icyo abanyeshuri babona ni inkombe y'akaremangingo igaragara bitewe n'urumuri, hamwe n'irangi ryegeraniye aho. Uko kwitonda kurakenewe no ku turemangingondani. Mitokondiriya, urusobe rwa endoplasime, ibice bya Golgi, na ribozome ntibigaragara muri iki cyitegererezo. Mikorosikopi isanzwe ikoresha urumuri ishobora gutandukanya utuntu duto kugeza ku rugero rwa hafi mikorometero 0.2 mu bihe byiza, nk'uko amakuru ya NCBI yerekeye ibikoresho bya mikorosikopi mu binyabuzima by'uturemangingo abisobanura, kandi imiterere myinshi y'uturemangingo yo ku rwego ruto cyane iba munsi y'urwo rugero cyangwa hafi yarwo. Kongera iyagura ridatanga ibisobanuro bishya bituma ishusho iba nini ariko ntibyongeremo utuntu duto dushobora kuboneka.

Kuki intima ari yo ifata irangi ryijimye kurusha ibindi? Methylene blue ni irangi rya katiyoni, rifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi mwiza iyo rishongeshejwe, kandi rifatana n'ibiri mu karemangingo bifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi mubi, cyane cyane aside nikileyike. Kuromatine yegeranya DNA mu ntima, bityo intima igakusanya irangi ryinshi kurusha ibindi bice. Sitoplasime irimo RNA n'izindi molekile zifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi, bityo na yo igafata irangi, ariko rigatatana kurushaho kandi rikaba ryerurutse. Icy'ingenzi cyo kwitondera: methylene blue si irangi ryihariye kuri DNA. Ubushakashatsi ku ikwirakwira rya methylene blue mu gufata amashusho y'intima busobanura uko katiyoni ifatana n'uduce turimo aside nikileyike nyinshi, kandi ubushakashatsi bwa kera bwapimaga uko methylene blue ifatana n'ibyitegererezo by'uturemangingo bwabonye ko igice kinini cy'irangi ryafatanye n'icyitegererezo cyari gifatanye na aside nikileyike. Bityo, intima yijimye hamwe na sitoplasime yerurutse ni uburyo itandukaniro ry'ibara rigaragaramo, si isuzuma rya molekile.

Amakosa abanyeshuri bazakora n'uko bayasobanura

Hafi buri cyitegererezo kidatanga ishusho nziza kiri mu bwoko bumwe muri butanu bw'ibibazo. Igisha abanyeshuri gutahura ikibazo cy'icyitegererezo aho gusubiramo batabanje kugitekerezaho.

Gusiga irangi ryinshi birenze urugero bituma uturemangingo n'ahadukikije hijima ku rugero rumwe, intima ikabura mu ishusho. Bikemure ugabanya igihe cyo gusiga irangi cyangwa woza neza kurushaho. Gusiga irangi rito cyane bituma hasigara uturemangingo tumeze nk'ibicucu bibura iyo urumuri rwongerewe; ongera igihe mu ntambwe z'amasegonda mirongo itatu. Ibyitegererezo bikwirakwijwe mu bice bibyibushye bitanga imbaga zegeranye kandi zigerekeranye ku buryo nta rubibi rushobora gukurikiranwa; igikosorwa ni uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza icyitegererezo, ugakigira cyoroshye kurushaho ubutaha, kuko nta koza gukiza ikirundo cy'uturemangingo. Utubumbe tw'umwuka tugaragara nk'inziga zitunganye zifite impande zijimye kandi zisobanutse, tugashuka abagitangira badufata nk'ibice by'icyitegererezo; ongera ushyireho akarahure gatwikira buhoro, ugafashe kaberamye. Utudomo duto twijimye dutatanye ku turemangingo cyangwa hafi yatwo ubusanzwe ni bagiteri zisanzwe zo mu kanwa, nk'uko amabwiriza yo mu mashuri nka gahunda ya Ingrid Science yo kwitegereza uturemangingo two mu itama abivuga. Twemeza ko mu kanwa haba ibinyabuzima, ibintu abanyeshuri bashobora kuzirikana, ariko muri uyu mwitozo ntibishoboka kumenya amoko yazo kandi ntizigomba gushushanywa nk'ibice by'akaremangingo. Uduce tw'ibiryo n'imirongo y'ururenda bifata irangi ku rugero rutaringaniye kandi rwijimye cyane; kunyuguza mbere bigamije kubigabanya.

Ibyo uyu mwitozo udashobora gukora

Uku ni ukwitegereza kugamije kwiga, si isuzuma ryo kumenya indwara. Nta kintu na kimwe ku miterere y'uturemangingo dusize irangi mu ishuri gishobora gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma ubwandu, kanseri, cyangwa indwara iyo ari yo yose, kandi iyi ngingo ntigomba kumvikana nk'aho ivuga ibitandukanye n'ibyo. Icyitegererezo cyateguwe cyerekana ishusho, urubibi, sitoplasime, n'intima ku ngero ebyiri z'iyagura. Nticyerekana imiterere y'agahu ku rwego ruto cyane, utuntu duto tw'uturemangingondani, cyangwa umwirondoro wa molekile. Kuvuga izo mbibi mu buryo bweruye birinda ubumenyi n'abanyeshuri: igisubizo cyiza ni igishushanyo cyanditseho ibice neza, hamwe n'iyagura n'irangi byakoreshejwe, si umwanzuro ku buzima.

Urupapuro rw'imyitozo rw'umunyeshuri n'amafoto ya mikorosikopi yanditseho ibice

Ibikoresho bibiri byateguriwe umushinga kuri iyi paji ni ifoto ya mikorosikopi yanditseho ibice iri hejuru n'urupapuro rw'imyitozo ruri hasi. Capira buri munyeshuri urupapuro rw'imyitozo cyangwa urwerekane kuri porojegiteri, usabe abanyeshuri gukoporora utuzu twarwo mu makayi.

Uko warukoresha mu isomo ry'iminota 45: iminota icumi yo gusobanura umutekano no gufata ibyitegererezo, iminota icumi yo gusiga irangi no gutegura ibyitegererezo ku birahure, iminota cumi n'itanu yo kwitegereza no gushushanya ku ngero zombi z'iyagura, n'iminota icumi yo kuzuza urutonde rwo kugenzura no kugereranya n'ifoto ya mikorosikopi yanditseho ibice. Ibiri ku rutonde rwo kugenzura byatoranyijwe nk'intambwe zifatika zo gukurikiza. Icyitegererezo gikwirakwijwe mu gice cyoroshye, igihe gikwiye cyo gusiga irangi, intima yijimye kurusha sitoplasime, n'iyagura ryanditswe. Umunyeshuri ushobora kwemeza ibyo bine byose aba yumvise igitekerezo isomo rigamije kwigisha: mikorosikopi zerekana itandukaniro, kandi amarangi atuma habaho itandukaniro rikwiye kugaragazwa.