Methylene Blue ya Nkhungu ya Axolotl: Umboni ndi Njira Zodzitetezera

Wosamalira axolotl akaona zinthu zoyera ngati thonje pa chiwalo chake chopumira, amafufuza methylene blue ya nkhungu ya axolotl, n’kupeza botolo la mankhwala a nsomba lomwe lilipo kale pa shelufu. Madzi a m’matanki awiriwo amaoneka ofanana, zinthu ngati thonjewo zimaoneka zofanana, ndipo pa botololo palembedwa kuti ndi a nkhungu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo pa axolotl kumaoneka ngati koyenera.

Ichi ndi cholakwika chachikulu chomwe nkhaniyi ikufuna kuletsa. Axolotl si nsomba yokhala ndi miyendo. Ndi salamander yomwe imasunga mawonekedwe a mphutsi ikakula, yokhala ndi khungu lolola zinthu kudutsamo, ziwalo zopumira zakunja zooneka ngati nthenga, yosowa madzi ozizira, ndipo siimapirira bwino njira zachidule zomwe osamalira nsomba amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Malangizo a nkhungu ya nsomba sangatengedwe ngati a axolotl chifukwa chongoyerekezera, ndipo umboni wa methylene blue pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda suthandiza kuchita zimenezi.

Kusagwirizana kwa mfundo: chithandizo cha nsomba ndi wodwala wa m’madzi ndi pamtunda

Wopanga mapulogalamu Daniel Jackson amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yoyesa mfundo. Mfundo ndi gawo logwira ntchito lomwe lili ndi mkhalidwe wake ndi malamulo ake. Zochitika ziwiri zomwe zimaoneka zofanana pa sikirini zingakhale zikuyendetsedwa ndi mfundo zosiyana mkati, ndipo zochita zotetezeka pa chimodzi zingalephere pa chinacho.

Chithandizo cha nsomba ndi chithandizo cha nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda zimaoneka zofanana. Zonse zimakhudza nyama yodwala m’madzi, utoto wowonjezedwa m’madzi, ndi chiyembekezo chakuti utotowo ulimbana ndi nkhungu. Koma wodwalayo amasiyana m’njira zitatu zomwe zimasintha chisankho chilichonse.

Choyamba, kuyamwa mankhwala kumasiyana. Khungu la nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda limalola zinthu kudutsamo moti madokotala a zinyama amapereka mankhwala nthawi zonse powaviika m’madzi a mankhwala. Malangizo ovomerezeka amauza madokotala kuti aganizire kuyamwa mankhwala kudzera m’khungu lodwala komanso kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya nyama, monga tafotokozera mu malangizo a Merck a njira zachipatala pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda. Nsomba zimayamwa mankhwala ambiri a m’madzi makamaka kudzera m’ziwalo zopumira, ndipo khungu limathandiza pang’ono chabe pa nsomba zazikulu, malinga ndi kuwunika kwa 2023 kwa kuyamwa mankhwala mwa nsomba. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m’madzi komwe nsomba imapirira sikutiuza zambiri za zomwe axolotl ingayamwe. Mfundo ina yokometsera nkhani iyenera kuchotsedwa. Ziwalo zopumira za axolotl zili ndi maselo amene amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kusamutsa zinthu, monga zasonyezedwa ndi kafukufuku wa kapangidwe kakang’ono ka ziwalo zopumira za axolotl. Koma palibe kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti methylene blue imayamwidwa kwambiri kudzera m’ziwalo zopumira za axolotl kuposa za nsomba. Ndipo kafukufuku wakale wa kuyenda kwa zinthu m’mitundu ya salamander yogwirizana ndi axolotl anapeza kuti khungu limasinthanitsa zinthu zambiri ngakhale ziwalo zopumira zitamangidwa kuti zisagwire ntchito, monga anafotokozera Baldwin ndi Bentley.

Chachiwiri, malo okhalamo amasiyana. Kusamalira axolotl kumadalira madzi ozizira ndi fyuluta yogwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo. Mulingo wosamalira gulu la ma axolotl wofotokozedwa mu buku losamalira axolotl la Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center umasunga akuluakulu pa madigiri pafupifupi 15 mpaka 18 ndipo umachenjeza kuti asasungidwe pa madigiri oposa pafupifupi 22. Umagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochotsedwa klorini ndi kusefa mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo kuti ammonia ndi nitrite zisandulike. Chilichonse chimene chimawononga mabakiteriya osandutsa ammonia ndi nitrite chimavulazanso wodwalayo mosalunjika, chifukwa zinyalala zimapitiriza kuchuluka panthawi ya chithandizo.

Chachitatu, kuzindikira matenda kumasiyana. Zinthu zoyera ngati thonje pa axolotl nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa nkhungu, koma mawu a zachipatala cha zinyama nthawi zambiri ndi saprolegniasis. Ndi matenda a nkhungu ya m’madzi pa khungu kapena ziwalo zopumira zowonongeka, amene amatulutsa zinthu zoyera ngati thonje ndipo amakonda nyama zimene chophimba chawo cha ntchofu chawonongeka ndi ammonia kapena kugwiridwa. Nkhani ya MSD Veterinary Manual yokhudza matenda opatsirana a nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda imalangiza kutsimikizira matendawa pokanda pang’ono khungu kuti apeze chitsanzo chosonyeza ulusi wa nkhungu kapena ma zoospore. Kuyerekezera ndi maso kokha kungasokoneze nkhungu ya m’madzi ndi zilonda za mabakiteriya, khungu lomwe likuchoka, kapena zinyalala.

Umboni womwe ulipodi pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda

Chidule chowona mtima ndi chachifupi. Pali kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mbuyomu, kutchulidwa m’mabuku a mankhwala, ndi kuyesa kumodzi kogwirizana mwachindunji pa salamander komwe sikunapambane. Palibe kuyesa kolamulidwa kosonyeza kuti methylene blue imachiritsa matenda a Saprolegnia amene akhazikika pa ma axolotl oswedwa kale.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mbuyomu kunachitikadi, koma ndi umboni wofooka. Kalata yakale ya nkhani za Indiana University Axolotl Colony, yosungidwa ndi University of Kentucky, imafotokoza kugwiritsa ntchito methylene blue pa nkhungu ya pa ziwalo zopumira ndi zala, mu kalata ya nkhani za gululo yosungidwa m’mbiri. Izi zimangolemba kuti gulu lina linayesa mankhwalawo zaka zambiri zapitazo. Sizitsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kotetezeka kapena kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zinachira. Kutchulidwa m’buku la mankhwala kulinso ndi umboni wochepa womwewo. Buku losonkhanitsa zambiri lolembedwa ndi Smith mu ILAR Journal, lomwe limatchulidwa kwambiri, limayika methylene blue pakati pa mankhwala olimbana ndi nkhungu pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda potengera zolemba zakale. Tebulo la m’buku la mankhwala limalemba zomwe zinanenedwa, osati zotsatira za kuyesa. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala koviikira nyama komwe kwalembedwa mmenemo sikuyenera kutengedwa ngati njira zotsimikiziridwa zogwiritsa ntchito kunyumba.

Kuyesa kwa salamander kogwirizana mwachindunji kumasonyeza zosiyana. Mu kafukufuku wa matumba a mazira a salamander Hynobius dunni okhala ndi matenda ofanana ndi Saprolegnia, wofalitsidwa mu The Herpetological Bulletin, kuviika m’madzi a methylene blue kunafotokozedwa kuti sikunapambane. Kuchotsa mazira omwe anali ndi matenda komanso osatha kukula pogwiritsa ntchito zida kunagwira ntchito bwino kuposa zimenezo. Matumba a mazira si ma axolotl aang’ono kapena akuluakulu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zoyeserera kunali kochepa, koma uku ndi kuyesa koyandikana kwambiri ndi nkhaniyi ndipo sikunathandize utotowo.

Zolemba zosonkhanitsa kafukufuku zimavomerezana za kusowa kwa umboni kumeneku. Kuwunika kwa 2022 kwa saprolegniosis kumatchula methylene blue pakati pa mankhwala omwe akuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda. Komabe, kumachenjeza kuti njira zambiri za chithandizo cha nyamazi zinatengedwa ku chithandizo cha nsomba popanda kuyesa kokwanira kwa mphamvu yake kapena chitetezo chake makamaka pa nyamazi. Chenjezo limeneli ndi maziko oyenera owerengera botolo lililonse la mankhwala a nsomba lomwe likufotokozedwa pansipa.

Zambiri za chitetezo nazonso sizokwanira. Palibe kafukufuku wa axolotl wokhala ndi nyama zokwanira kuti ufotokoze malire a methylene blue pakati pa kuchuluka kothandiza pa chithandizo ndi kovulaza. Nkhani ya zachipatala cha axolotl yokhudza chithandizo cha tizilombo tokhala kunja kwa thupi imatchula nkhawa za poizoni wa methylene blue pokhudzana ndi mtundu wa nyamawu. Zotsatira zosapha nyama zingatheke ngakhale nyama itapulumuka, monga zinasonyezedwera pamene kuyika zizindikiro ndi methylene blue kunasintha khalidwe la ana a achule ndi chiopsezo chawo chogwidwa. Kupulumuka sikutsimikizira kuti chinthucho sichikhudza thupi.

Zomwe malangizo a madokotala a zinyama amalimbikitsa m’malo mwake

Magwero a zachipatala cha zinyama amagwirizana pa ndondomeko, ndipo methylene blue ya nyama yoswedwa kale si pachimake pa ndondomekoyo. Dongosolo la zochita ndi lofunika kwambiri kuposa chinthu chilichonse chimodzi.

Yambani ndi madzi. Yesani ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, ndi kutentha, chotsani klorini kapena chloramine, ndipo tsimikizirani kuti fyuluta ikugwira ntchito. Tsamba la malangizo osamalira axolotl la Lafeber lowunikidwa ndi dokotala wa zinyama limanena kuti ammonia ndi nitrite ziyenera kukhala pa zero ndipo nitrate ikhale pansi pa 10 ppm. Limayikanso kusefa, kusintha madzi, ndi kutentha kotsika pakati pa njira zopewera matenda nthawi zonse. Gawo ili ndi chithandizo, osati chinthu cha pambali, chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa chophimba cha ntchofu ndi ammonia kumapangitsa nyama kukhala yosavuta kugwidwa ndi nkhungu ya m’madzi.

Pezani chitsimikizo cha matenda pa chilichonse choposa kadontho kakang’ono kosafunika kwenikweni. Dokotala wa zinyama angakande pang’ono chilondacho, kutsimikizira nkhungu ya m’madzi, kuchotsa minofu yowonongeka ya pamalo amodzi ngati kuli koyenera, ndi kusiyanitsa ndi matenda a mabakiteriya omwe amafuna chithandizo chosiyana. Zolemba za mazira a nsomba ndi mutu wina womwe wafotokozedwa mu buku la methylene blue ya mazira a nsomba, ndipo mfundo za matanki a nsomba zafotokozedwa mu buku lopanga zisankho za chithandizo cha nsomba za m’matanki. Palibe limodzi mwa mabukuwa lomwe lingatengedwe mwachindunji kuti ligwire ntchito pa nyama ya m’madzi ndi pamtunda.

Gwiritsani ntchito chithandizo choyenera axolotl motsogoleredwa ndi dokotala wa zinyama. MSD imatchula chithandizo cha mchere, kuchotsa minofu yowonongeka pa zilonda za pamalo amodzi, ndi mankhwala olimbana ndi nkhungu a nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda monga njira zomwe zingasankhidwe malinga ndi vuto. Methylene blue imatchulidwa pa mazira, osati ngati njira yayikulu yolimbikitsidwa pa matenda okhazikika a khungu kapena ziwalo zopumira. Njira za mchere kapena kutentha zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda mwachisawawa ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi mtundu wa nyama. Kafukufuku wa chitetezo momwe nyama zomwezo zinayesedwa m’mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana anapeza kuti kuziika kwa nthawi yochepa pa 5 ppt ya sodium chloride sikunasonyeze zizindikiro zoyipa zooneka, pamene 20 ppt inayambitsa zizindikiro zoyipa nthawi yomweyo, monga zafotokozedwa mu zolemba za msonkhano wa ARAV za kupirira mchere kwa axolotl. Kafukufukuyu anayesa kupirira, osati kuchira, koma umatsutsa kutengera mwachindunji njira za mchere wambiri. Kutentha nakonso kuli ndi malire pa nyama yomwe imakonda madigiri 16 mpaka 18. Mankhwala olimbana ndi nkhungu omwe amaperekedwa ndi dokotala ali m’gulu losiyana ndi utoto wa matanki a nsomba. Kugwiritsa ntchito itraconazole pa axolotl polimbana ndi chytrid, komwe kwafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wochotsa matenda m’gulu la ma axolotl a m’labotale, kunachotsa matendawa pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yochepetsedwa, koma kunalembabe imfa. Izi zikuthandiza kuti mlingo ukhazikitsidwe ndi dokotala wa zinyama m’malo mongopanga njira kuchokera pa mzere umodzi wa m’buku la mankhwala.

Funsani dokotala wa zinyama kuti awone nyamayo mwamsanga ngati zinthu ngati thonje zikufalikira, zikukhudza mapesi ambiri a ziwalo zopumira, zikubweranso pambuyo pokonza kasamalidwe, kapena zikutsagana ndi kufooka, kusafuna kudya, kuwonda, zilonda, kuyenda movutikira kwa ziwalo zopumira, kapena kukhala mosalekeza pamwamba pa madzi. Zizindikiro zimenezi zingasonyeze matenda ofalikira kapena vuto lina, ndipo zimafuna kuyesa ndi maikulosikopu ndi kukonza chithandizo chogwirizana ndi mtundu wa nyama, osati kungowonjezera mphamvu ya madzi oviikiramo.

Mndandanda woyendera kugwirizana kwa mankhwala ndi chithandizo: pitani nawo kwa dokotala wa zinyama

Mndandandawu ndi chida chapadera chopangidwira nkhaniyi. Sulimbikitsa njira iliyonse. Umakuuzani mafunso omwe ayenera kuyankhidwa musanasankhe njira iliyonse. Pitani ku nthawi yokumana ndi dokotala mutatenga botolo, chithunzi cha cholembera chake, ndi mayankho awa.

Choyendera	Funso loyenera kuyankhidwa	Chifukwa chake chili chofunika pa ma axolotl
1. Mitundu ya nyama yolembedwa pa botolo	Kodi cholembera chimatchula nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda, kapena nsomba ndi mazira a nsomba zokha?	Tsamba la mankhwala a methylene blue a Kordon limafotokoza mankhwala a nsomba ndi mazira a nsomba popanda kutchula kugwiritsa ntchito pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda. Mawu onena za nsomba zokha si chilolezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito pa nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda.
2. Kapangidwe kenikeni ka mankhwala	Kodi kuchuluka kwa chinthu chogwira ntchito ndi kotani, mndandanda wonse wa zosakaniza ndi wotani, ndipo nambala ya gulu limene linapangidwa ndi tsiku lotha ntchito zikuoneka?	Utoto wa matanki a nsomba umasiyana pakati pa makampani ndi magulu opangidwa. Popanda kudziwa mankhwala enieni a m’botolo, palibe dokotala wa zinyama amene angaweruze kuchuluka komwe nyama idzalandire, ndipo kuchuluka kwa madontho a mabotolo ena kopezeka pa intaneti sikungatengedwe mwachindunji. Luso lowerenga cholembera lochokera m’buku loyezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala pa chithandizo limathandiza apa.
3. Chenjezo la fyuluta yothandizidwa ndi tizilombo	Kodi cholembera chimachenjeza kuti mankhwalawa asagwiritsidwe ntchito limodzi ndi kusefa mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo?	Kordon imachenjeza kuti utotowo umasokoneza mabakiteriya osandutsa ammonia ndi nitrite, ndipo imalangiza kusaugwiritsa ntchito m’makina odalira kusefa mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo. Matanki a axolotl amadalira kusefa kumeneku, choncho kuika mankhwala m’tanki yokhalamo nthawi zonse kungayambitse vuto lalikulu la ammonia kuwonjezera pa matendawo.
4. Zotsatira pa zomera ndi zinthu zopangira tanki	Kodi cholembera chimatchula kuwononga zomera, kudetsa silicone, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa mankhwalawo ndi kaboni ndi zinthu zosefera zokhala ndi timabowo?	Machenjezowa amasonyeza kuti tanki yokhalamo nthawi zonse si malo oyenera. Chidebe cha chithandizo chopanda zokongoletsa, chogwiritsidwa ntchito motsogoleredwa ndi dokotala wa zinyama, chimateteza makina a tanki yaikulu, koma nachonso chimafuna ndondomeko yake yosunga madzi abwino.
5. Matenda atsimikiziridwa	Kodi kuyesa ndi maikulosikopu kwatsimikizira nkhungu ya m’madzi, kapena nkhungu ikungoganiziridwabe?	Zinthu zoyera zomera zokha sizisankha chithandizo. Matenda a mabakiteriya, chytrid, ndi kuvulala chifukwa chokhudzidwa kapena kukandwa zimafuna njira zosiyana.
6. Madzi ndi kutentha zalembedwa	Kodi ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, ndi kutentha zayezedwa ndi kulembedwa?	Kukonza madzi ndi gawo la kuchiritsa. Kutenthetsa axolotl kufika pa kutentha kwa nsomba kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira za mchere wambiri zachisawawa kungawonjezere chinthu china chosautsa nyamayo.
7. Gawo la moyo ndi zizindikiro	Kodi wodwalayo ndi dzira, mphutsi, wamng’ono, kapena wamkulu, ndipo pali zizindikiro zokhudza thupi lonse?	Njira za mazira sizingatengedwe mwachindunji kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ana kapena akuluakulu okhala ndi ziwalo zopumira. Zizindikiro zokhudza thupi lonse zimasintha nkhaniyi kuchoka pa kukonza kasamalidwe kufika pa kufunika kwa chithandizo chachangu cha dokotala wa zinyama.
8. Ndondomeko ya dokotala wa zinyama yalembedwa	Kodi dokotala wa zinyama wakhazikitsa mankhwala, malo omwe nyama idzalandirire mankhwalawo, kuyang’anira, kusintha madzi, nthawi yomaliza, ndi njira yowonjezera chithandizo ngati chikufunika?	Kuviika nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda m’madzi a mankhwala kumafuna lamulo lomveka loyimitsira ndi nthawi yowunikanso. Tanki ya buluu yokhalabe choncho popanda nthawi yomaliza si ndondomeko.

Ngati mzere uliwonse ulibe yankho, chisankho cha chithandizo sichinakonzeke. Mzere wosayankhidwa ndi chifukwa chopumira ndi kupeza thandizo, osati kusankha mlingo wamphamvu kwambiri.

Misampha yapadera kwa osamalira axolotl

Misampha itatu imabwerezedwa m’mabwalo okambirana. Kutenthetsa tanki kuti mulimbane ndi nkhungu kumatengera njira ya nsomba za m’madera otentha yomwe imavulaza nyama ya m’madzi ozizira yosungidwa pa madigiri pafupifupi 18. Kutengera njira ya mchere yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyama zonse za m’madzi ndi pamtunda kumanyalanyaza umboni wa kupirira wokhudza mtundu wa nyama womwe wafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kuika mankhwala m’tanki yokhalamo nthawi zonse chifukwa choti chidebe chapadera chimaoneka ngati ntchito yowonjezera kumaika fyuluta yothandizidwa ndi tizilombo, zomera, ndi zomatira zotsekera madzi kuti zisatuluke pangozi yokhudzana ndi utoto womwe umadziwika kuti umasokoneza mabakiteriya osandutsa ammonia ndi nitrite. Chidebe chapadera chogwiritsidwa ntchito motsogoleredwa ndi dokotala wa zinyama chimafunikabe madzi ochotsedwa klorini, kuwongolera kutentha, kulowetsa mpweya mofatsa, ndi ndondomeko yoyang’anira.

Palibe mwa zimenezi chimene chimatanthauza kuti methylene blue ndi poizoni wa ma axolotl nthawi zonse. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’magulu a ma axolotl m’mbuyomu kumatsimikizira kuti inayesedwa. Koma kuyesedwa si kutsimikiziridwa, ndipo kupirira kwa nsomba si chitetezo cha nyama za m’madzi ndi pamtunda. Mpaka umboni wa kuyesa kolamulidwa pa axolotl upezeke, iyi ndi njira yosatsimikiziridwa yomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake, ngati kuli koyenera konse, kuyenera kukhala m’ndondomeko ya dokotala wa zinyama yokhala ndi matenda otsimikiziridwa, malo oyenera, ndi nthawi yomaliza yodziwika.