Nkhani
Mayeso a kuchepetsedwa kwa methylene blue mu mkaka: mfundo yake ndi malire ake
Wophunzira akukweza machubu awiri a mkaka. Limodzi lasanduka loyera patatha ola limodzi. Lina lakhalabe labuluu kwa maola asanu. Akuloza labuluulo n’kunena kuti mkakawo ndi wotetezeka kumwa.
Maganizo amenewo akusonyeza kumvetsa kolakwika. Mayeso a methylene blue mu mkaka sazindikira chitetezo. Amasonyeza mmene tizilombo tating’ono tomwe tili m’chubucho timachepetsera msanga mphamvu ya redox pamikhalidwe yokhazikitsidwa. Zotsatira zochedwa zimatanthauza kuti ntchito zonse za kagayidwe ka zinthu m’chitsanzocho n’zochepa. Sizikunena kuti muli tizilombo ta mtundu wanji, ngati pali toyambitsa matenda pakati pawo, kapena ngati mkakawo unachitidwa pasteurization moyenera.
Kusiyanitsa zimenezi n’kofunika chifukwa mayesowa amaoneka okhutiritsa. Mtundu wabuluu umatha. Wotchi imapereka nambala. Manambala amakopa anthu kutanthauzira kuposa zimene akusonyeza. Nkhaniyi ikusunga kutanthauzira kothandiza ndipo ikuletsa kosatetezeka.
Zimene kuchepetsedwa kumayesa kwenikweni
Methylene blue imakhala yabuluu ikakhala mu mkhalidwe wa oxidation, ndipo imakhala pafupifupi yopanda mtundu ikachepetsedwa kukhala leucomethylene blue. Mkaka watsopano uli ndi okosijeni wosungunuka, amene amasunga utotowo kukhala wabuluu. Mabakiteriya amene amapuma ndi kuchita nayonso mphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito okosijeniyo ndipo amatulutsa zinthu zochepetsera. Mphamvu ya redox ikatsika mokwanira, utotowo umalandira maelekitironi ndipo umataya mtundu wake. Buku la University of Guelph lofotokoza za tizilombo tating’ono mu mkaka limafotokoza ndondomeko yomweyi ngati kuchotsedwa kwa okosijeni kotsatiridwa ndi kupangidwa kwa zinthu zochepetsera pamene mabakiteriya akuchita kagayidwe ka zinthu.
Kafukufuku wakale mu Journal of Dairy Science umafotokoza izi ngati ndondomeko ya magawo awiri: choyamba tizilombo timamaliza okosijeni, kenako zinthu za mu mkaka zimachepetsa utotowo msanga. Choncho mayeso a kuchepetsedwa kwa methylene blue mu mkaka ayenera kumvedwa ngati mayeso a ntchito zonse za kagayidwe ka zinthu pamodzi, osati monga chowerengera maselo. Mmene methylene blue imachitira pa redox limafotokoza za chemistry imene imayambitsa kusinthako.
Okosijeni amabwezeretsa kusintha komwe kumasonyeza kuti mayeso afika kumapeto. Utoto wa leuco wochepetsedwa ukakumana ndi mpweya umachitanso oxidation ndipo umasandukanso wabuluu. Choncho kugwedeza, kuthira, kugwiritsa ntchito machubu akulu m’lifupi, ndi kusiya malo aakulu a mpweya pamwamba pa mkaka zimachedwetsa zotsatira. Kawirikawiri mphete yopyapyala yabuluu imakhalabe pamwamba pamene mkaka wonse wa m’chubu wataya mtundu. Ndondomeko zokhazikitsidwa zimavomereza mphete imeneyo m'malo modikira kuti nayo ithe.
Mtundu wa tizilombo umawonjezera kusokonekera kwina. Mabakiteriya a coliform ndi tizilombo tambiri totulutsa lactic acid zimachepetsa utotowo msanga. Tizilombo tambiri timene timakula pa kutentha kochepa komanso timene timapirira kutentha timauchepetsa pang’onopang’ono kapena pafupifupi sitimauchepetsa konse. Zitsanzo ziwiri za mkaka zokhala ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha tizilombo pa mbale zingataye mtundu wabuluu pa nthawi zosiyana ndi maola angapo. Mfundo imeneyo yokha imaletsa kusandutsa nthawi kukhala chiwerengero cha magulu a tizilombo.
Ndondomeko ya labotale yoyendetsedwa mosamala
Njira za kumunda ndi za m’mabuku zimasiyana pa mfundo zina, choncho zotsatira zimakhala zovomerezeka pokhapokha zitamasuliridwa mkati mwa njira imene yazitulutsa. Njira yodziwika ya labotale yoyesa zakudya imatsatira izi:
- Sonkhanitsani mkaka wosachitidwa pasteurization popanda kulowetsamo mpweya wambiri ndipo uziziritseni mwamsanga. Musanatenge chitsanzo, sakanizani mwa kutembenuza chidebecho mofatsa.
- Ikani mkaka wa 10 mL m’chubu chopanda tizilombo pamodzi ndi 1 mL ya madzi a utoto okonzedwera mayesowo. Kuchuluka kwa utoto kumene kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi 0.005 peresenti, ndi chiŵerengero cha mkaka ndi madzi a utoto cha 10 pa 1.
- Tsekani chubucho ndi chotsekera, chitembenuzeni mofatsa kawiri, ndipo chiikeni m’beseni la madzi mkati mwa mphindi zochepa. Nthawi zambiri kusunga chitsanzo pa kutentha kwa mayeso kumachitika pa madigiri Celsius 35 mpaka 38, malinga ndi muyezo umene ukutsatidwa. Lembani muyezo umene mukutsatira.
- Tetezani machubu ku kuwala pamene ali pa kutentha kwa mayeso, chifukwa kuwala kumafulumizitsa kuchepetsedwa.
- Werengani zotsatira patatha mphindi 30, kenako pa nthawi zokhazikitsidwa. Mapeto a mayeso ndi nthawi imene mkaka wa m’chubu ukufanana ndi mkaka wowiritsidwa wofanizira, kapena pamene mtundu watayika kufika pamlingo wotchulidwa mu ndondomekoyo.
- Sungani chubu chokhala ndi mkaka womwewo koma chosathiridwa utoto kuti chikhale chofanizira poona, ngati njirayo ikufuna chubu chotere.
Buku la FAO la mayeso a mkaka limapereka njira yomveka bwino ya kumunda ya ndondomekoyi, pogwiritsa ntchito mkaka wa 10 mL ndi madzi a utoto a 1 mL, kutseka chubu, kutembenuza mofatsa, kusunga pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi madigiri 37 mpaka 38, ndi kuwerenga zotsatira pa mphindi 30 zilizonse. Machubu ake ofanizira amagwiritsa ntchito mkaka wowiritsidwa kuti awononge dongosolo lachilengedwe lochepetsera ndi kukhazikitsa maziko oyerekezera mtundu.
Chithunzi chapamwambachi chikusonyeza malire a zinthu zoyenera kusungidwa mofanana. Miyezo yofanana ya madzi, utoto womwewo, kutentha komweko, kusakaniza kofanana, chitetezo chofanana ku kuwala, ndi lamulo lomwelo la mapeto a mayeso. Mukasintha chimodzi mwa zimenezi, nthawi imasinthanso. N’chifukwa chake njira za kunyumba zogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa utoto kongosankhidwa sizingafanizidwe ndi magulu a zotsatira za labotale.
Zimene nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa imasonyeza
Nthawi yaitali imatanthauza ntchito zochepa za kagayidwe ka zinthu pamodzi pamikhalidwe yotchulidwayo. Nthawi yochepa imatanthauza ntchito zambiri za kagayidwe ka zinthu pamodzi. Matebulo ophunzitsira za mkaka amagwirizanitsa nthawizo ndi magulu oyerekeza a ubwino, mwachitsanzo maola 5 kapena kuposa ngati abwino kwambiri, ndi nthawi yosakwana mphindi 30 ngati oipa, m’dongosolo lina lochokera ku BIS.
Kusiyana kwa maguluwo ndi phunziro lofunika. Zotsatira za maola 5 zilibe gulu limodzi lovomerezeka kulikonse. Zili m’ndondomeko imene inazitanthauzira. Choncho njira yolembera lipoti yomwe ingatetezedwe ndi umboni ndi iyi:
MBRT ndi maola X potsatira njira yotchulidwa, mogwirizana ndi gulu la njirayo.
Sizikhala konse kuti MBRT ndi mayunitsi X opanga magulu a tizilombo pa mL. Malangizo ochokera ku Standard Methods amanena kuti zotsatira za kuchepetsedwa kwa utoto siziyenera kulembedwa ngati ziwerengero za mabakiteriya. Ndondomeko yosavuta yopaka mtundu ndi methylene blue imayankhanso funso losiyana, chifukwa imasonyeza mawonekedwe a maselo pa maikulosikopu m'malo mwa ntchito za kagayidwe ka zinthu zonse pamodzi m’chubu.
Tebulo la kutanthauzira ndi malire
Tebuloli ndi maziko oyambirira ofotokozera nkhaniyi. Werengani mzere wonse kuchokera mbali imodzi mpaka ina. Palibe bokosi limodzi limene lingatanthauziridwe palokha.
| Zimene zaoneka kapena zonenedwa | Zimene zikusonyeza | Zimene sizingatsimikizire | Zinthu zazikulu zosokoneza zotsatira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kutayika msanga kwa mtundu wabuluu, pasanathe maola 2 m’dongosolo lina la mkaka wosachitidwa pasteurization | Ntchito zambiri zochepetsera, zogwirizana ndi tizilombo tambiri kapena mkaka wosatha kusungika bwino | Mtundu wa tizilombo, chiwerengero chenicheni, poizoni, kapena kulephera kwa pasteurization | Kusunga pa kutentha, tizilombo ta coliform tambiri, kuwala, utoto wochepa |
| Nthawi yapakatikati, maola 2 mpaka 4 | Ntchito zapakatikati; gulu limangogwira ntchito mkati mwa dongosolo lotchulidwalo | Chitetezo kapena kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo tochepetsa pang’onopang’ono | Kutentha kwambiri posunga chitsanzo pa mayeso, kusiyana pa kulowetsedwa kwa mpweya, kulekana kwa mafuta |
| Kuchepetsedwa pang’onopang’ono, maola 5 kapena kuposa | Ntchito zochepa zonse pamodzi m’dongosolo limenelo | Kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchitidwa kwa pasteurization, kapena chitetezo pa zinthu za mankhwala | Zotsalira za maantibayotiki, zoteteza kuti mkaka usawonongeke, okosijeni wosungunuka wowonjezera, utoto wambiri |
| Mphete yabuluu imakhalabe pamwamba pamene mkaka wonse wataya mtundu | Kuchitikanso kwa oxidation pamalire a mpweya ndi mkaka, kusintha kwachibadwa m'mphepete | Kulephera kwa mayeso kapena kusamalizika kwa kusintha kwa chemistry | Chubu chachikulu m’lifupi, chotsekera chosakhazikika, kutsegula mobwerezabwereza kuti muone |
| Chubu choyera pambuyo posunga mkaka wotenthedwa pa kutentha kwa mayeso | Dongosolo lochepetsera losinthidwa pamodzi ndi ntchito za tizilombo zomwe zapitirizabe | Kuti kutenthedwako kunali kofanana ndi pasteurization yotsimikizidwa | Kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo chifukwa cha kutentha, kudzikonza pamene zili pa kutentha kwa mayeso, kuipitsidwa pambuyo pake |
| Mtengo uliwonse umodzi wa MBRT wotchulidwa popanda njira | Mikhalidwe ya mayesowo sidziwika | Gulu lililonse kapena chiwerengero chilichonse | Kapangidwe ka utoto, chiŵerengero, kutentha, kusakaniza, ndi lamulo la mapeto a mayeso sizinalembedwe |
Mayeso odalira kukula kwa tizilombo, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokulitsira mabakiteriya, amakhalabe njira yowerengera ndi kulekanitsa tizilombo. Chubu cha kuchepetsedwa chimachita mayeso oyambirira. Mbale imazindikira ndi kuwerengera.
Zimene mayesowa sangathe kutsimikizira zokhudza chitetezo
Zotsatira zochedwa sizingatsimikizire kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kamene kali pa kuchuluka kofunika pa zachipatala kangagwiritse ntchito okosijeni wochepa poyerekeza ndi tizilombo tonse pamodzi. Kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumafuna njira zopangidwira mtundu uliwonse wa kachilombo, ndipo Standard Methods yapano imakuona ngati gawo losiyana ndi mayeso oyambirira a ubwino wonse.
Sizingatsimikizire pasteurization. Kutsimikizira kutenthedwa kumagwiritsa ntchito mayeso a alkaline phosphatase kapena njira ina yotsimikizidwa, potsatira malangizo a Codex a ukhondo wa mkaka. Chubu choyera kapena chabuluu sichikunena chilichonse chokhudza kutentha kumene gulu la mkakawo linakumana nako ndi nthawi imene linakhala pa kutentha kumeneko.
Sizingatsimikizire chitetezo cha chakudya. Chitetezo chimadalira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, poizoni amene wapangidwa kale, zotsalira za mankhwala, zinthu za mankhwala zoipitsa, mbiri ya kusunga mkaka wozizira, ndi kuipitsidwa pambuyo potenga chitsanzo. Codex imaona chitetezo cha mkaka ngati mndandanda wa njira zoletsa zoopsa, osati zotsatira za mayeso oyambirira amodzi.
Mayeso mu labotale ya zakudya si mayeso a kunyumba
Mu labotale ya mkaka, mayesowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa koyambirira mkaka wolandilidwa, kuyerekezera opereka mkaka pakapita nthawi, kapena kuphunzitsa za redox mu tizilombo tating’ono moyang’aniridwa. Zitsanzo zimatha kutsatiridwa kuti zidziwike kumene zachokera. Zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mayeso zimakhala zokhazikitsidwa. Kutentha kumalembedwa. Zinyalala zimatayidwa motsatira njira za labotale.
Mayeso a kunyumba alibe zinthu zimenezi. Miyezo ya m’khitchini imakhala yongoyerekeza. Kuchuluka kwa utoto m’zinthu zogulitsidwa pa intaneti kumasiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zitsanzo zimasungidwa m’chipinda chofunda m'malo mwa beseni lokhazikitsidwa ndi kuyezedwa bwino kutentha kwake. Kusintha kwa mtundu kumachitikabe, ndipo kumapangitsa zotsatira kuoneka zodalirika pamene palibe zinthu zoyendetsedwa mosamala zomwe zinapatsa zotsatirazo tanthauzo.
Ngozi yaikulu kwambiri ili pa khalidwe la munthu. Chubu chabuluu cha kunyumba chimakopa munthu kumwa mkaka wosachitidwa pasteurization, umene labotale ikadatumizabe kuti ukawerengedwe tizilombo pa mbale, kuyesedwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi kufufuzidwa zotsalira. Mayeso a methylene blue mu mkaka anapangidwa kuti agawire mkaka wosachitidwa pasteurization m'magulu a ubwino polandiridwa, osati kuti avomereze mkaka kumwedwa. Mayeso oyambirira a resazurin ofulumira ali ndi malire omwewo: mtundu umawerengedwa msanga, koma palibebe yankho lokhudza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Lamulo lachidule la pa benchi la labotale
Khazikitsani utoto, chiŵerengero, kutentha, kusakaniza, kuwala, ndi mapeto a mayeso. Lembani nthawi pamodzi ndi dzina la njira ndi gulu la zotsatira. Tanthauzirani mphindizo poganiziranso mbiri ya kusunga mkaka, mtundu wa tizilombo, zotsalira, ndi ubwino wa kutenga chitsanzo. Nthawi yochepa imasonyeza ntchito za tizilombo zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa. Nthawi yaitali sitsimikizira chitetezo konse.