Nkhani
Mayeso a kuchepetsedwa kwa methylene blue m'madzi a rumen
Womaliza maphunziro akuimba foni kuchokera ku famu ali ndi chubu chabuluu m'manja. Anaika methylene blue m'madzi a rumen mphindi khumi zapitazo ndipo mtundu wabuluu ukadalipo. Akufunsa ngati ayenera kupereka utoto wina ku ng'ombeyo.
Funso limeneli likusonyeza kumvetsa kolakwika. Pa mayeso a kuchepetsedwa kwa methylene blue m'madzi a rumen, utotowo umaikidwa m'chubu, osati m'nyama. Mayeso onse amachitikira m'chubumo. Kuyeza liwiro limene mtundu wabuluu umatherera kumakuuza za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'chitsanzocho, osati za chithandizo chimene nyamayo ikufunikira.
Kusokonezekaku n'komveka chifukwa methylene blue imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zitatu zosiyana pa zachipatala cha nyama. Nkhaniyi ikusiyanitsa njirazi ndipo ikusonyeza mmene mungawerenge nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa pamodzi ndi pH, protozoa, ubwino wa kutenga chitsanzo, ndi zizindikiro za matenda.
Zimene mayesowa amayezadi
Methylene blue imakhala yabuluu ikachita oxidation ndipo imakhala yopanda mtundu pafupifupi ikachita reduction. Madzi atsopano a rumen ochokera ku nyama yathanzi amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zochititsa reduction chifukwa mabakiteriya amene amagwira ntchito popanda mpweya wa oxygen amakhala akufufumitsa chakudya mwachangu. Mukasakaniza utoto pang'ono m'madzi oterewa, ntchito za kagayidwe ka mabakiteriya zimachotsa mtunduwo m'kati mwa mphindi zochepa.
Choncho mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi yosavuta: tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwira ntchito popanda oxygen tikamagwira ntchito bwino, mtundu wabuluu umatha msanga; tikakhala tosagwira ntchito kapena toonongeka, umatha pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi yaifupi imatanthauza kuti chitsanzocho chili ndi mphamvu zambiri zochititsa reduction. Nthawi yotalikirapo imasonyeza kuchepa kwa ntchito ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ngati chitsanzocho chinatengedwa ndi kusamalidwa bwino.
Mayesowa sayeza mwachindunji mphamvu ya redox ya rumen. Kafukufuku wa njira zoyezera ng'ombe amene anayerekezera mayeso a kuchepetsedwa ndi miyezo yachindunji ya millivolt sanapeze mgwirizano wa mzere wolunjika pakati pa nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya redox yoyezedwa. Kafukufukuyo anatsimikiza kuti miyezo iwiriyi siyenera kuonedwa ngati ingalowe m'malo mwa inzake poyezera chinthu chimodzi. Chidule cha kuyerekezera konsechi chili pa PubMed. Ganizirani mayeso a kuchepetsedwa ngati kuyesa momwe gulu la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono likugwirira ntchito, osati ngati elekitirodi yotsika mtengo.
Mafotokozedwe a Merck/MSD a kusagayika kosavuta kwa chakudya m'nyama zobzikula amaika nthawi yotalikirapo ya kuchepetsedwa m'gulu limodzi ndi pH ya rumen yosakhala yabwinobwino komanso kuchepa kwa protozoa. Mtengo umodzi wokha sutsimikizira matenda. Kuphatikizana kwa zizindikiro ndiko kumatero.
Njira yodziwika yochitira mayeso pafupi ndi nyama
Njira zimasiyana pang'ono pakati pa masukulu, choncho lembani kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutentha kwenikweni kumene mwagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo yerekezerani zotsatira zochokera ku njira yomweyo yokha. Njira imodzi imene imaphunzitsidwa kwambiri ndi iyi:
- Tengani madzi atsopano a rumen osachepera 10 mpaka 20 mL, muchepetse kulowa kwa malovu, kukhudzana ndi mpweya, ndi kuzizira. Chitani mayeso msanga.
- Konzani methylene blue ya 0.03 peresenti, yomwe ndi 0.3 mg pa mL.
- Onjezerani utoto wokwanira 5 peresenti ya kuchuluka kwa madziwo. Uku ndi 1.0 mL wa utoto pa 20 mL wa madzi, kapena 0.5 mL wa utoto pa 10 mL wa madzi. Zonsezi zimapereka chiŵerengero chomwecho cha madzi ndi utoto cha 20 pa 1.
- Sungani chubu chachiwiri cha madzi ochokera m'chitsanzo chomwecho osathiridwa utoto kuti chikhale choyerekezera mtundu.
- Sakanizani mofatsa, yambitsani choyezera nthawi nthawi yomweyo, ndipo sungani chubu pafupi ndi kutentha kwa thupi, pafupifupi madigiri 37 mpaka 39 Celsius malinga ndi njira ya kumaloko.
- Lembani nthawi imene chubu cha mayeso chatenga kuti mtundu wake ufanane ndi wa chubu choyerekezera. Mzere woonda wabuluu ungatsale pamwamba pomwe madzi amakhudzana ndi mpweya chifukwa oxygen imachititsanso oxidation ya utoto pamalopo. Musadikire kuti mzerewo uthe.
Zochitika za redox za methylene blue zimafotokoza chifukwa chake oxygen ili yofunika pano. Kugwedeza mwamphamvu, chubu chotseguka kwambiri, kapena kuchedwa kwa nthawi yaitali kumalola oxygen kulowa ndipo kumasunga utotowo wabuluu kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa mmene zikanakhalira mu rumen yeniyeni. Mfundo za njira yoyera yotengera madzi a rumen n'zofunika pachifukwa chomwechi. Malovu amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu m'chitsanzo ndi kukweza pH, choncho akamagwiritsa ntchito chubu cha m'mimba, akatswiri ambiri a zachipatala cha nyama amataya gawo loyamba ngati kuchuluka kwa madziwo kukulola.
Zimene kuwunika kosiyanasiyana kumayeza
Nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa imayankha funso limodzi lokha. Kuwunika kwa rumen komwe kuli pansipa kukusonyeza zimene chilichonse choyang'aniridwa pafupi ndi nyama chimathandiza kudziwa. Gwiritsani ntchito mzere wonse, osati bokosi limodzi lokha.
| Choyang'aniridwa | Zimene chimayeza | Zomwe zimapezeka kawirikawiri powunika nyama | Zinthu zofala zosokoneza zotsatira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa kwa methylene blue | Ntchito yocthitsa reduction ya mabakiteriya a m'chitsanzo omwe amagwira ntchito popanda oxygen | Ng'ombe nthawi zambiri mphindi 2 mpaka 6; nkhosa ndi mbuzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofulumira, ndipo mphindi 6 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malire a ntchito yokwanira, pamene nthawi yoposa mphindi 10 imakhala yosakhala yabwinobwino kwambiri | Chitsanzo chozizira, chochedwetsedwa, chokhudzana ndi mpweya, kapena chosungunulidwa ndi malovu; kuchepa kwa zinthu zofufumitsidwa pambuyo pa kusadya kwa nthawi yaitali; mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo operekedwa pakamwa; kuyerekezera zotsatira za milingo ya utoto kapena kutentha kosiyanasiyana |
| pH ya rumen | Mkhalidwe wa mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa asidi kapena alkali | Ng'ombe zodyetsedwa chakudya cha ulusi wambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi 6.0 mpaka 7.2; mabuku a nyama zing'onozing'ono zobzikula nthawi zambiri amatchula pafupifupi 6.5 mpaka 7.5; chakudya ndi nthawi kuchokera pamene nyama inadya zimasintha mtengowo | Kulowa kwa malovu kumakweza pH m'zitsanzo zotengedwa ndi chubu cha m'mimba; kutuluka kwa carbon dioxide pambuyo potenga chitsanzo; kudyetsa mbewu kumatsitsa pH |
| Kuchuluka ndi kuyenda kwa protozoa | Kusungika bwino kwa gulu la protozoa zokhala ndi timitsitsi, makamaka zazikulu zimene zimakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi kusokonezeka | Tizilombo tambiri ta makulidwe osiyanasiyana toyenda mwachangu molunjika m'dontho latsopano lofunda | Kuzizira kumachedwetsa kuyenda; kuchuluka kwambiri kwa asidi kungathe kuchotseratu protozoa; kuchedwa kumachititsa chitsanzo chabwinobwino kuoneka ngati chikugwira ntchito mofooka |
| Fungo, mtundu, ndi kukhuthala | Khalidwe la kufufuma ndi kulowa kwa zinthu zosafunika | Madzi onunkhira pang'ono, a mtundu wabulauni wobiriwira, komanso okhuthala pang'ono | Fungo lovunda kapena lowawasa pakasokonekera kwambiri mgwirizano wa tizilombo; madzi osakhuthala kapena okhala ndi malovu ambiri chifukwa chotengedwa molakwika |
| Kupindika kwa rumen ndi chilakolako cha chakudya | Ntchito ya zipinda zakutsogolo za m'mimba ndi kudya kwa nyama yonse | Kupindika kokhazikika ndi kubzikula kosalekeza m'nyama yatcheru | Kusintha kwaposachedwa kwa chakudya, ululu, kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi, matenda okhudza thupi lonse |
Tebuloli ndi mfundo yaikulu. Nthawi yotalikirapo ya kuchepetsedwa, pamodzi ndi protozoa zoyenda mofooka, pH yosakhala yabwinobwino, ndi kupindika kofooka, zimasonyeza kuchepa kwenikweni kwa ntchito ya tizilombo. Nthawi yotalikirapo yokha m'nyama yatcheru yomwe ikubzikula ndipo ili ndi protozoa zoyenda mwachangu imasonyeza vuto la chitsanzo, osati la rumen. Tenganinso chitsanzo musanachitepo kanthu.
Kutanthauzira nthawi pamodzi ndi pH ndi mbiri ya nyama
Chakudya chimakhazikitsa mulingo woyambira. Chakudya chokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zopatsa mphamvu chimafufuma msanga ndipo chingachotse mtundu wa utoto m'kati mwa mphindi imodzi, pamene chakudya cha udzu wouma chingatenge mphindi zingapo, ngakhale m'nyama zathanzi. Choncho nthawi yofulumira payokha sitsimikizira thanzi labwino kwambiri. Imatsimikizira kuti zinthu zambiri zofufumitsidwa zakumana ndi tizilombo togwira ntchito.
Kudya mbewu mopitirira muyeso kwambiri kumasokoneza mchitidwe wosavutawu. Poyamba, kufufuma kwa chakudya cha mtundu wa carbohydrate kungakhale kwamphamvu, kenako kuwonongeka kochitika chifukwa cha asidi kumachepetsa tizilombo tabwinobwino ndi protozoa, ndipo nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa imatalika. N'chifukwa chake lamulo lina la maphunziro limati mayesowa sakhala ovomerezeka ngati pH ya rumen ili pansi pa pafupifupi 5.5. Pa nthawiyo, gulu la tizilombo lomwe likuyesedwa limakhala litasintha.
Malangizo othandiza pozindikira kuphatikizana kwa zotsatira:
- pH yabwinobwino ndi kuchepetsedwa m'kati mwa pafupifupi mphindi 6 zimasonyeza tizilombo togwira ntchito bwino.
- pH yabwinobwino ndi nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa yotalikirapo kwambiri zimasonyeza kuchepa kwa ntchito chifukwa cha kusadya, mphamvu ya mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo, kapena chitsanzo chosakhala chabwino.
- pH yokwera ndi nthawi yotalikirapo ya kuchepetsedwa nthawi zambiri zimatsatira kusadya kwa nthawi yaitali komwe kumasiya zinthu zochepa zofufumitsidwa, koma ganiziraninso za malovu amene angalowe kuchokera m'chubu.
- pH yotsika ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito ya protozoa zimabweretsa nkhawa ya kusokonekera kwa tizilombo kokhudzana ndi chakudya cha mtundu wa carbohydrate. Malangizo a kutanthauzira pH ya rumen amathandiza pano. Miyezo yochepera 5.5 pamodzi ndi kufooka kwa thupi lonse imasonyeza kuti vutolo si kusagayika kosavuta kwa chakudya, koma kudya mbewu mopitirira muyeso ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa asidi.
Nthawi zonse lembani ngati nyama yalandira posachedwa tetracyclines pakamwa, ionophores m'chakudya, mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo okhudza thupi lonse kwa nthawi yaitali, kusintha mwadzidzidzi kwa chakudya, nthawi imene yakhala yosadya, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi amene imamwa. Buku la MSD limachenjeza mwachindunji kuti tetracyclines operekedwa pakamwa angachepetse kwambiri ntchito ya tizilombo ta rumen. Ionophores amasintha magulu a mabakiteriya mwadala. Popanda mbiri imeneyi, nthawi yotalikirapo siingatanthauziridwe.
Ubwino wa kutenga chitsanzo uyenera kupatsidwa kulemera kofanana. Kafukufuku woyendetsedwa mosamalitsa anapeza kuti zitsanzo zotengedwa ndi chubu cha m'mimba zinali ndi pH yokwera komanso ma asidi a mafuta osanduka nthunzi ochepa kuposa zitsanzo zotengedwa ndi cannula kuchokera ku nyama zomwezo, makamaka chifukwa cha malovu. Nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa inatalika kwambiri pakutha kwa mphindi 60 kuchokera potenga chitsanzo pa kuchuluka kulikonse koyesedwa, ndipo zitsanzo zazing'ono zinakhudzidwa kwambiri. Tengani osachepera 10 mL, yesani pasanathe mphindi 30, chitani mayeso a kuchepetsedwa koyambirira, sungani chitsanzocho chofunda, ndipo muchepetse kukhudzana ndi mpweya.
Ntchito zitatu zimene siziyenera kusokonezedwa
Utoto womwewo, njira zitatu zosiyana.
Yoyamba ndi mayeso a madzi a rumen ofotokozedwa pano. Chitsanzo ndi madzi a rumen otengedwa. Utoto umawonjezeredwa kunja kwa thupi pa 0.03 peresenti. Chomaliza choyezedwa ndi nthawi yoti mtundu uthe. Cholinga ndi kuwunika ntchito ya tizilombo yocthitsa reduction.
Yachiwiri ndi methylene blue yoperekedwa ku nyama yobzikula yamoyo. Chitsanzo chokhazikika ndi chithandizo choperekedwa mumtsempha pa poizoni wa nitrate kapena nitrite wokhala ndi methemoglobinemia, pamene mankhwalawo amabwezeretsa hemoglobin yogwira ntchito. Malamulo a mlingo, kapangidwe ka mankhwala, zotsalira, ndi nthawi yodikira asanagwiritse ntchito nyama kapena zinthu zake amatsatira. Chisankho chimenecho sichikugwirizana n'komwe ndi kuyeza nthawi ya chubu. Ngati utoto ukugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyama yamoyo ngati cholondolera pa njira inayake, mfundo yake ndi kumene utotowo ukupita, osati liwiro limene tizilombo ta rumen timauchepetsera.
Yachitatu ndi mayeso a kuchepetsedwa m' mkaka. Chitsanzo ndi mkaka. Utoto umawonjezeredwa m'chitsanzo cha mkaka. Kutha msanga kwa mtundu wabuluu nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza ntchito zambiri za tizilombo ndi mkaka wosakhala bwino posungidwa, pamene kuchepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono kumasonyeza mkaka wabwinoko. Izi zili m'gawo la sayansi ya tizilombo ta m'chakudya ndi kuyezetsa ubwino wa mkaka, osati zachipatala cha rumen, ndipo si kuwerengera mabakiteriya.
Kutchula mayinawo momveka bwino kumapewa zolakwika: nthawi ya kuchepetsedwa m'madzi a rumen, chithandizo cha methylene blue chokhudza thupi lonse kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ngati cholondolera, ndi mayeso a kuchepetsedwa m' mkaka. Lamulo la chitetezo likhoza kufotokozedwa m'chiganizo chimodzi. Utoto wa mayeso a rumen umakhala m'chubu cha labotale ndipo chubucho chimatayidwa. Superekedwa konse ku nyama kuti achite mayesowa.
Lamulo lachidule la foni yochokera ku famu
Gwiritsani ntchito utoto wa 0.03 peresenti nthawi zonse, ndi gawo 1 la utoto pa magawo 20 a madzi; yesani madzi atsopano pafupi ndi kutentha kwa thupi powayerekeza ndi madzi osathiridwa utoto, ndipo tanthauzirani mphindizo pamodzi ndi pH, kuyenda kwa protozoa, ubwino wa kutenga chitsanzo, chakudya, mankhwala, kupindika kwa rumen, chilakolako cha chakudya, ndowe, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi. Nambala imodzi yokha sitsimikizira kusagayika kwa chakudya. Kuphatikizana kogwirizana kwa zizindikiro ndiko kumatero.